Cellular Energy Dynamics and Thermodynamic Principles Quiz

Anabolic pathways involve processes that require energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones, which is the opposite of catabolic pathways that break down complex molecules to release energy. Converting light energy into chemical energy relates to photosynthesis, while transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA is part of the process of transcription.

Kinetic energy is specifically related to the energy possessed by an object due to its motion.

The first law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed, which is also known as the principle of conservation of energy.

The second law of Thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe, leading to a more disordered state.

An exergonic reaction is one that releases energy, leading to a decrease in free energy of the system. This is in contrast to endergonic reactions, which require an input of energy to proceed.

A neuron is a nerve cell that is responsible for transmitting signals through the nervous system. It differs from muscle cells, white blood cells, and bone cells in structure and function.

A polymer is a large molecule composed of many repeated subunits called monomers. It is a common material in everyday products such as plastics, rubber, and fibers.

A polypeptide is specifically a chain of amino acids linked together, not related to nucleic acids, enzymes, or energy measurement.

A monomer is the basic unit that combines with other monomers to form a polymer, not related to being a type of protein, final product of a chemical reaction, or a unit of measurement for energy.

Enzymes are specific due to their shape and bonding site that allow them to bond only with specific matching molecules, determining their function.

An endergonic reaction is characterized by the absorption of free energy, making it nonspontaneous and requiring an input of energy.

Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that specifically deals with the study of carbon compounds, their structures, properties, reactions, and synthesis. It is a fundamental field in chemistry due to the importance of carbon in forming the basis of life and organic molecules.

The major elements found in organic compounds studied in biology are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P).

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures, resulting in different properties.

Enantiomers are molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. They have the same chemical properties but may interact differently with other chiral molecules.

Lipids are synthesized through dehydration synthesis, which involves removing water molecules to form a bond between fatty acid molecules.

Phospholipids do not dissolve completely in water but self-assemble into aggregates, forming structures like cell membranes that shield their hydrophobic portions from water.

Amino acids can be classified based on their polarity, electric charge, and hydrophobicity. Hydrophobic, aromatic, and aliphatic properties are also used to describe amino acids but they are not the three main properties used for classification.

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction by breaking bonds in the reactants.