Diabetes GLD Ch. 16T-3

1. 48. Severe impairment of all aspects of growth and development, including difficulty feeding, mental retardation, and stunted skeletal growth, are associated with:

Myxedema

Cushing’s syndrome.

Diabetes insipidus.

Cretinism

Graves’ disease.

2. 30. What is the most common cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Increased glucose production in the liver

Destruction of pancreatic cells by an autoimmune reaction

Increased resistance of body cells to insulin action

Chronic obesity

3. 31. Why does glucosuria occur in diabetics?

Excess ketoacids displace glucose into the filtrate.

Excess water in the filtrate draws more glucose into the urine.

The amount of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the renal tubule transport limit.

Sufficient insulin is not available for glucose reabsorption.

4. 1. What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin?

Control by releasing hormones

Control by tropic hormones

Negative feedback control

Hypothalamus/hypophysis coordination

5. 36. Which of the following conditions may cause immunosuppression?

Graves’ disease

Acromegaly

Cushing’s disease

Diabetes insipidus

6. 37. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC) more frequently develops in patients with:

Type 1 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes.

Grave’s disease.

Hyperparathyroidism.

7. 38. Which of the following is recommended for immediate treatment of hypoglycemic shock? 1. If conscious, immediately give sweet fruit juice, honey, candy, or sugar. 2. If unconscious, give nothing by mouth (require intravenous glucose 50%). 3. Treat immediately with insulin. 4. Give large quantity of clear fluids for shock.

1, 2

1, 3

2, 3

1, 3, 4

8. 39. All these tissues use glucose without the aid of insulin EXCEPT:

Liver

Digestive system.

Exercising skeletal muscle.

Brain.

9. 40. Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes include which of the following?

Type 1 diabetes weight gain is common, and type 2 weight loss often occurs.

Type 1 diabetes leads to fewer complications than does type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes may be controlled by adjusting dietary intake and exercise, but type 2 diabetes requires insulin replacement.

Type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently in children and adolescents, and type 2 diabetes occurs more often in adults.

10. 41. Complications of diabetes mellitus include:

Peripheral neuropathy.

Frequent infections.

Cataracts.

A, B, and C.

11. 42. Which of the following often causes hyperparathyroidism?

A malignant tumor in the parathyroid glands

End-stage renal failure

Osteoporosis

Radiation involving the thyroid gland and neck area

12. 43. Dwarfism is caused by:

Excessive levels of somatotropin (GH).

A deficit of somatotropin (GH).

Excessive levels of insulin.

Excessive levels of parathyroid hormone.

13. 45. Goiters occur more frequently in persons living in the:

Great Lakes or mountainous regions.

Southwest United States.

Temperate regions.

Areas bordering the oceans.

14. 47. Goiters may be caused by:

Hypothyroid conditions only.

Either hypothyroid or hyperthyroid conditions.

Hyperthyroid conditions only.

Fungal infections such as candidiasis.

15. 33. Which of the following does NOT apply to inappropriate ADH syndrome?

The cause is excess ADH secretion.

Severe hyponatremia results.

Excessive sodium is retained.

Fluid retention increases.

16. 49. A benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine is called:

Pheochromocytoma

Cushing’s syndrome.

Graves’ disease.

Addison’s disease.

17. 50. The anterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following hormones EXCEPT:

Prolactin (PRL).

Glucagon.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Growth hormone (GH).

18. 51. Which of the following applies to oxytocin? 1. It stimulates contraction of the uterus after delivery. 2. It stimulates ejection of breast milk during lactation. 3. It stimulates mammary gland production of milk. 4. It is released from the adenohypophysis.

1, 2

1, 4

1, 3, 4

1, 2, 3, 4

19. 52. Which of the following is a major function of the hormone norepinephrine?

Inhibition of an excessive stress response

Visceral and cutaneous vasoconstriction

Increased force of heart contraction

Vasodilation in skeletal muscle

20. 53. Early signs of hyperglycemia include polyphagia, which means:

Thirst.

Increased urine output.

Hunger.

Glucose in the urine.

21. 54. Which of the following hormones is involved in both the stress response and the anti-inflammatory response?

Aldosterone

Norepinephrine

Thyroxine

Cortisol

22. 55. Polydipsia occurs with diabetes mellitus when:

Lack of insulin causes hunger.

Ketone levels rise in the blood.

Polyuria causes dehydration.

Glucosuria causes ketoacidosis.

23. 56. Metabolic syndrome is marked by:

Abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism.

Periodic hypotension.

Deficit of glucagon.

Early onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

24. 57. Compensation mechanisms occurring in the early stage of diabetic ketoacidosis include:

Kussmaul’s respirations.

Polydipsia.

Ketonuria.

Seizures.

25. 58. Which of the following may occur with a pituitary adenoma?

Low blood pressure and bradycardia

Headache and seizures

Vomiting and diarrhea

Loss of vision in one eye

26. 59. Which of the following may cause hypertension?

Hypoparathyroidism

Hypoglycemia

Pheochromocytoma

Addison’s disease

27. 62. Which of the following are likely present in a patient immobilized for a long period of time?

Hypocalcemia and low serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels

Hypocalcemia and high serum PTH levels

Hypercalcemia and low serum PTH levels

Hypercalcemia and high serum PTH levels

28. 65. Why does hypocalcemia cause tetany?

Skeletal muscle contractions are weaker.

Nerves to skeletal muscle are more excitable.

Calcium is not stored in skeletal muscle cells.

Serum phosphate levels are low.

29. 16. Why is amputation frequently a necessity in diabetics?

Necrosis and gangrene in the feet and legs

Lack of glucose to the cells in the feet and legs

Severe dehydration in the tissues

Elevated blood glucose increasing blood viscosity

30. 2. What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders?

Malignant neoplasm

Infection

Congenital defect

Benign tumor

31. 3. Choose the statement that applies to type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Onset often occurs during childhood.

Relative insufficiency of insulin or insulin resistance develops.

It can be treated by diet, weight control and exercise, or oral hypoglycemics.

Complications rarely occur.

32. 5. What is the cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Excess insulin in the body

Loss of glucose in the urine

Failure of the kidney to excrete sufficient acids

Increased catabolism of fats and proteins

33. 6. What is a precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis?

Skipping a meal

Anorexia

Serious infection

Insulin overdose

34. 8. Which of the following indicates hypoglycemia in a diabetic?

Deep, rapid respirations

Flushed dry skin and mucosa

Thirst and oliguria

Staggering gait, disorientation, and confusion

35. 10. Immediate treatment for insulin shock may include:

Administration of bicarbonates.

Consumption of fruit juice or candy.

Induced vomiting.

Consumption of large amounts of water.

36. 13. How do many oral hypoglycemic drugs act?

To replace insulin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

To transport glucose into body cells

To prevent gluconeogenesis

To stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin

37. 14. Diabetes may cause visual impairment through damage to the lens; this is referred to as:

Cataracts

Macular degeneration.

Myopia

Strabismus.

38. 15. Which of the following applies to diabetic macro-angiography? 1. It affects the small arteries and arterioles. 2. It is related to elevated serum lipids. 3. It leads to increased risk of myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease. 4. It frequently causes damage to the kidneys.

1, 3

1, 4

2, 3

2, 4

39. 29. Which of the following is an effect of Addison's disease?

Elevated blood glucose levels

High blood pressure

Low serum potassium levels

Poor stress response

40. 17. A type of diabetes that may develop during pregnancy and disappear after delivery is called:

Temporary maternal diabetes.

Fetal diabetes.

Acute developmental diabetes.

Gestational diabetes.

41. 18. Which one of the following develops hypoglycemia more frequently?

Type 1 diabetic patients

Type 2 diabetic patients

Patients with a poor stress response

Patients with a regular exercise and meal plan

42. 20. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes myxedema?

Increased glucocorticoids

Decreased glucocorticoids

Deficit of ADH

Deficit of T3 and T4

43. 28. Which of the following is an effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy?

Decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland

An increased inflammatory response to irritants

Hypotension and poor circulation

Increased number of hypersensitivity reactions

44. 27. Characteristics of Cushing's syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:

Heavy body and round face

Atrophied skeletal muscle in the limbs

Staring eyes with infrequent blinking

Atrophy of the lymph nodes

45. 25. Which of the following may cause goiter? 1. Hyperthyroidism 2. Hypothyroidism 3. Lack of iodine in the diet 4. Pheochromocytoma

1, 4

2, 3

1, 2, 3

1, 2, 3, 4

46. 24. Which of the following applies to acromegaly?

It occurs in infants and children.

It causes excessive longitudinal bone growth.

It results from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH).

It does not change soft tissue growth.

47. 23. What is caused by hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism? 1. Skeletal muscle twitching or spasm 2. Weak cardiac contraction 3. Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) 4. Decreased serum phosphate level

1, 2

1, 3

2, 3

3, 4

48. 21. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes diabetes insipidus?

Increased insulin

Decreased glucocorticoids

Deficit of ADH

Deficit of T3 and T4

49. 12. Which of the following does NOT usually develop as a complication of diabetes?

Osteoporosis

Nephropathy

Impotence

Peripheral neuropathy

50. 26. Which signs are typical of Graves' disease?

Facial puffiness, bradycardia, and lethargy

Exophthalmos and tachycardia

Delayed physical and intellectual development

Goiter and decreased basal metabolic rate (BMR)

51. 19. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes Addison's disease?

Increased glucocorticoids

Decreased glucocorticoids

Deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Deficit of T3 and T4

52. 44. Which of the following results from a deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Inappropriate ADH syndrome

Gigantism

Diabetes insipidus

Myxedema

53. 61. Blood glucose levels are increased by: 1. glucocorticoids. 2. glucagon. 3. epinephrine. 4. norepinephrine. 5. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

1, 2

1, 2, 3

2, 4, 5

1, 3, 4, 5

54. 60. Catabolic effects of Cushing's syndrome include:

Osteoporosis.

Hypertension.

Increased erythrocyte production.

Moon face and buffalo hump.

55. 4. Why does polyuria develop with diabetes mellitus?

Increased thirst and hypoglycemia

Ketoacidosis

Osmotic pressure due to glucose

Diabetic nephropathy

56. 7. Which of the following may cause insulin shock to develop?

Strenuous exercise

Missing an insulin dose

Eating excessively large meals

Sedentary lifestyle

57. 9. Which of the following are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis in an unconscious person?

Pale moist skin

Thirst and poor skin turgor

Deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor

Tremors and strong rapid pulse

58. 35. Which of the following conditions may precipitate or exacerbate hyperglycemia?

Hypothyroidism

Cushing’s disease

Addison’s disease

Growth hormone deficit

59. 11. What causes loss of consciousness in a person with diabetic ketoacidosis?

Toxic effects of excessive insulin

Excessive glucose in the blood

Metabolic acidosis

Lack of glucose in brain cells

60. 46. Which of the following is caused by Graves' disease?

Hypermetabolism

Decreased size of thyroid gland

Bradycardia and hypothermia

Decreased blood levels of T3, T4, and TSH

61. 22. What is caused by hyperparathyroidism?

Hypocalcemia

Tetany

Bone demineralization

Deficit of vitamin D

62. 32. Which of the following are common early signs of a pituitary adenoma? 1. Persistent headaches 2. Hemianopia 3. Hypertension 4. Papilledema

1, 4

2, 3

1, 2

1, 3, 4

63. 34. What is/are the effect(s) of thyrotoxic crisis?

Hyperthermia and heart failure

Hypotension and hypoglycemia

Toxic goiter and hypometabolism

Decreased stress response

64. 63. Which of the following may cause high serum levels of parathyroid hormone?

Hypoparathyroidism

Chronic renal failure

Hypercalcemia

Adenoma in the thyroid gland

65. 64. Diabetic retinopathy results from:

Degeneration of large blood vessels supplying the eye.

Abnormal metabolism in the lens of the eye.

Neuropathy affecting the optic nerve.

Obstruction or rupture of retinal blood vessels.

Diabetes Gld Ch. 16t-3

1. 48. Severe impairment of all aspects of growth and development, including difficulty feeding, mental retardation, and stunted skeletal growth, are associated with:

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. 30. What is the most common cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

3. 31. Why does glucosuria occur in diabetics?

4. 1. What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin?

5. 36. Which of the following conditions may cause immunosuppression?

6. 37. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC) more frequently develops in patients with:

8. 39. All these tissues use glucose without the aid of insulin EXCEPT:

9. 40. Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes include which of the following?

10. 41. Complications of diabetes mellitus include:

11. 42. Which of the following often causes hyperparathyroidism?

12. 43. Dwarfism is caused by:

13. 45. Goiters occur more frequently in persons living in the:

14. 47. Goiters may be caused by:

15. 33. Which of the following does NOT apply to inappropriate ADH syndrome?

16. 49. A benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine is called:

17. 50. The anterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following hormones EXCEPT:

18. 51. Which of the following applies to oxytocin? 1. It stimulates contraction of the uterus after delivery. 2. It stimulates ejection of breast milk during lactation. 3. It stimulates mammary gland production of milk. 4. It is released from the adenohypophysis.

19. 52. Which of the following is a major function of the hormone norepinephrine?

20. 53. Early signs of hyperglycemia include polyphagia, which means:

21. 54. Which of the following hormones is involved in both the stress response and the anti-inflammatory response?

22. 55. Polydipsia occurs with diabetes mellitus when:

23. 56. Metabolic syndrome is marked by:

24. 57. Compensation mechanisms occurring in the early stage of diabetic ketoacidosis include:

25. 58. Which of the following may occur with a pituitary adenoma?

26. 59. Which of the following may cause hypertension?

27. 62. Which of the following are likely present in a patient immobilized for a long period of time?

28. 65. Why does hypocalcemia cause tetany?

29. 16. Why is amputation frequently a necessity in diabetics?

30. 2. What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders?

31. 3. Choose the statement that applies to type 1 diabetes mellitus.

32. 5. What is the cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?

33. 6. What is a precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis?

34. 8. Which of the following indicates hypoglycemia in a diabetic?

35. 10. Immediate treatment for insulin shock may include:

36. 13. How do many oral hypoglycemic drugs act?

37. 14. Diabetes may cause visual impairment through damage to the lens; this is referred to as:

38. 15. Which of the following applies to diabetic macro-angiography? 1. It affects the small arteries and arterioles. 2. It is related to elevated serum lipids. 3. It leads to increased risk of myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease. 4. It frequently causes damage to the kidneys.

39. 29. Which of the following is an effect of Addison's disease?

40. 17. A type of diabetes that may develop during pregnancy and disappear after delivery is called:

41. 18. Which one of the following develops hypoglycemia more frequently?

42. 20. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes myxedema?

43. 28. Which of the following is an effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy?

44. 27. Characteristics of Cushing's syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:

45. 25. Which of the following may cause goiter? 1. Hyperthyroidism 2. Hypothyroidism 3. Lack of iodine in the diet 4. Pheochromocytoma

46. 24. Which of the following applies to acromegaly?

47. 23. What is caused by hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism? 1. Skeletal muscle twitching or spasm 2. Weak cardiac contraction 3. Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) 4. Decreased serum phosphate level

48. 21. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes diabetes insipidus?

49. 12. Which of the following does NOT usually develop as a complication of diabetes?

50. 26. Which signs are typical of Graves' disease?

51. 19. Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes Addison's disease?

52. 44. Which of the following results from a deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

53. 61. Blood glucose levels are increased by: 1. glucocorticoids. 2. glucagon. 3. epinephrine. 4. norepinephrine. 5. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

54. 60. Catabolic effects of Cushing's syndrome include:

55. 4. Why does polyuria develop with diabetes mellitus?

56. 7. Which of the following may cause insulin shock to develop?

57. 9. Which of the following are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis in an unconscious person?

58. 35. Which of the following conditions may precipitate or exacerbate hyperglycemia?

59. 11. What causes loss of consciousness in a person with diabetic ketoacidosis?

60. 46. Which of the following is caused by Graves' disease?

61. 22. What is caused by hyperparathyroidism?

62. 32. Which of the following are common early signs of a pituitary adenoma? 1. Persistent headaches 2. Hemianopia 3. Hypertension 4. Papilledema

63. 34. What is/are the effect(s) of thyrotoxic crisis?

64. 63. Which of the following may cause high serum levels of parathyroid hormone?

65. 64. Diabetic retinopathy results from: