10 - Respiratory Systems (4-17-19)

Respiration refers to the exchange of oxygen from the environment with carbon dioxide produced by the body's cells. It involves the inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. The process of taking air into the lungs and breathing out air are specific components of respiration, while digestion in the stomach is not related to respiration.

Oxygen (O2) is primarily produced during the process of photosynthesis, where plants convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2). This process is crucial for sustaining life on Earth by providing the oxygen necessary for respiration in animals.

Oxygen plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, especially in cellular respiration where it is essential for producing energy needed for cell functions. Without oxygen, cells would not be able to generate ATP and perform their vital tasks, leading to severe health consequences and eventually death.

CO2 is produced during the process of cellular respiration in the mitochondria, not from simply breathing in oxygen, drinking water, or sunlight hitting the skin.

CO2 levels must be regulated in the body to maintain normal blood pH levels and prevent acidosis. High levels of CO2 can lead to acidosis, which is harmful to the body's functioning. Therefore, it is necessary to control CO2 levels through removal when needed.

Lungs are not muscles in the legs, small bean-shaped organs in the abdomen, or fluid-filled sacs in the joints. They are large, lobed paired organs in the chest involved in the respiratory system.

The pleural sac is a crucial structure surrounding each lung and plays a key role in maintaining proper lung function by creating a subatmospheric intrapleural pressure.

The diaphragm's main function is to separate the chest from the abdomen and play a lead role in breathing by expanding and contracting the chest cavity to facilitate air movement in and out of the lungs.

The correct answer outlines the main parts of the respiratory system in mammals, including the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. The incorrect answers provided are related to different systems or organisms, showcasing the uniqueness of the respiratory system in mammals.

Gas exchange primarily occurs at the capillary level around the alveoli in the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries. O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood due to a concentration gradient, while CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction.

Metalloproteins are proteins that contain metal ions and reversibly bind to oxygen to increase O2-carrying capacity. The 3 major types are Hemocyanins, Hemerythrins, and Hemoglobins, each with specific characteristics and metal ions.

The correct answer explains the detailed process of O2 inhalation and its journey through the body for distribution to tissues.

The correct process of exhalation involves the conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate in red blood cells, which is then released into the lungs to be exhaled.

During respiration, carbon dioxide (CO2) is primarily transported in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood. This process involves the conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, which is facilitated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Ultimately, CO2 is exhaled through a combination of different physiological processes as described in the correct answer.

To keep your respiratory system clean, it is important to follow proper breathing techniques and avoid inhaling harmful substances like dust and pollutants.

The Medulla Oblongata is primarily responsible for regulating muscular functions, particularly the rate of lung expansion and constriction based on the levels of CO2 in the blood. It does not play a role in digestion, water storage, or temperature regulation.

Respiration involves the processes of inhalation (inspiration) where air is taken into the lungs, and exhalation (expiration) where air is pushed out of the lungs.

Animals have to use different ventilation strategies in water and air due to the different physical properties of the two mediums. Water is denser and more viscous than air, making it more challenging to ventilate. Therefore, animals adapt their ventilation methods based on whether they are water-breathers, air-breathers, or insects with air-filled tubes.

The correct answer highlights diverse respiratory mechanisms across different organisms, while the incorrect answers provide inaccurate statements regarding respiration in other types of organisms.

The correct answer outlines the three main respiratory strategies used by animals, including examples of each method. The incorrect answers either misrepresent the information or provide irrelevant statements regarding animal respiration.

Both sponges and cnidarians rely on water movement to obtain oxygen and remove waste, however, their specific mechanisms differ in how they achieve this process.

Sea stars and sea urchins use their tube feet primarily for gas exchange, while other functions such as swimming and feeding rely on different adaptations.

Tracheal systems in animals are specifically designed for respiration and gas exchange by carrying air directly to cells through tubes and branching structures called tracheae and tracheoles.

Gills are specialized organs for gas exchange in aquatic animals such as fishes and some amphibians, allowing them to extract oxygen from water.

Fish breathe by utilizing their gills to extract oxygen from water, not through their skin, mouths, or scales.

Amphibians have a unique breathing process involving a combination of buccal pumping and lung ventilation to facilitate gas exchange. This method allows them to effectively obtain oxygen both on land and in water.

Birds have a unique respiratory system that involves both lungs and air sacs, allowing for efficient gas exchange.