An Advanced World History Test (16th- 20th Century )

1. A war betwen British and Dutch settlers in what is now South Africa, fought from 1899 to 1902 and won by the British.

Boer War

The Peasant's Revolt

The Seven Years' War

Wars of the Roses

The correct answer is the Boer War. The Boer War was a conflict between British and Dutch settlers in South Africa that took place from 1899 to 1902. The war ended with a British victory.

Explanation

The correct answer is the Boer War. The Boer War was a conflict between British and Dutch settlers in South Africa that took place from 1899 to 1902. The war ended with a British victory.

2. A distinct feature of the Bolsheviks.

Favored gradual democratic change over the excesses of the Russian Revolution.

Wanted to immediately extend the Russian Revolution to China and Africa.

Led by Lenin, they were the radicals of the Russian Revolution, favoring decisive action rather than waiting for democratic change.

Led by Karl Marx, they thought the key to revolution was harnassing capital outlays spent on private industrial excess.

The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, were considered the radicals of the Russian Revolution because they believed in taking decisive action rather than waiting for democratic change. They favored immediate and forceful measures to bring about their desired revolution, rather than gradual democratic processes. This approach set them apart from other groups who may have favored a more gradual and democratic approach to change.

Explanation

The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, were considered the radicals of the Russian Revolution because they believed in taking decisive action rather than waiting for democratic change. They favored immediate and forceful measures to bring about their desired revolution, rather than gradual democratic processes. This approach set them apart from other groups who may have favored a more gradual and democratic approach to change.

3. This French queen from Austria was unfortunately beheaded with her husband during the French Revolution.

Eugenie de Montijo

Marie Antoinette

Anne Boleyn

Catherine de Medici

Marie Antoinette was a French queen from Austria who was beheaded, along with her husband, during the French Revolution. She became a symbol of the excesses and extravagance of the French monarchy, which contributed to the anger and resentment of the French people. Marie Antoinette's lavish lifestyle and perceived indifference to the suffering of the common people made her a target during the revolution, leading to her execution by guillotine in 1793.

Explanation

Marie Antoinette was a French queen from Austria who was beheaded, along with her husband, during the French Revolution. She became a symbol of the excesses and extravagance of the French monarchy, which contributed to the anger and resentment of the French people. Marie Antoinette's lavish lifestyle and perceived indifference to the suffering of the common people made her a target during the revolution, leading to her execution by guillotine in 1793.

4. After leading the Nationalist armies against the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War, this fascist leader ruled Spain with a firm grip until his death in 1975.

King Juan Carlos

General Sanjurjo

Francisco Franco

Augusto Pinochet

Francisco Franco is the correct answer because he led the Nationalist armies against the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War and ruled Spain until his death in 1975. He was a fascist leader who established a dictatorship in Spain, known as Francoist Spain, and maintained a strong grip on power throughout his regime. His rule was characterized by authoritarianism, repression, and the suppression of political dissent.

Explanation

Francisco Franco is the correct answer because he led the Nationalist armies against the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War and ruled Spain until his death in 1975. He was a fascist leader who established a dictatorship in Spain, known as Francoist Spain, and maintained a strong grip on power throughout his regime. His rule was characterized by authoritarianism, repression, and the suppression of political dissent.

5. A conference of European nations held in 1815, after the defeat of Napolean. It redrew the boundaries of Europe and sought to lay the groundwork for peace. It was heavily influenced by Prince Metternich of Austria.

Munich Pact

Congress of Vienna

European Economic Pact

Geneva Conventions

The correct answer is Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was a conference held in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon. Its main goal was to redraw the boundaries of Europe and establish a new balance of power among European nations in order to prevent future conflicts. Prince Metternich of Austria played a significant role in shaping the decisions made at the Congress. The Congress of Vienna is considered a major diplomatic event that laid the groundwork for peace and stability in Europe for several decades.

Explanation

The correct answer is Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was a conference held in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon. Its main goal was to redraw the boundaries of Europe and establish a new balance of power among European nations in order to prevent future conflicts. Prince Metternich of Austria played a significant role in shaping the decisions made at the Congress. The Congress of Vienna is considered a major diplomatic event that laid the groundwork for peace and stability in Europe for several decades.

6. Anwar Sadat followed Gamal Abdel Nassar as president of Egypt in 1970. He was known for:

Eventually trying to make peace with Nassar's main enemy, Israel.

Rigorously attacking Israel until his death in 1983.

Moving Egypt back into accordance with fundamental Islam.

Being the first non-Arab president of Egypt.

Anwar Sadat is known for eventually trying to make peace with Nassar's main enemy, Israel. This is evident from the historic event known as the Camp David Accords in 1978, where Sadat signed a peace treaty with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin. This move was a significant shift in Egypt's foreign policy, as it ended decades of hostility and established diplomatic relations between the two countries. Sadat's efforts towards peace were recognized internationally, and he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978 for his role in the negotiations.

Explanation

Anwar Sadat is known for eventually trying to make peace with Nassar's main enemy, Israel. This is evident from the historic event known as the Camp David Accords in 1978, where Sadat signed a peace treaty with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin. This move was a significant shift in Egypt's foreign policy, as it ended decades of hostility and established diplomatic relations between the two countries. Sadat's efforts towards peace were recognized internationally, and he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978 for his role in the negotiations.

7. The French left Vietnam after:

Being defeated at Bienbienphu.

Defeating the Vietnamese at Hanoi.

Establishing an colonial government.

Charles de Gaulle left office and the Fourth Republic ended.

The French left Vietnam after being defeated at Bienbienphu. This battle, which took place in 1954, was a significant turning point in the First Indochina War. The French forces were surrounded and ultimately defeated by the Viet Minh, the communist nationalist army led by Ho Chi Minh. This defeat led to the signing of the Geneva Accords, which effectively ended French colonial rule in Vietnam and divided the country into North and South Vietnam.

Explanation

The French left Vietnam after being defeated at Bienbienphu. This battle, which took place in 1954, was a significant turning point in the First Indochina War. The French forces were surrounded and ultimately defeated by the Viet Minh, the communist nationalist army led by Ho Chi Minh. This defeat led to the signing of the Geneva Accords, which effectively ended French colonial rule in Vietnam and divided the country into North and South Vietnam.

8. This Russian monk gained great influence over both Czar Nicholas II and his wife, who considered him a healer. His advice proved disasterous, and he was eventually assassinated by a party loyal to the czar.

Grigori Rasputin

Alyosha Karamazov

Theodosius

John of Pskov

Grigori Rasputin was a Russian monk who gained significant influence over Czar Nicholas II and his wife. He was considered a healer by the czarina and provided advice to the royal couple. However, his advice proved to be disastrous, leading to negative consequences for the czar and his family. Eventually, Rasputin was assassinated by a group loyal to the czar, highlighting the extent of his influence and the threat he posed to the monarchy.

Explanation

Grigori Rasputin was a Russian monk who gained significant influence over Czar Nicholas II and his wife. He was considered a healer by the czarina and provided advice to the royal couple. However, his advice proved to be disastrous, leading to negative consequences for the czar and his family. Eventually, Rasputin was assassinated by a group loyal to the czar, highlighting the extent of his influence and the threat he posed to the monarchy.

9. Khmer Rouge was a _____________ communist movement, that killed 2-4 million of its own people.

Sri Lankan

Vietnamese

Thai

Cambodian

The correct answer is Cambodian because the Khmer Rouge was a communist movement that originated in Cambodia. They were responsible for the deaths of an estimated 2-4 million Cambodians during their reign in the late 1970s.

Explanation

The correct answer is Cambodian because the Khmer Rouge was a communist movement that originated in Cambodia. They were responsible for the deaths of an estimated 2-4 million Cambodians during their reign in the late 1970s.

10. The "Little Red Book" was standard reading for all...

Russian students until the death of Stalin.

Pinochet's ruling party.

Students of the Austrian school of economics.

Chinese schoolchildren during Mao's rule.

During Mao's rule in China, the "Little Red Book" became mandatory reading for Chinese schoolchildren. Mao Zedong, the leader of the Communist Party, compiled a collection of his speeches and writings into a book called "Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung," which became known as the "Little Red Book." It was considered a sacred text and was used to promote Mao's ideology and teachings among the younger generation. The book was widely distributed and studied in schools, and its influence lasted until Mao's death.

Explanation

During Mao's rule in China, the "Little Red Book" became mandatory reading for Chinese schoolchildren. Mao Zedong, the leader of the Communist Party, compiled a collection of his speeches and writings into a book called "Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung," which became known as the "Little Red Book." It was considered a sacred text and was used to promote Mao's ideology and teachings among the younger generation. The book was widely distributed and studied in schools, and its influence lasted until Mao's death.

11. The Spanish Armada was...

The group of galleons assigned to defend the Strait of Gibraltar.

Phillip II's quick-strike ships that hounded British warships off the Horn of Africa.

The flotilla that the young American navy had surprising success against in the Spanish-American war.

The Spanish Armada refers to a group of 100 warships that were sent by Spain to conquer England in the 16th century. However, they failed in their mission, leading to England's rise in power. This event marked a significant turning point in European history and had long-lasting effects on the balance of power between Spain and England.

Explanation

The Spanish Armada refers to a group of 100 warships that were sent by Spain to conquer England in the 16th century. However, they failed in their mission, leading to England's rise in power. This event marked a significant turning point in European history and had long-lasting effects on the balance of power between Spain and England.

12. From 1915 to 1920 more than a million of these people died as a result of execution, massacres, and starvation within the Ottoman Empire. Many eventually fled to the United States.

Jews

Hungarians

Greeks

Armenians

The correct answer is Armenians. From 1915 to 1920, over a million Armenians died due to execution, massacres, and starvation within the Ottoman Empire. This period is known as the Armenian Genocide. Many Armenians eventually fled to the United States.

Explanation

The correct answer is Armenians. From 1915 to 1920, over a million Armenians died due to execution, massacres, and starvation within the Ottoman Empire. This period is known as the Armenian Genocide. Many Armenians eventually fled to the United States.

13. Fighting in what is now Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia Ecuador and Peru against the Spanish, this man was known as The Liberator.

Simon Bolivar

Manuel Noriega

Augusto Pinochet

Jose de San Martin

Simon Bolivar is the correct answer because he was a key figure in the fight for independence in South America. He led military campaigns against the Spanish in what is now Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. Bolivar is often referred to as "The Liberator" because of his instrumental role in liberating these countries from Spanish colonial rule. His efforts played a significant role in the establishment of independent nations in South America.

Explanation

Simon Bolivar is the correct answer because he was a key figure in the fight for independence in South America. He led military campaigns against the Spanish in what is now Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. Bolivar is often referred to as "The Liberator" because of his instrumental role in liberating these countries from Spanish colonial rule. His efforts played a significant role in the establishment of independent nations in South America.

14. This Russian leader spearheaded the Bolshevik party and much of the Russian Revolution.

Josef Stalin

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Leon Trotsky

Karl Marx

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is the correct answer because he was a prominent Russian leader who played a crucial role in leading the Bolshevik party and the Russian Revolution. Lenin was the founder of the Russian Communist Party and led the October Revolution in 1917, which resulted in the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the establishment of a socialist government in Russia. He was a key figure in shaping the ideology and direction of the Soviet Union during its early years.

Explanation

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is the correct answer because he was a prominent Russian leader who played a crucial role in leading the Bolshevik party and the Russian Revolution. Lenin was the founder of the Russian Communist Party and led the October Revolution in 1917, which resulted in the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the establishment of a socialist government in Russia. He was a key figure in shaping the ideology and direction of the Soviet Union during its early years.

15. This English explorer was known as the ideal gentleman. He is most famous for his expeditions to America, and his introducing of tobacco and potatos to the region.

Percy Sykes

Walter Raleigh

John Smith

William Mesny

Walter Raleigh is the correct answer because he was an English explorer who gained a reputation as an ideal gentleman. He is well-known for his expeditions to America and for introducing tobacco and potatoes to the region.

Explanation

Walter Raleigh is the correct answer because he was an English explorer who gained a reputation as an ideal gentleman. He is well-known for his expeditions to America and for introducing tobacco and potatoes to the region.

16. In the last major offensive by the Germans in World War II, the Allies' invasion of Belgium was halted by a German counterattack that was eventually driven back by General George Patton.

Battle of Arnhem

Battle of Brittany

Battle of Britain

Battle of the Bulge

The Battle of the Bulge was the last major offensive launched by the Germans in World War II. The Allies' invasion of Belgium was temporarily halted by a German counterattack during this battle. However, General George Patton led a successful effort to push back the German forces and ultimately defeat them.

Explanation

The Battle of the Bulge was the last major offensive launched by the Germans in World War II. The Allies' invasion of Belgium was temporarily halted by a German counterattack during this battle. However, General George Patton led a successful effort to push back the German forces and ultimately defeat them.

17. President of China until being overthrown by the Communists in 1949, this general fled to Taiwan, where he established the Republic of China.

Chiang Kai-shek

Mao Zedong

Deng Xiaoping

Hu Yaobong

Chiang Kai-shek is the correct answer because he was the President of China until he was overthrown by the Communists in 1949. After his defeat, he fled to Taiwan and established the Republic of China there. This move led to the division of China into two separate entities, with the Communist Party establishing the People's Republic of China on the mainland and Chiang Kai-shek's government maintaining control over Taiwan.

Explanation

Chiang Kai-shek is the correct answer because he was the President of China until he was overthrown by the Communists in 1949. After his defeat, he fled to Taiwan and established the Republic of China there. This move led to the division of China into two separate entities, with the Communist Party establishing the People's Republic of China on the mainland and Chiang Kai-shek's government maintaining control over Taiwan.

18. Ernesto "Che" Guevara was a revolutionary that started his career in ____________ before being killed in __________________ in 1967.

Russia / Cuba

Venezuela / Columbia

The United States / Brazil

Cuba / Bolivia

Ernesto "Che" Guevara, a revolutionary, began his career in Cuba before being killed in Bolivia in 1967.

Explanation

Ernesto "Che" Guevara, a revolutionary, began his career in Cuba before being killed in Bolivia in 1967.

19. Klondike, a Canadian region, became famous when

Gold was discovered in one of its rivers.

A series of unsolved murders shook the area.

A large earthquake devastated the area, killing 65% of all urban residents.

A large copper mine was discovered, leading to heavy industrialization.

Klondike, a Canadian region, became famous when gold was discovered in one of its rivers. This discovery led to a gold rush in the late 19th century, attracting thousands of prospectors from all over the world. The gold rush not only brought economic prosperity to the region but also had a significant impact on the development of the area. It led to the establishment of mining towns, the construction of infrastructure, and the growth of businesses to support the mining industry. The discovery of gold in Klondike became a significant event in Canadian history and is often associated with the region.

Explanation

Klondike, a Canadian region, became famous when gold was discovered in one of its rivers. This discovery led to a gold rush in the late 19th century, attracting thousands of prospectors from all over the world. The gold rush not only brought economic prosperity to the region but also had a significant impact on the development of the area. It led to the establishment of mining towns, the construction of infrastructure, and the growth of businesses to support the mining industry. The discovery of gold in Klondike became a significant event in Canadian history and is often associated with the region.

20. The young adults of Europe and America after WWI who became disillusioned with the world and unwilling to move into a settled state became known as the

Transient generation.

Invisible generation.

Hopeless generation.

Lost generation.

The term "lost generation" refers to the young adults in Europe and America who were disillusioned and disheartened by the aftermath of World War I. They felt a sense of aimlessness and despair, as they saw the world as chaotic and devoid of meaning. This generation, including notable writers such as Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, rejected traditional values and sought to find their own identities in a post-war society. The term "lost" reflects their feeling of being adrift and disconnected from the values and ideals of their time.

Explanation

The term "lost generation" refers to the young adults in Europe and America who were disillusioned and disheartened by the aftermath of World War I. They felt a sense of aimlessness and despair, as they saw the world as chaotic and devoid of meaning. This generation, including notable writers such as Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, rejected traditional values and sought to find their own identities in a post-war society. The term "lost" reflects their feeling of being adrift and disconnected from the values and ideals of their time.

21. Bastille Day - perhaps the most important holiday in France - commemorates

National independence.

The fall of Napoleon.

The storming of a prison holding politcal prisoners during the French Revolution.

The defeat of the English in the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Bastille Day is celebrated on July 14th in France and marks the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille prison in 1789 during the French Revolution. The prison held political prisoners and its fall symbolized the beginning of the French Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy. It is considered a pivotal event in French history and is celebrated as a symbol of national independence and the fight for liberty and equality.

Explanation

Bastille Day is celebrated on July 14th in France and marks the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille prison in 1789 during the French Revolution. The prison held political prisoners and its fall symbolized the beginning of the French Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy. It is considered a pivotal event in French history and is celebrated as a symbol of national independence and the fight for liberty and equality.

22. This monarchy held the French throne until the French Revolution. Known for their stubbornness, it was said of them "They have learned nothing, and they have forgotten nothing".

Valois

Bourbons

Carolingians

Bonapartes

The correct answer is Bourbons. The Bourbons were a royal dynasty that held the French throne until the French Revolution. They are known for their stubbornness, as it was said of them "They have learned nothing, and they have forgotten nothing". This statement suggests that the Bourbons were resistant to change and unwilling to adapt to the changing times, which ultimately contributed to their downfall during the revolution.

Explanation

The correct answer is Bourbons. The Bourbons were a royal dynasty that held the French throne until the French Revolution. They are known for their stubbornness, as it was said of them "They have learned nothing, and they have forgotten nothing". This statement suggests that the Bourbons were resistant to change and unwilling to adapt to the changing times, which ultimately contributed to their downfall during the revolution.

23. In between WWI and WWII the French attempted to build a series of defensive fortifications to prevent the Germans from invading again. In WWII, the Germans simply went around them to the north. These fortifications, known as _______________________ are used to refer to any ineffective military strategy.

The Maginot line.

Le mur mauvaise.

The northern fortification.

Le mur allemand.

In between WWI and WWII, the French built a series of defensive fortifications called the Maginot Line to prevent German invasion. However, in WWII, the Germans bypassed these fortifications by going around them to the north. The Maginot Line became a symbol of an ineffective military strategy because it failed to achieve its intended purpose of protecting France from invasion.

Explanation

In between WWI and WWII, the French built a series of defensive fortifications called the Maginot Line to prevent German invasion. However, in WWII, the Germans bypassed these fortifications by going around them to the north. The Maginot Line became a symbol of an ineffective military strategy because it failed to achieve its intended purpose of protecting France from invasion.

24. This English explorer of the 18th century visited New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii and North America, and approached Antarctica.

James Cook

Sir Francis Drake

John Cabot

Walter Raleigh

James Cook is the correct answer because he was an English explorer who embarked on multiple voyages during the 18th century. He visited various places including New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii, and North America. Cook is also known for his attempts to approach Antarctica, making significant contributions to the exploration and mapping of the Pacific Ocean and its surrounding regions. Sir Francis Drake, John Cabot, and Walter Raleigh were also notable explorers, but they did not visit all the mentioned places or approach Antarctica like Cook did.

Explanation

James Cook is the correct answer because he was an English explorer who embarked on multiple voyages during the 18th century. He visited various places including New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii, and North America. Cook is also known for his attempts to approach Antarctica, making significant contributions to the exploration and mapping of the Pacific Ocean and its surrounding regions. Sir Francis Drake, John Cabot, and Walter Raleigh were also notable explorers, but they did not visit all the mentioned places or approach Antarctica like Cook did.

25. This Queen of England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries presided over an amazing time in British history: the Renaissance in England, Shakespeare's rise to prominence, and the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The American state of Virginia is named after her.

Mary I

Mary II

Anne Boleyn

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I was the Queen of England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. She presided over a significant period in British history, known as the Renaissance in England, which saw a flourishing of arts, literature, and culture. Shakespeare rose to prominence during her reign, and she played a key role in supporting and promoting the arts. Elizabeth I also famously led England to victory against the Spanish Armada, a significant military triumph. The American state of Virginia was named after her, as she was known as the "Virgin Queen" due to her unmarried status.

Explanation

Elizabeth I was the Queen of England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. She presided over a significant period in British history, known as the Renaissance in England, which saw a flourishing of arts, literature, and culture. Shakespeare rose to prominence during her reign, and she played a key role in supporting and promoting the arts. Elizabeth I also famously led England to victory against the Spanish Armada, a significant military triumph. The American state of Virginia was named after her, as she was known as the "Virgin Queen" due to her unmarried status.

26. Who was the English monarch during the American Revolutionary War?

Elizabeth I

George III

Henry IV

Richard II

During the American Revolutionary War, George III was the English monarch. He reigned from 1760 until 1820 and is known for his role in the conflict with the American colonies. George III's policies and actions, such as imposing taxes and refusing to address the colonists' grievances, contributed to the tensions that eventually led to the war. His reign is closely associated with the loss of the American colonies and the birth of the United States as an independent nation.

Explanation

During the American Revolutionary War, George III was the English monarch. He reigned from 1760 until 1820 and is known for his role in the conflict with the American colonies. George III's policies and actions, such as imposing taxes and refusing to address the colonists' grievances, contributed to the tensions that eventually led to the war. His reign is closely associated with the loss of the American colonies and the birth of the United States as an independent nation.

27. The shoguns ruled Japan from the ___________________ centuries, and kept the country extremely closed from outside influence.

13th to 20th

8th to 12th

12th to 19th

4th to 18th

During the 12th to 19th centuries, the shoguns held power in Japan and enforced a policy of isolationism, keeping the country closed off from outside influences. This period, known as the Edo period, saw the shogunate maintain strict control over trade, foreign relations, and the movement of people within and outside of Japan. This isolationist policy aimed to preserve traditional Japanese culture and prevent foreign interference in the country's affairs.

Explanation

During the 12th to 19th centuries, the shoguns held power in Japan and enforced a policy of isolationism, keeping the country closed off from outside influences. This period, known as the Edo period, saw the shogunate maintain strict control over trade, foreign relations, and the movement of people within and outside of Japan. This isolationist policy aimed to preserve traditional Japanese culture and prevent foreign interference in the country's affairs.

28. Salvador Allende was a Marxist president of ____________, elected in 1970. He was eventually toppled in a coup supported by the _______________.

Argentina / Stasi

Chile / CIA

Yugoslavia / KGB

Nicaragua / CIA

Salvador Allende was a Marxist president of Chile, elected in 1970. He was eventually toppled in a coup supported by the CIA.

Explanation

Salvador Allende was a Marxist president of Chile, elected in 1970. He was eventually toppled in a coup supported by the CIA.

29. A French clergyman and political leader of the 17th century, this man was chief of government under Louis XIII. He was able to establish an absolute monarchy and destroy the influence of the Huguenots.

Michael Baudouin

Romeo Intengan

Jacques Marquette

Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Richelieu was a French clergyman and political leader of the 17th century. He served as chief of government under Louis XIII and played a crucial role in establishing an absolute monarchy in France. Richelieu was known for his strong centralizing policies and his efforts to consolidate power in the hands of the monarchy. He also worked to diminish the influence of the Huguenots, who were French Protestants, in order to strengthen the Catholic Church's authority. Richelieu's political and religious policies had a lasting impact on France and helped shape the course of its history.

Explanation

Cardinal Richelieu was a French clergyman and political leader of the 17th century. He served as chief of government under Louis XIII and played a crucial role in establishing an absolute monarchy in France. Richelieu was known for his strong centralizing policies and his efforts to consolidate power in the hands of the monarchy. He also worked to diminish the influence of the Huguenots, who were French Protestants, in order to strengthen the Catholic Church's authority. Richelieu's political and religious policies had a lasting impact on France and helped shape the course of its history.

30. Breaking his non-agression pact with Russia, Hitler drove his troops into Russia. He experienced horrific losses, and an entire army surrendered after ______________.

Dunkirk

The Battle of the Bulge

The Battle of Stalingrad

The Battle of Leningrad

After breaking his non-aggression pact with Russia, Hitler's troops faced heavy losses and eventually an entire army surrendered at the Battle of Stalingrad.

Explanation

After breaking his non-aggression pact with Russia, Hitler's troops faced heavy losses and eventually an entire army surrendered at the Battle of Stalingrad.

31. This Indian political party claimed Ghandi and Nehru as members, and dominated India's politics for 20 years after achieving independence from Britain in 1947.

Bharatiya Janata Party

Indian National Congress

Bahujan Samaj Party

Communist Party of India

The Indian National Congress is the correct answer because it is the political party that claimed Gandhi and Nehru as members and dominated India's politics for 20 years after independence from Britain in 1947. The Bharatiya Janata Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Communist Party of India are not relevant to the given information.

Explanation

The Indian National Congress is the correct answer because it is the political party that claimed Gandhi and Nehru as members and dominated India's politics for 20 years after independence from Britain in 1947. The Bharatiya Janata Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Communist Party of India are not relevant to the given information.

32. The French monarch who accepted a transition from the ancien regime to a constitutional monarchy, but was later executed by the Jacobins along with his wife Marie Antoinette during the French Revolution.

Napoleon III

Louis XIV

Charles VII

Louis XVI

Louis XVI is the correct answer because he was the French monarch who initially accepted a transition from the ancien regime to a constitutional monarchy. However, he was later executed by the Jacobins, along with his wife Marie Antoinette, during the French Revolution. Napoleon III, Louis XIV, and Charles VII are not relevant to this question.

Explanation

Louis XVI is the correct answer because he was the French monarch who initially accepted a transition from the ancien regime to a constitutional monarchy. However, he was later executed by the Jacobins, along with his wife Marie Antoinette, during the French Revolution. Napoleon III, Louis XIV, and Charles VII are not relevant to this question.

33. After enjoying sustained military success, Napoleon Bonaparte lost 2/3 of his army doing what?

Fighting the British and Prussians at Waterloo.

Invading Russia.

Fighting the Portuguese at Trafalgar.

Fighting the Ottomans in the Black Sea region.

Napoleon Bonaparte lost 2/3 of his army by invading Russia. This decision proved to be a disastrous military campaign for Napoleon, known as the French invasion of Russia in 1812. The Russian army used a scorched-earth tactic, burning their own villages and crops to deny Napoleon's army of any resources. The harsh Russian winter and guerrilla warfare tactics further weakened and demoralized the French army, leading to massive casualties and ultimately the downfall of Napoleon's empire.

Explanation

Napoleon Bonaparte lost 2/3 of his army by invading Russia. This decision proved to be a disastrous military campaign for Napoleon, known as the French invasion of Russia in 1812. The Russian army used a scorched-earth tactic, burning their own villages and crops to deny Napoleon's army of any resources. The harsh Russian winter and guerrilla warfare tactics further weakened and demoralized the French army, leading to massive casualties and ultimately the downfall of Napoleon's empire.

34. Eva Peron was the wife of ____________ President Juan Peron, and was noted for her craft and ambition while being immensely popular due to her charitable activities.

Peruvian

Chilean

Argentinian

Bolivian

Eva Peron was the wife of Argentinian President Juan Peron, and was noted for her craft and ambition while being immensely popular due to her charitable activities.

Explanation

Eva Peron was the wife of Argentinian President Juan Peron, and was noted for her craft and ambition while being immensely popular due to her charitable activities.

35. What was Andrei Sakharov known for?

Giving Stalin the philosophical justification to carry out purges.

Developing the Soviet's first hydrogen bomb, and later becoming an outspoken critic of the USSR.

Advising Kruschev during de-Stalinification.

Working as a spy for the English during much of the Cold War.

Andrei Sakharov was known for developing the Soviet Union's first hydrogen bomb. Later, he became an outspoken critic of the USSR. This suggests that Sakharov played a significant role in the advancement of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons program. However, he eventually became disillusioned with the oppressive nature of the Soviet regime and began advocating for human rights and political reforms. His transformation from a key figure in the Soviet nuclear program to a vocal critic of the USSR highlights his intellectual and moral evolution.

Explanation

Andrei Sakharov was known for developing the Soviet Union's first hydrogen bomb. Later, he became an outspoken critic of the USSR. This suggests that Sakharov played a significant role in the advancement of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons program. However, he eventually became disillusioned with the oppressive nature of the Soviet regime and began advocating for human rights and political reforms. His transformation from a key figure in the Soviet nuclear program to a vocal critic of the USSR highlights his intellectual and moral evolution.

36. The Victorian Age marked

A rather stern time of personal morality at the zenith of British power worldwide.

A time of transition from monarchial rule to Parlimentary rule.

The decline of Britain's previous imperial empire.

Britain's release of their colonial powers.

During the Victorian Age, there was a strong emphasis on personal morality, with strict social codes and expectations. This was a time when British power was at its peak, with the British Empire being the largest and most powerful in the world. The combination of these factors created a rather stern atmosphere, where individuals were expected to adhere to strict moral standards. This focus on personal morality was closely tied to the idea of British superiority and the belief in the civilizing mission of the empire.

Explanation

During the Victorian Age, there was a strong emphasis on personal morality, with strict social codes and expectations. This was a time when British power was at its peak, with the British Empire being the largest and most powerful in the world. The combination of these factors created a rather stern atmosphere, where individuals were expected to adhere to strict moral standards. This focus on personal morality was closely tied to the idea of British superiority and the belief in the civilizing mission of the empire.

37. An English navigator, this captain participated in the destruction of the Spanish Armada and sailed around the world.

John Cabot

Sir Francis Drake

James Cook

Walter Raleigh

Sir Francis Drake is the correct answer because he was an English navigator who played a significant role in the destruction of the Spanish Armada and was also the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. He was known for his daring voyages and his contributions to English naval power during the Elizabethan era.

Explanation

Sir Francis Drake is the correct answer because he was an English navigator who played a significant role in the destruction of the Spanish Armada and was also the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. He was known for his daring voyages and his contributions to English naval power during the Elizabethan era.

38. What is the fin de siecle?

In Spain, a reference to the close of the era of Spanish imperialism.

The close of the French Fourth Republic in the 20th century.

The end of the second millenium.

The term "fin de siècle" refers to the end of the 19th century, specifically highlighting the prevailing atmosphere of decadence, despair, and artistic self-consciousness during that time. It captures the cultural and intellectual climate of the late 1800s, characterized by a sense of disillusionment and a fascination with the darker aspects of human existence. This term is often associated with movements such as Symbolism and Decadence, which emerged during this period and reflected the mood of the era.

Explanation

The term "fin de siècle" refers to the end of the 19th century, specifically highlighting the prevailing atmosphere of decadence, despair, and artistic self-consciousness during that time. It captures the cultural and intellectual climate of the late 1800s, characterized by a sense of disillusionment and a fascination with the darker aspects of human existence. This term is often associated with movements such as Symbolism and Decadence, which emerged during this period and reflected the mood of the era.

39. A revolution in Britain in 1688 in which parliment deposed the Catholic James II and awarded the crown to the Protestant William III and Mary II as joint rulers. They subsequently agreed to a Bill of Rights that severly limited the monarchy's capricious power.

The Jacobite Risings

Kett's Rebellion

Metacom's Rebellion

The Glorious Revolution

The correct answer is The Glorious Revolution. This event took place in Britain in 1688 and involved parliament removing the Catholic James II from the throne and replacing him with the Protestant William III and Mary II as joint rulers. Following this, a Bill of Rights was agreed upon, which significantly restricted the monarchy's arbitrary power.

Explanation

The correct answer is The Glorious Revolution. This event took place in Britain in 1688 and involved parliament removing the Catholic James II from the throne and replacing him with the Protestant William III and Mary II as joint rulers. Following this, a Bill of Rights was agreed upon, which significantly restricted the monarchy's arbitrary power.

40. French Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries, who were frequently persecuted by the government and the Catholic Church. When an edict allowing them to practice their religion was revoked by Louis XIV, many fled France.

Confederates

Lutherans

Huguenots

Free Reformers

The correct answer is Huguenots. The Huguenots were French Protestants during the 16th and 17th centuries who faced persecution from the government and the Catholic Church. Louis XIV revoked an edict that allowed them to practice their religion, leading many Huguenots to flee France.

Explanation

The correct answer is Huguenots. The Huguenots were French Protestants during the 16th and 17th centuries who faced persecution from the government and the Catholic Church. Louis XIV revoked an edict that allowed them to practice their religion, leading many Huguenots to flee France.

41. This "Iron Chancellor" persuaded the small German states to unite after the Franco-Prussian War under a kaiser. He led the newly unified Germany to marked economic advances.

Wilhem II

Otto von Bismark

Max von Baden

Adolf Hitler

Otto von Bismarck, also known as the "Iron Chancellor," was the leader who persuaded the small German states to unite after the Franco-Prussian War under a kaiser. He played a crucial role in the unification of Germany and became the first chancellor of the newly unified country. Bismarck's leadership and political skills led Germany to marked economic advances during his time in office. His policies, such as the implementation of protective tariffs and the development of a strong welfare state, contributed to Germany's economic growth and stability.

Explanation

Otto von Bismarck, also known as the "Iron Chancellor," was the leader who persuaded the small German states to unite after the Franco-Prussian War under a kaiser. He played a crucial role in the unification of Germany and became the first chancellor of the newly unified country. Bismarck's leadership and political skills led Germany to marked economic advances during his time in office. His policies, such as the implementation of protective tariffs and the development of a strong welfare state, contributed to Germany's economic growth and stability.

42. All of the following were involved in the French Revolution except:

Jean-Paul Maret

Robespierre

Georges Danton

Napoleon III

Jean-Paul Maret, Robespierre, and Georges Danton were all prominent figures who played significant roles in the French Revolution. However, Napoleon III was not involved in the French Revolution. He was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte and became the President of France in 1848 and later declared himself Emperor in 1852. His rule came after the French Revolution and he was not directly involved in the events leading up to it.

Explanation

Jean-Paul Maret, Robespierre, and Georges Danton were all prominent figures who played significant roles in the French Revolution. However, Napoleon III was not involved in the French Revolution. He was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte and became the President of France in 1848 and later declared himself Emperor in 1852. His rule came after the French Revolution and he was not directly involved in the events leading up to it.

43. After defeating France, Germany attempted to establish air superiority over England in a series of air battles that became to be known as:

The Battle of the Bulge

The Battle of the English Channel

The Blitzkrieg Battles

The Battle of Britain

After defeating France, Germany attempted to establish air superiority over England in a series of air battles that became known as the Battle of Britain. This battle was a major campaign fought by the German Air Force, or Luftwaffe, against the Royal Air Force (RAF) of Britain. It took place from July to October 1940 and was a crucial turning point in World War II. The RAF successfully defended against the Luftwaffe's attacks, preventing Germany from gaining control of the skies and ultimately forcing them to abandon their plans for an invasion of Britain.

Explanation

After defeating France, Germany attempted to establish air superiority over England in a series of air battles that became known as the Battle of Britain. This battle was a major campaign fought by the German Air Force, or Luftwaffe, against the Royal Air Force (RAF) of Britain. It took place from July to October 1940 and was a crucial turning point in World War II. The RAF successfully defended against the Luftwaffe's attacks, preventing Germany from gaining control of the skies and ultimately forcing them to abandon their plans for an invasion of Britain.

44. Known as the Sun King, this cunning monarch removed threats to his throne by allowing them to live in opulance at his palace. He is known for saying L'etat, c'est moi (I am the state).

Napoleon III

Louis XIV

Charles VII

Louis XVI

Louis XIV is the correct answer because he is known as the Sun King and famously said "L'etat, c'est moi" which means "I am the state." He was a cunning monarch who dealt with threats to his throne by allowing them to live in luxury at his palace, thus removing them as immediate threats.

Explanation

Louis XIV is the correct answer because he is known as the Sun King and famously said "L'etat, c'est moi" which means "I am the state." He was a cunning monarch who dealt with threats to his throne by allowing them to live in luxury at his palace, thus removing them as immediate threats.

45. This British naval officer defeated Napoleon at Trafalgar, but was mortally wounded in the process.

Francis Drake

Horatio Nelson

Edward Hobart Seymour

George Johnstone

Horatio Nelson was a British naval officer who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar. Although he emerged victorious, Nelson was mortally wounded during the battle. His leadership and strategic skills played a crucial role in securing the British victory, making him a celebrated figure in British history.

Explanation

Horatio Nelson was a British naval officer who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar. Although he emerged victorious, Nelson was mortally wounded during the battle. His leadership and strategic skills played a crucial role in securing the British victory, making him a celebrated figure in British history.

46. The Montessori Method is:

An education method stressing child-centrism.

A diplomatic term coined from a state relations theory from 18th century Italy.

A scientific term referring to an advance in celestial knowledge.

A brutal form of government, taken from Pedro Montessori, the prelate of Venice in the 17th century.

The Montessori Method is an education method that emphasizes child-centrism. This means that the approach focuses on the individual needs and interests of each child, allowing them to learn at their own pace and in their own unique way. The method promotes hands-on learning, independence, and self-discipline, providing a supportive and nurturing environment for children to develop their full potential. It was developed by Dr. Maria Montessori in the early 20th century and has since been widely adopted in schools around the world.

Explanation

The Montessori Method is an education method that emphasizes child-centrism. This means that the approach focuses on the individual needs and interests of each child, allowing them to learn at their own pace and in their own unique way. The method promotes hands-on learning, independence, and self-discipline, providing a supportive and nurturing environment for children to develop their full potential. It was developed by Dr. Maria Montessori in the early 20th century and has since been widely adopted in schools around the world.

47. The Crimean War was fought to:

Keep the Ottoman Empire from advancing north into Russia.

Stem French incursion into Ottoman-controlled land.

Establish Islam in the region north and northwest of the Black Sea.

Defend the Ottoman Empire against the Russians and preserve the regional balance of power.

The Crimean War was fought to defend the Ottoman Empire against the Russians and preserve the regional balance of power. The conflict arose from a dispute between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land. France and Britain, concerned about Russia's expanding influence, joined forces with the Ottomans to prevent Russian dominance in the region. The war ultimately aimed to protect the Ottoman Empire's territorial integrity and maintain the equilibrium of power among European nations.

Explanation

The Crimean War was fought to defend the Ottoman Empire against the Russians and preserve the regional balance of power. The conflict arose from a dispute between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land. France and Britain, concerned about Russia's expanding influence, joined forces with the Ottomans to prevent Russian dominance in the region. The war ultimately aimed to protect the Ottoman Empire's territorial integrity and maintain the equilibrium of power among European nations.

48. Heinrich Himmler organized ______________ within the German Nazi state.

Propaganda

The blitzkreig air campaign

Control over Vichy France

SS, Gestapo and concentration camps

Heinrich Himmler, a prominent figure within the German Nazi state, was responsible for organizing the SS (Schutzstaffel), Gestapo, and concentration camps. The SS was a paramilitary organization that played a key role in carrying out the Nazi regime's policies, including the implementation of the Holocaust. The Gestapo, the secret police force, was under the control of Himmler and was notorious for its brutal methods of interrogation and suppression of opposition. The concentration camps, such as Auschwitz and Dachau, were established to imprison and exterminate millions of people deemed undesirable by the Nazis, including Jews, political dissidents, and other marginalized groups.

Explanation

Heinrich Himmler, a prominent figure within the German Nazi state, was responsible for organizing the SS (Schutzstaffel), Gestapo, and concentration camps. The SS was a paramilitary organization that played a key role in carrying out the Nazi regime's policies, including the implementation of the Holocaust. The Gestapo, the secret police force, was under the control of Himmler and was notorious for its brutal methods of interrogation and suppression of opposition. The concentration camps, such as Auschwitz and Dachau, were established to imprison and exterminate millions of people deemed undesirable by the Nazis, including Jews, political dissidents, and other marginalized groups.

49. The "Long March" refers to

The removal of American Indians from the southeast to the midwest

The forced march of Allied POWs from Paris to Berlin in 1943

The fleeing of Mao Zedong and his followers to northeast China in the 1920s

A form of Vietnamese torture applied to French POWs in the 20th century

The correct answer is the fleeing of Mao Zedong and his followers to northeast China in the 1920s. The term "Long March" refers to a military retreat undertaken by the Communist Party of China's Red Army in 1934-1935. Mao Zedong and his followers were escaping from the Nationalist forces led by Chiang Kai-shek. The Long March covered a distance of over 6,000 miles and lasted for about a year. It was a significant event in the Chinese Communist Revolution and helped to solidify Mao's leadership within the party.

Explanation

The correct answer is the fleeing of Mao Zedong and his followers to northeast China in the 1920s. The term "Long March" refers to a military retreat undertaken by the Communist Party of China's Red Army in 1934-1935. Mao Zedong and his followers were escaping from the Nationalist forces led by Chiang Kai-shek. The Long March covered a distance of over 6,000 miles and lasted for about a year. It was a significant event in the Chinese Communist Revolution and helped to solidify Mao's leadership within the party.

50. This man was revered for leading the British to victory over Napoleon at Waterloo; it is said that he posited that "the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton".

Oliver Cromwell

Lord James Sterling

Duke of Wellington

James Stuart

The correct answer is the duke of Wellington. This man is revered for leading the British to victory over Napoleon at Waterloo. It is said that he posited that "the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton". This statement suggests that the discipline and training received at Eton, a prestigious British school, played a crucial role in the success of the British forces in the battle.

Explanation

The correct answer is the duke of Wellington. This man is revered for leading the British to victory over Napoleon at Waterloo. It is said that he posited that "the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton". This statement suggests that the discipline and training received at Eton, a prestigious British school, played a crucial role in the success of the British forces in the battle.

51. "Peace for our time" was an ill-timed and ironic statement by:

Winston Churchill

Woodrow Wilson

Herbert Hoover

Neville Chamberlain

The statement "Peace for our time" was made by Neville Chamberlain. This statement is considered ill-timed and ironic because it was made in 1938 after Chamberlain signed the Munich Agreement with Adolf Hitler, which was supposed to guarantee peace in Europe. However, this agreement ultimately failed to prevent World War II, making Chamberlain's statement ironic and a symbol of his failed appeasement policy towards Nazi Germany.

Explanation

The statement "Peace for our time" was made by Neville Chamberlain. This statement is considered ill-timed and ironic because it was made in 1938 after Chamberlain signed the Munich Agreement with Adolf Hitler, which was supposed to guarantee peace in Europe. However, this agreement ultimately failed to prevent World War II, making Chamberlain's statement ironic and a symbol of his failed appeasement policy towards Nazi Germany.

52. Sukarno and Suharto were

Respectively, the first leaders of Indonesia after obtaining independence from the Dutch.

A Thai president and general that shared power until a coup in 1965.

Indian brothers that presciently advocated that their country increase exports and broaden its industrial base in the late 19th century.

Malaysia's leaders during their quest for independence from the British in the 20th century.

Sukarno and Suharto were the first leaders of Indonesia after obtaining independence from the Dutch. This means that they were the ones who led the newly independent country of Indonesia immediately after it gained independence from Dutch colonial rule.

Explanation

Sukarno and Suharto were the first leaders of Indonesia after obtaining independence from the Dutch. This means that they were the ones who led the newly independent country of Indonesia immediately after it gained independence from Dutch colonial rule.

53. A movement that was started to restore vitality to the Chinese Communist Government, and saw oppression of the educated Chinese class and the rise of the Red Guard.

The Great Leap Forward.

Tiananmen Square Resistance.

The Cultural Revolution.

The Communist Revolution.

The given description refers to a movement in China that aimed to revive the Chinese Communist Government. This movement resulted in the oppression of the educated Chinese class and the emergence of the Red Guard. This aligns with the characteristics of the Cultural Revolution, which was a sociopolitical movement led by Mao Zedong in the 1960s. During this period, Mao sought to eliminate capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society and promote his own ideology. The Cultural Revolution involved mass mobilization, political purges, and widespread violence, leading to significant social and economic disruption in China.

Explanation

The given description refers to a movement in China that aimed to revive the Chinese Communist Government. This movement resulted in the oppression of the educated Chinese class and the emergence of the Red Guard. This aligns with the characteristics of the Cultural Revolution, which was a sociopolitical movement led by Mao Zedong in the 1960s. During this period, Mao sought to eliminate capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society and promote his own ideology. The Cultural Revolution involved mass mobilization, political purges, and widespread violence, leading to significant social and economic disruption in China.

54. Wilhelm II was

The German responsible for winning the Franco-Prussian war and uniting Germany.

A German king before the rule of Otto von Bismark.

An Austrian king that clashed with Prussia.

A German kaiser who ruled Germany in WWI.

Wilhelm II was a German kaiser who ruled Germany in WWI. Kaiser Wilhelm II ascended to the throne in 1888 after the death of his father, Kaiser Frederick III. He played a significant role in shaping German foreign policy and military strategy during World War I. Wilhelm II's aggressive and expansionist policies, along with his personal involvement in decision-making, contributed to the escalation of tensions in Europe and ultimately led to the outbreak of the war. His rule was marked by authoritarianism and a desire to establish Germany as a global power, but it ultimately ended with his abdication in 1918 following Germany's defeat in the war.

Explanation

Wilhelm II was a German kaiser who ruled Germany in WWI. Kaiser Wilhelm II ascended to the throne in 1888 after the death of his father, Kaiser Frederick III. He played a significant role in shaping German foreign policy and military strategy during World War I. Wilhelm II's aggressive and expansionist policies, along with his personal involvement in decision-making, contributed to the escalation of tensions in Europe and ultimately led to the outbreak of the war. His rule was marked by authoritarianism and a desire to establish Germany as a global power, but it ultimately ended with his abdication in 1918 following Germany's defeat in the war.

55. Dunkirk marked:

The penultimate Allied victory in WWII.

The location of the first battle of WWI.

The site where British soldiers were ferried to England after the fall of France in WWII.

The location where the puppet French government was set up by the Germans after the fall of France in WWII.

Dunkirk marked the site where British soldiers were ferried to England after the fall of France in WWII. This is evident from the historical context of the event. During the Battle of Dunkirk in 1940, the British Expeditionary Force, along with French and Belgian troops, was surrounded by German forces. In an extraordinary evacuation effort known as Operation Dynamo, a fleet of over 800 boats, including military and civilian vessels, rescued around 338,000 soldiers from the beaches of Dunkirk and transported them safely back to England. This event is considered a significant moment in WWII and symbolizes the resilience and determination of the Allied forces.

Explanation

Dunkirk marked the site where British soldiers were ferried to England after the fall of France in WWII. This is evident from the historical context of the event. During the Battle of Dunkirk in 1940, the British Expeditionary Force, along with French and Belgian troops, was surrounded by German forces. In an extraordinary evacuation effort known as Operation Dynamo, a fleet of over 800 boats, including military and civilian vessels, rescued around 338,000 soldiers from the beaches of Dunkirk and transported them safely back to England. This event is considered a significant moment in WWII and symbolizes the resilience and determination of the Allied forces.

56. This English political leader served as Benjamin Disraeli's foil, and as prime minister several times during the reign of Queen Victoria. He was particularly interested in providing Ireland with their own government.

William Gladstone

John Bull

Arthur Balfour

Robert Peel

William Gladstone served as Benjamin Disraeli's foil, meaning that he was his rival or opposite in terms of political ideology and leadership style. He was prime minister several times during Queen Victoria's reign and was known for his interest in providing Ireland with their own government. This suggests that he was an influential and significant political leader during the time, making him the correct answer.

Explanation

William Gladstone served as Benjamin Disraeli's foil, meaning that he was his rival or opposite in terms of political ideology and leadership style. He was prime minister several times during Queen Victoria's reign and was known for his interest in providing Ireland with their own government. This suggests that he was an influential and significant political leader during the time, making him the correct answer.

57. German-American relations worsened considerably before WWII with the German

Invasion of England.

Involvement in South American.

Sinking of the Lusitania.

Belligerance toward Franklin Roosevelt.

The sinking of the Lusitania was a significant event that worsened German-American relations before World War II. The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915, resulting in the deaths of over a thousand people, including 128 Americans. This act of aggression by Germany angered the American public and increased anti-German sentiment in the United States. It played a role in eventually pushing the United States to enter the war against Germany in 1917.

Explanation

The sinking of the Lusitania was a significant event that worsened German-American relations before World War II. The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915, resulting in the deaths of over a thousand people, including 128 Americans. This act of aggression by Germany angered the American public and increased anti-German sentiment in the United States. It played a role in eventually pushing the United States to enter the war against Germany in 1917.

58. A Swedish diplomat of the 20th century and secretary-general of the UN from 1953 to 1961, he was very involved in the movement toward independence for African nations.

Raoul Wallenberg

Rolf Ekeus

Dag Hammarskjold

Hans Blix

Dag Hammarskjold was a Swedish diplomat and the secretary-general of the UN from 1953 to 1961. During his time as secretary-general, he played a significant role in the movement toward independence for African nations. He actively supported decolonization efforts and worked to promote self-determination for African countries. His commitment to African independence made him a key figure in the decolonization process and a strong advocate for African nations within the United Nations.

Explanation

Dag Hammarskjold was a Swedish diplomat and the secretary-general of the UN from 1953 to 1961. During his time as secretary-general, he played a significant role in the movement toward independence for African nations. He actively supported decolonization efforts and worked to promote self-determination for African countries. His commitment to African independence made him a key figure in the decolonization process and a strong advocate for African nations within the United Nations.

59. After the last Japanese shogun was overthrown in 1868, the emperor took direct control of the nation and took strides to open Japan to the west and centralize the government. This period is known as:

The Edo Period (Tokugawa).

The Meiji Restoration.

The Kamakura Period.

The Heisei Period.

After the last Japanese shogun was overthrown in 1868, the emperor took direct control of the nation and implemented reforms to modernize Japan and establish a centralized government. This period of significant political and social change is known as the Meiji Restoration. During this time, Japan adopted Western ideas, technologies, and institutions, and embarked on a path of rapid industrialization and modernization, transforming the country into a major world power. The Meiji Restoration marked the end of the Edo Period (Tokugawa) and the beginning of a new era in Japanese history.

Explanation

After the last Japanese shogun was overthrown in 1868, the emperor took direct control of the nation and implemented reforms to modernize Japan and establish a centralized government. This period of significant political and social change is known as the Meiji Restoration. During this time, Japan adopted Western ideas, technologies, and institutions, and embarked on a path of rapid industrialization and modernization, transforming the country into a major world power. The Meiji Restoration marked the end of the Edo Period (Tokugawa) and the beginning of a new era in Japanese history.

60. This Muslim dynasty ruled India in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was originally Turkish, but came under heavy Persian influence.

Mali Dynasty

Rashidun Caliphate

Mughal Dyansty

Sasanid Dynasty

The Mughal Dynasty is the correct answer because it was a Muslim dynasty that ruled India in the 16th and 17th centuries. The dynasty was originally of Turkish origin but was heavily influenced by Persian culture and traditions. The Mughal Empire was known for its rich cultural and architectural heritage, including the Taj Mahal. Under the rule of emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, the Mughal Dynasty reached its peak of power and prosperity in India.

Explanation

The Mughal Dynasty is the correct answer because it was a Muslim dynasty that ruled India in the 16th and 17th centuries. The dynasty was originally of Turkish origin but was heavily influenced by Persian culture and traditions. The Mughal Empire was known for its rich cultural and architectural heritage, including the Taj Mahal. Under the rule of emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, the Mughal Dynasty reached its peak of power and prosperity in India.

61. An extreme radical party during the French Revolution, led by Robespierre. They oversaw the Reign of Terror.

Jacobins

Bastillians

The Directory

The Consulate

The correct answer is Jacobins because they were an extreme radical party during the French Revolution, led by Robespierre. They were known for their radical and violent tactics, and they implemented the Reign of Terror, a period of mass executions and political repression. The Jacobins played a significant role in the French Revolution and their actions had a lasting impact on the course of history.

Explanation

The correct answer is Jacobins because they were an extreme radical party during the French Revolution, led by Robespierre. They were known for their radical and violent tactics, and they implemented the Reign of Terror, a period of mass executions and political repression. The Jacobins played a significant role in the French Revolution and their actions had a lasting impact on the course of history.

62. A Dutch exotic dancer turned spy who worked for both the French and Germans during WWI; subsequently executed by the French in 1917.

Violette Bushell Szabo

Virginia Hall

Antonia Ford

Mata Hari

Mata Hari was a Dutch exotic dancer who became a spy during World War I. She worked for both the French and Germans, providing them with information. However, she was eventually caught by the French and executed in 1917. Her story is notable for her glamorous and mysterious persona, as well as her controversial actions as a double agent.

Explanation

Mata Hari was a Dutch exotic dancer who became a spy during World War I. She worked for both the French and Germans, providing them with information. However, she was eventually caught by the French and executed in 1917. Her story is notable for her glamorous and mysterious persona, as well as her controversial actions as a double agent.

63. Bernard Montgomery was:

An English philosopher and humanist from the 19th century.

British Prime Minister before Neville Chamberlain.

A British general of WWII.

A Scottish poet known for criticism of the English crown.

Bernard Montgomery was a British general of WWII. This can be inferred from the fact that the other options do not match his role in history. He was not an English philosopher or humanist, nor was he a British Prime Minister. Additionally, there is no mention of him being a Scottish poet known for criticism of the English crown. Therefore, the correct answer is that he was a British general of WWII.

Explanation

Bernard Montgomery was a British general of WWII. This can be inferred from the fact that the other options do not match his role in history. He was not an English philosopher or humanist, nor was he a British Prime Minister. Additionally, there is no mention of him being a Scottish poet known for criticism of the English crown. Therefore, the correct answer is that he was a British general of WWII.

64. Who are the Rothschilds?

A family that made a fortune in Russian oil in the 19th century.

One of the famous "robber baron" families of American fame.

A Jewish European banking family that financed Britain's wars vs France.

A family that profited greatly from the stockyards and steel of the late 19th century America.

The correct answer is a Jewish European banking family that financed Britain's wars vs France. The Rothschilds were a prominent banking family of Jewish descent who played a significant role in financing various European countries during the 19th century. They gained immense wealth and influence through their banking operations and were known for their involvement in financing Britain's wars against France. Their financial support helped Britain in its military campaigns and solidified their position as one of the most powerful banking families in Europe during that time.

Explanation

The correct answer is a Jewish European banking family that financed Britain's wars vs France. The Rothschilds were a prominent banking family of Jewish descent who played a significant role in financing various European countries during the 19th century. They gained immense wealth and influence through their banking operations and were known for their involvement in financing Britain's wars against France. Their financial support helped Britain in its military campaigns and solidified their position as one of the most powerful banking families in Europe during that time.

65. The political and social order that prevailed before the French Revolution and was based on a belief in absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings is known as:

Ile-de-France

The National Assembly

Bourbonism

The ancien regime

The correct answer is the ancien regime. The term "ancien regime" refers to the political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution. It was characterized by an absolute monarchy, where the king held all the power, and the belief in the divine right of kings, which claimed that the king's authority came directly from God. This system was marked by social inequality, with the nobility and clergy enjoying privileges and the common people facing oppression and limited rights. The French Revolution aimed to overthrow this system and establish a more egalitarian society.

Explanation

The correct answer is the ancien regime. The term "ancien regime" refers to the political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution. It was characterized by an absolute monarchy, where the king held all the power, and the belief in the divine right of kings, which claimed that the king's authority came directly from God. This system was marked by social inequality, with the nobility and clergy enjoying privileges and the common people facing oppression and limited rights. The French Revolution aimed to overthrow this system and establish a more egalitarian society.

66. House of Hanover:

A German family that took control of the English crown in the 18th century, and still retains the monarchy.

A French royal family during the 18th century before the French Revolution.

An English royal family that won the Wars of the Roses.

The monarchy that took hold in Britain after the 1066 Battle of Hastings.

The House of Hanover refers to a German family that gained control of the English crown in the 18th century. They continue to hold the monarchy to this day. This answer accurately describes the historical background and current status of the House of Hanover.

Explanation

The House of Hanover refers to a German family that gained control of the English crown in the 18th century. They continue to hold the monarchy to this day. This answer accurately describes the historical background and current status of the House of Hanover.

67. After the death of Elizabeth I, the British crown passed from ____________ to the Stuarts.

The Tudors

The Hanovers

The Windsors

The Saxons

After the death of Elizabeth I, the British crown passed from the Tudors to the Stuarts. This is because Elizabeth I was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty, and with her death, the Tudor line came to an end. The Stuarts, specifically James VI of Scotland, became the new rulers of England, as he was the closest living relative to Elizabeth I. Therefore, the correct answer is the Tudors.

Explanation

After the death of Elizabeth I, the British crown passed from the Tudors to the Stuarts. This is because Elizabeth I was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty, and with her death, the Tudor line came to an end. The Stuarts, specifically James VI of Scotland, became the new rulers of England, as he was the closest living relative to Elizabeth I. Therefore, the correct answer is the Tudors.

68. The government established in Britain and Ireland after the execution of Charles I in 1649 was known as ___________________. It was a republic under the leadership of the Parliament. Oliver Cromwell assumed supreme power, and the government quickly lost power after his death.

The English Republic

The Jacobeans

The Tudors

The Commonwealth

After the execution of Charles I in 1649, the government established in Britain and Ireland was known as the Commonwealth. This government was a republic led by the Parliament, with Oliver Cromwell assuming supreme power. However, the government's power quickly declined after Cromwell's death. The Commonwealth was a significant period in British history, characterized by the absence of a monarch and the establishment of a republican government.

Explanation

After the execution of Charles I in 1649, the government established in Britain and Ireland was known as the Commonwealth. This government was a republic led by the Parliament, with Oliver Cromwell assuming supreme power. However, the government's power quickly declined after Cromwell's death. The Commonwealth was a significant period in British history, characterized by the absence of a monarch and the establishment of a republican government.

69. Who was Benjamin Disraeli?

A Frenchman influential in Algerian politics.

An English political leader of the Tory party that drove expansion of the British Empire.

An English Jew prominent in the creation of the modern state of Israel.

An American writer critical of Dutch colonialism in Africa.

Benjamin Disraeli was an English political leader who belonged to the Tory party. He played a significant role in driving the expansion of the British Empire. Disraeli served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice and was known for his imperialistic policies. He was instrumental in the acquisition of territories such as Cyprus and the Suez Canal Zone, which furthered the British Empire's influence and control. Disraeli's political career and his contributions to British imperialism make him the correct answer to the question.

Explanation

Benjamin Disraeli was an English political leader who belonged to the Tory party. He played a significant role in driving the expansion of the British Empire. Disraeli served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice and was known for his imperialistic policies. He was instrumental in the acquisition of territories such as Cyprus and the Suez Canal Zone, which furthered the British Empire's influence and control. Disraeli's political career and his contributions to British imperialism make him the correct answer to the question.

70. The period of early 20th century history led by Edward VII was marked by elegance and luxury, but also for its moral looseness and failure to prepare for some of the challenges of the later 20th century.

The Interregnum

The Edwardian Period

England's Golden Age

Home Rule

The correct answer is the Edwardian Period. The statement mentions that the period of early 20th century history was led by Edward VII, which indicates that it was his reign that characterized this time. The term "Edwardian" is commonly used to refer to this specific period in history, which was known for its elegance, luxury, and moral looseness. Additionally, the statement suggests that this period failed to prepare for the challenges of the later 20th century, further supporting the idea that it refers to the Edwardian Period.

Explanation

The correct answer is the Edwardian Period. The statement mentions that the period of early 20th century history was led by Edward VII, which indicates that it was his reign that characterized this time. The term "Edwardian" is commonly used to refer to this specific period in history, which was known for its elegance, luxury, and moral looseness. Additionally, the statement suggests that this period failed to prepare for the challenges of the later 20th century, further supporting the idea that it refers to the Edwardian Period.

71. Georges Clemenceau was ...

The first French president after World War II.

A French writer on political theory in the early 19th centrury.

The premier of France at the end of WWI who demanded reperation from Germany.

Georges Clemenceau was the premier of France at the end of WWI who demanded reparation from Germany. This is evident from his role as the French premier during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, where he advocated for harsh measures against Germany and insisted on significant reparations to be paid by them. Clemenceau's stance on reparations was driven by his desire to punish Germany for the damages caused during the war and to ensure that France would be compensated for its losses.

Explanation

Georges Clemenceau was the premier of France at the end of WWI who demanded reparation from Germany. This is evident from his role as the French premier during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, where he advocated for harsh measures against Germany and insisted on significant reparations to be paid by them. Clemenceau's stance on reparations was driven by his desire to punish Germany for the damages caused during the war and to ensure that France would be compensated for its losses.

72. The Spanish Civil War was fought in the early 20th century, and was won by ______________, who defeated ___________________.

The Loyalists / the fascists

The republicans / the communists

The Social Party / King Phillip IV

The fascists / the Loyalists

During the Spanish Civil War in the early 20th century, the fascists emerged as the winners by defeating the Loyalists. This conflict was a struggle between different factions within Spain, with the fascists led by General Francisco Franco seeking to overthrow the democratically elected government supported by the Loyalists. The Loyalists, on the other hand, were a coalition of republicans, socialists, and communists who resisted the fascist uprising. Ultimately, the fascists prevailed, establishing Franco's dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975.

Explanation

During the Spanish Civil War in the early 20th century, the fascists emerged as the winners by defeating the Loyalists. This conflict was a struggle between different factions within Spain, with the fascists led by General Francisco Franco seeking to overthrow the democratically elected government supported by the Loyalists. The Loyalists, on the other hand, were a coalition of republicans, socialists, and communists who resisted the fascist uprising. Ultimately, the fascists prevailed, establishing Franco's dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975.

73. What was International?

A French revolutionary group.

Karl Marx's organization of workers.

John Maynard Keynes' school of economic theory.

The name of Salvadore Allande's radical followers in Chile.

The correct answer is Karl Marx's organization of workers. This is because International refers to the International Workingmen's Association, also known as the First International, which was founded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1864. It was an international organization that aimed to unite and coordinate the efforts of workers across different countries to fight for their rights and improve their working conditions.

Explanation

The correct answer is Karl Marx's organization of workers. This is because International refers to the International Workingmen's Association, also known as the First International, which was founded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1864. It was an international organization that aimed to unite and coordinate the efforts of workers across different countries to fight for their rights and improve their working conditions.

74. As British Prime Minister at the end of WWI, this man opposed Woodrow Wilson's gentle approach to Germany, saying that he wanted to "squeeze them until the pips squeek".

Winston Churchill

David Lloyd George

Neville Chamberlain

Andrew Bonar Law

David Lloyd George was the British Prime Minister at the end of WWI. He opposed Woodrow Wilson's gentle approach to Germany and famously said that he wanted to "squeeze them until the pips squeak." This statement suggests that he advocated for a harsher treatment of Germany after the war, possibly in terms of reparations or punishment for their actions.

Explanation

David Lloyd George was the British Prime Minister at the end of WWI. He opposed Woodrow Wilson's gentle approach to Germany and famously said that he wanted to "squeeze them until the pips squeak." This statement suggests that he advocated for a harsher treatment of Germany after the war, possibly in terms of reparations or punishment for their actions.

75. This Egyptian overthrew King Farouk in the early 1950s and became president. He urged Arab unification against Israel and western influence, and nationalized the Suez Canal. He provoked the Six-Day War in 1967 before dying in 1970.

Anwar Sadat

Hosni Mubarak

Bashar al-Assad

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser is the correct answer because he fits the description given in the question. He overthrew King Farouk in the early 1950s and became the president of Egypt. He advocated for Arab unification against Israel and western influence, and he nationalized the Suez Canal. He also provoked the Six-Day War in 1967 before his death in 1970.

Explanation

Gamal Abdel Nasser is the correct answer because he fits the description given in the question. He overthrew King Farouk in the early 1950s and became the president of Egypt. He advocated for Arab unification against Israel and western influence, and he nationalized the Suez Canal. He also provoked the Six-Day War in 1967 before his death in 1970.

76. The Seven Years' War was fought between ____________________ and won by _______________, leaving them significantly stronger.

Russia and England / England

Prussia and France / Prussia

England and Austria / England

All of the above / Englad and Prussia

The Seven Years' War was fought between Russia and England, Prussia and France, and England and Austria. However, the war was won by England and Prussia, leaving them significantly stronger.

Explanation

The Seven Years' War was fought between Russia and England, Prussia and France, and England and Austria. However, the war was won by England and Prussia, leaving them significantly stronger.

77. This Syrian president was openly hostile to Israel and Islamic Fundamentalism, but supported terrorism. He also opposed Iraq during the first Gulf War, and demanded the return of the Golan Heights from Israel.

Hafez al-Assad

Bashar al-Assad

Amin al-Hafiz

Ahmad al-Khatib

Hafez al-Assad is the correct answer because he was the Syrian president who openly expressed hostility towards Israel and Islamic Fundamentalism, while also supporting terrorism. He opposed Iraq during the first Gulf War and demanded the return of the Golan Heights from Israel.

Explanation

Hafez al-Assad is the correct answer because he was the Syrian president who openly expressed hostility towards Israel and Islamic Fundamentalism, while also supporting terrorism. He opposed Iraq during the first Gulf War and demanded the return of the Golan Heights from Israel.

78. During a clash between British and Indian troops in the 18th century, 146 British were driven into a cell in a jail in Calcutta. 123 suffocated by the next morning, and the incident is known as

The Calcutta Incident

The Massacre at Calcutta

The Black Hole of Calcutta

The Tragedy of Calcutta

The correct answer is "the Black Hole of Calcutta". This incident refers to a historical event that took place in Calcutta during the 18th century clash between British and Indian troops. 146 British individuals were forced into a small cell in a jail, and by the next morning, 123 of them had suffocated. This incident became known as the Black Hole of Calcutta due to the cramped and suffocating conditions in which the British captives were held.

Explanation

The correct answer is "the Black Hole of Calcutta". This incident refers to a historical event that took place in Calcutta during the 18th century clash between British and Indian troops. 146 British individuals were forced into a small cell in a jail, and by the next morning, 123 of them had suffocated. This incident became known as the Black Hole of Calcutta due to the cramped and suffocating conditions in which the British captives were held.

79. The Thirty Year's War was fought in the early 17th century and involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria and the German states. It was rooted in ________________ and ended in the Peace of Westphalia.

Nationalism and Catholic/Protestant tensions

The declining Hapsburg Empire's loss of territory

Conflict regarding German unification under a single monarch

Hereditary succession in the expansive Austo-Hungarian empire.

The Thirty Year's War was rooted in nationalism and Catholic/Protestant tensions. During this time, there was a rise in nationalism as various European nations sought to assert their independence and establish their own identities. Additionally, there were deep religious divisions between Catholics and Protestants, which further fueled the conflict. The war eventually ended with the Peace of Westphalia, which established the principle of religious tolerance and recognized the sovereignty of individual states, marking a significant step towards the modern nation-state system.

Explanation

The Thirty Year's War was rooted in nationalism and Catholic/Protestant tensions. During this time, there was a rise in nationalism as various European nations sought to assert their independence and establish their own identities. Additionally, there were deep religious divisions between Catholics and Protestants, which further fueled the conflict. The war eventually ended with the Peace of Westphalia, which established the principle of religious tolerance and recognized the sovereignty of individual states, marking a significant step towards the modern nation-state system.

80. Guiseppe Garibaldi is known for ___________________.

Modernizing of the Italian educational system

Leading the Red Shirts during the Risorgimento (unification of Italy).

Opposing the Catholic Church on corruption charges, leading to the Church's loss of claim to the city of Rome.

Negotiating between the Venice and Rome during their respective military forays into the Black Sea region.

Giuseppe Garibaldi is known for leading the Red Shirts during the Risorgimento (unification of Italy). During this period, he played a crucial role in the unification of Italy by leading a volunteer army known as the Red Shirts. Garibaldi's military campaigns and victories were instrumental in overthrowing various foreign rulers and contributing to the formation of a unified Italian state. His leadership and military strategies made him a prominent figure in the Italian unification movement, earning him recognition and admiration for his role in the Risorgimento.

Explanation

Giuseppe Garibaldi is known for leading the Red Shirts during the Risorgimento (unification of Italy). During this period, he played a crucial role in the unification of Italy by leading a volunteer army known as the Red Shirts. Garibaldi's military campaigns and victories were instrumental in overthrowing various foreign rulers and contributing to the formation of a unified Italian state. His leadership and military strategies made him a prominent figure in the Italian unification movement, earning him recognition and admiration for his role in the Risorgimento.

81. The Hapsburgs were a dynastic family whose head held the title of ________________; by 1914 their Austro-Hungarian Empire included much of central and southern Europe. The empire collapsed during WWI.

Absolute Monarch

Divine Prelate

Holy Roman Emperor

Hungarian Emperor

The Hapsburgs held the title of Holy Roman Emperor. This title gave them significant power and authority over the territories that made up the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The collapse of the empire during WWI suggests that the Hapsburgs' rule as Holy Roman Emperors came to an end during this time.

Explanation

The Hapsburgs held the title of Holy Roman Emperor. This title gave them significant power and authority over the territories that made up the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The collapse of the empire during WWI suggests that the Hapsburgs' rule as Holy Roman Emperors came to an end during this time.

82. The duke of Windsor was known for

An attempt to grab the throne during the Interregnum.

Ruling as Edward VIII, but abdicating his throne within a year to marry a divorcee.

Advising Churchill to preemptively attack Germany before WWII.

The given answer correctly states that the duke of Windsor, also known as Edward VIII, ruled as the king but chose to abdicate the throne after just one year in order to marry a divorcee. This decision caused a significant controversy and led to his younger brother, George VI, becoming the next king.

Explanation

The given answer correctly states that the duke of Windsor, also known as Edward VIII, ruled as the king but chose to abdicate the throne after just one year in order to marry a divorcee. This decision caused a significant controversy and led to his younger brother, George VI, becoming the next king.

83. This Ghanian statesman and president led a Pan-African movement against white domination in Africa, but became increasingly dictatorial and was eventually deposed in 1966.

Kwame Nkrumah

Idi Amin Dada

Robert Mugabe

Omar Bongo

Kwame Nkrumah is the correct answer because he was a Ghanian statesman and president who played a significant role in leading a Pan-African movement against white domination in Africa. However, as his presidency progressed, Nkrumah became increasingly dictatorial, which ultimately led to his deposition in 1966.

Explanation

Kwame Nkrumah is the correct answer because he was a Ghanian statesman and president who played a significant role in leading a Pan-African movement against white domination in Africa. However, as his presidency progressed, Nkrumah became increasingly dictatorial, which ultimately led to his deposition in 1966.

84. This dynasty ruled China from the 17th century to the early 1900s, greatly expanding the country's control in Asia.

Xia Dynasty

Tang Dynasty

Manchu Dynasty

Ming Dynasty

The Manchu Dynasty, also known as the Qing Dynasty, ruled China from the 17th century to the early 1900s. They greatly expanded China's control in Asia through military campaigns and diplomatic alliances. The dynasty's expansionist policies led to the incorporation of territories such as Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang into the Chinese empire. The Manchu Dynasty also implemented policies that promoted economic growth, cultural assimilation, and stability within the empire. However, their rule eventually faced challenges from internal rebellions and external pressures, leading to the downfall of the dynasty in the early 20th century.

Explanation

The Manchu Dynasty, also known as the Qing Dynasty, ruled China from the 17th century to the early 1900s. They greatly expanded China's control in Asia through military campaigns and diplomatic alliances. The dynasty's expansionist policies led to the incorporation of territories such as Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang into the Chinese empire. The Manchu Dynasty also implemented policies that promoted economic growth, cultural assimilation, and stability within the empire. However, their rule eventually faced challenges from internal rebellions and external pressures, leading to the downfall of the dynasty in the early 20th century.

85. An Austrian political leader who helped stabilize Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. At the Congress of Vienna he pushed toward a resolution that would strengthen hereditary monarchial rule, perhaps afraid that democracy would learn to further instability. Steeped in balance of power theory, he was a politcal realist and able diplomat.

Otto von Bismark.

Clemens von Metternich.

Anton von Schmerling.

Julius Raab.

Clemens von Metternich is the correct answer because he was an Austrian political leader who played a key role in stabilizing Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. At the Congress of Vienna, he advocated for a resolution that would strengthen hereditary monarchial rule, as he believed that democracy could lead to further instability. Metternich was known for his adherence to balance of power theory and his diplomatic skills, making him a political realist and able diplomat.

Explanation

Clemens von Metternich is the correct answer because he was an Austrian political leader who played a key role in stabilizing Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. At the Congress of Vienna, he advocated for a resolution that would strengthen hereditary monarchial rule, as he believed that democracy could lead to further instability. Metternich was known for his adherence to balance of power theory and his diplomatic skills, making him a political realist and able diplomat.

86. This series of revolutions swept the European continent in the mid-19th century, fueled by liberalism and nationalism. Though gains were made, their progress was quickly rolled back.

The Liberal Revolutions

Revolutions of 1848

The Common Struggles

The Later Revolutions

The correct answer is "Revolutions of 1848." The explanation for this answer is that the Revolutions of 1848 were a series of uprisings that occurred across Europe in the mid-19th century. These revolutions were driven by liberal and nationalist ideals, with people demanding political and social reforms. However, despite some initial gains, the progress made during these revolutions was eventually reversed, and many of the reforms were rolled back. This makes the Revolutions of 1848 the most fitting answer in the given context.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Revolutions of 1848." The explanation for this answer is that the Revolutions of 1848 were a series of uprisings that occurred across Europe in the mid-19th century. These revolutions were driven by liberal and nationalist ideals, with people demanding political and social reforms. However, despite some initial gains, the progress made during these revolutions was eventually reversed, and many of the reforms were rolled back. This makes the Revolutions of 1848 the most fitting answer in the given context.

87. Britain's empire began in the 16th century in:

The Americas

India

Turkey

North Africa

Britain's empire began in the 16th century in the Americas. This refers to the colonization and establishment of British colonies in North America, specifically in areas like Jamestown (1607) and Plymouth (1620). These colonies marked the beginning of Britain's imperial expansion and influence in the New World.

Explanation

Britain's empire began in the 16th century in the Americas. This refers to the colonization and establishment of British colonies in North America, specifically in areas like Jamestown (1607) and Plymouth (1620). These colonies marked the beginning of Britain's imperial expansion and influence in the New World.

88. This Mexican revolutionary leader overran plantations during the Mexican Revolution and gave them to the peasants. He rejected the new government's promises of reform and died in 1919.

Emiliano Zapata

Pancho Villa

Hernando Gama

Che Guavera

Emiliano Zapata was a Mexican revolutionary leader who played a significant role during the Mexican Revolution. He is known for his agrarian reform movement, which aimed to redistribute land from large plantations to the peasants. Zapata rejected the promises of reform made by the new government, as he believed that true change could only be achieved through the empowerment of the rural population. He died in 1919, leaving behind a legacy as a champion of the rights of the peasants and a symbol of the struggle for social justice in Mexico.

Explanation

Emiliano Zapata was a Mexican revolutionary leader who played a significant role during the Mexican Revolution. He is known for his agrarian reform movement, which aimed to redistribute land from large plantations to the peasants. Zapata rejected the promises of reform made by the new government, as he believed that true change could only be achieved through the empowerment of the rural population. He died in 1919, leaving behind a legacy as a champion of the rights of the peasants and a symbol of the struggle for social justice in Mexico.

89. Zhou En-lai...

Opposed Mao's treatment of Chaing Kai-Shek and felt Marxism would doom China.

Led China to great economic reforms in the 1980s.

Founded the Communist Party in China and worked closely with Mao; he was also Premier in the 1970s.

Led a democratic revolt that was brutally repressed at Tiananmen Square in 1989.

Zhou En-lai founded the Communist Party in China and worked closely with Mao; he was also Premier in the 1970s. This answer is correct because Zhou En-lai played a crucial role in the establishment of the Communist Party in China and was one of the key figures in its early years. He worked closely with Mao Zedong, the leader of the party, and served as the Premier of China from 1949 until his death in 1976. Zhou En-lai's leadership and contributions were instrumental in shaping the early years of the People's Republic of China.

Explanation

Zhou En-lai founded the Communist Party in China and worked closely with Mao; he was also Premier in the 1970s. This answer is correct because Zhou En-lai played a crucial role in the establishment of the Communist Party in China and was one of the key figures in its early years. He worked closely with Mao Zedong, the leader of the party, and served as the Premier of China from 1949 until his death in 1976. Zhou En-lai's leadership and contributions were instrumental in shaping the early years of the People's Republic of China.

90. This English ruling family was actually Scottish in origin, and ruled England from the early 1600s to the early 1700s, with only the 11-year Interregnum as a break.

House of Hanover

House of Leeds

House of Tudor

House of Stuart

The House of Stuart was a ruling family in England from the early 1600s to the early 1700s. Despite being originally Scottish, they gained control of the English throne. The 11-year Interregnum, during which the monarchy was abolished, was the only interruption in their rule. Therefore, the House of Stuart is the correct answer.

Explanation

The House of Stuart was a ruling family in England from the early 1600s to the early 1700s. Despite being originally Scottish, they gained control of the English throne. The 11-year Interregnum, during which the monarchy was abolished, was the only interruption in their rule. Therefore, the House of Stuart is the correct answer.

91. This Irish member of the British Parliment known for his oratory supported the American Revolution but opposed the French Revolution, calling it an unjustified break with tradition.

Thomas Paine

Edmund Burke

William Gladstone

John Locke

Edmund Burke was an Irish member of the British Parliament who was renowned for his eloquence. He was a supporter of the American Revolution, recognizing the just cause for independence. However, he opposed the French Revolution, viewing it as an unjustified departure from established traditions. This position aligns with Burke's conservative ideology, which emphasized the importance of preserving societal structures and gradual change rather than abrupt revolutions. Therefore, the correct answer is Edmund Burke.

Explanation

Edmund Burke was an Irish member of the British Parliament who was renowned for his eloquence. He was a supporter of the American Revolution, recognizing the just cause for independence. However, he opposed the French Revolution, viewing it as an unjustified departure from established traditions. This position aligns with Burke's conservative ideology, which emphasized the importance of preserving societal structures and gradual change rather than abrupt revolutions. Therefore, the correct answer is Edmund Burke.

92. Who was William Pitt, the Elder?

Scottish political leader in the 19th century, he presaged struggles with England to come.

An English military leader during the Seven Years' War.

An Irish writer who wrote critically of England's imperial expansion.

An English political leader who ended the Seven Years' War, and liberalized the harsh colonial policies of George II.

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Explanation

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93. What was Vidkum Quisling known for?

Conspiring with the Germans as they invaded his native Norway in WWII.

Leading the Norwegian resistance against German invasion in WWII.

Leading a contingent of Norwegian horse soldiers against the Swedish monarch in the 19th century.

Leading the Finnish resistance against the invading Russians in the early 20th century.

Vidkum Quisling was known for conspiring with the Germans as they invaded his native Norway in WWII. This refers to his collaboration with the Nazi regime, where he established a puppet government in Norway and actively supported their occupation. Quisling's actions were seen as treacherous and he is now synonymous with betrayal and collaboration.

Explanation

Vidkum Quisling was known for conspiring with the Germans as they invaded his native Norway in WWII. This refers to his collaboration with the Nazi regime, where he established a puppet government in Norway and actively supported their occupation. Quisling's actions were seen as treacherous and he is now synonymous with betrayal and collaboration.

94. How did Trotskyism differ than Leninism or Stalinism?

Trotsky insisted on a peaceful revolution.

Trotsky wanted to combine aspects of capitalism with communism.

Trotsky thought that the revolution should be worldwide from inception.

Trotsky was against the nationalism of the steel and coal industries.

Trotskyism differed from Leninism and Stalinism in that Trotsky believed that the revolution should be worldwide from the beginning. This means that Trotsky advocated for the spread of communism beyond the borders of a single country, unlike Lenin who believed in building socialism in one country first before spreading it. Stalin, on the other hand, focused on consolidating power within the Soviet Union rather than actively promoting revolution abroad. Trotsky's emphasis on international revolution set him apart from both Leninism and Stalinism.

Explanation

Trotskyism differed from Leninism and Stalinism in that Trotsky believed that the revolution should be worldwide from the beginning. This means that Trotsky advocated for the spread of communism beyond the borders of a single country, unlike Lenin who believed in building socialism in one country first before spreading it. Stalin, on the other hand, focused on consolidating power within the Soviet Union rather than actively promoting revolution abroad. Trotsky's emphasis on international revolution set him apart from both Leninism and Stalinism.

95. This Canadian prime minister and statesman was committed to federalism and oversaw the passage of the Official Languages Act, which added French to the official languages of Canada.

Joe Clark

Louis St Laurent

Brian Mulroney

Pierre Elliott

Pierre Elliott Trudeau was a Canadian prime minister and statesman who was committed to federalism. He believed in a strong central government and worked towards maintaining a balance between federal and provincial powers. One of his significant achievements was the passage of the Official Languages Act, which added French as one of the official languages of Canada. This act aimed to promote bilingualism and ensure equal rights for both English and French speakers in the country. Trudeau's commitment to federalism and his efforts in promoting linguistic diversity make him the correct answer for this question.

Explanation

Pierre Elliott Trudeau was a Canadian prime minister and statesman who was committed to federalism. He believed in a strong central government and worked towards maintaining a balance between federal and provincial powers. One of his significant achievements was the passage of the Official Languages Act, which added French as one of the official languages of Canada. This act aimed to promote bilingualism and ensure equal rights for both English and French speakers in the country. Trudeau's commitment to federalism and his efforts in promoting linguistic diversity make him the correct answer for this question.

96. The daughter of __________________, Indira Gandhi was prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and 1980 to 1984, when she was assassinated.

Rajiv Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru

Mahatma Gandhi

Ratan Tata

Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, served as the prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and 1980 to 1984, when she was assassinated. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India and a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, followed in his footsteps and became a significant political figure in India.

Explanation

Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, served as the prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and 1980 to 1984, when she was assassinated. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India and a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, followed in his footsteps and became a significant political figure in India.

97. Pope John XXIII is known for ____________________.

Pushing the Church towards more conservative policies

Convening Vatican II

Giving up Rome in exchange for Vatican City

His extremely long tenure during the 19th century.

Pope John XXIII is known for convening Vatican II. Vatican II was a significant event in the history of the Catholic Church, as it brought about major reforms and changes in the Church's teachings, practices, and relationship with the modern world. Pope John XXIII initiated the council in 1962 with the aim of renewing and updating the Church's approach to various aspects of faith and life. Vatican II addressed topics such as liturgy, ecumenism, interreligious dialogue, and the role of the laity in the Church. It had a profound impact on the Catholic Church and its relationship with the world.

Explanation

Pope John XXIII is known for convening Vatican II. Vatican II was a significant event in the history of the Catholic Church, as it brought about major reforms and changes in the Church's teachings, practices, and relationship with the modern world. Pope John XXIII initiated the council in 1962 with the aim of renewing and updating the Church's approach to various aspects of faith and life. Vatican II addressed topics such as liturgy, ecumenism, interreligious dialogue, and the role of the laity in the Church. It had a profound impact on the Catholic Church and its relationship with the world.

98. This political party founded by Chiang Kai-Shek in mainland China was forced to flee to Taiwan in 1949, where it became the leading party.

The Chinese Nationalist Party

Chishashto

Kuomintang

Constitutional Party of China

The correct answer is Kuomintang. Kuomintang, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, was founded by Chiang Kai-Shek in mainland China. However, due to the Communist Party's rise to power in 1949, Kuomintang was forced to flee to Taiwan, where it became the leading political party.

Explanation

The correct answer is Kuomintang. Kuomintang, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, was founded by Chiang Kai-Shek in mainland China. However, due to the Communist Party's rise to power in 1949, Kuomintang was forced to flee to Taiwan, where it became the leading political party.

99. In the Middle Ages, this royal court in England that heard trials without a jury. Unde the early Stuart kings, it was known for its tyranny, and is still a term used to reference arbitrary judicial tactics.

Star Chamber

The Stuart Court

Final Authority

Downing Chamber

The correct answer is Star Chamber. The Star Chamber was a royal court in England during the Middle Ages that conducted trials without a jury. Under the early Stuart kings, it became notorious for its tyrannical practices and arbitrary judicial tactics. The term "Star Chamber" is still used today to refer to any judicial proceedings that are seen as unfair or lacking in due process.

Explanation

The correct answer is Star Chamber. The Star Chamber was a royal court in England during the Middle Ages that conducted trials without a jury. Under the early Stuart kings, it became notorious for its tyrannical practices and arbitrary judicial tactics. The term "Star Chamber" is still used today to refer to any judicial proceedings that are seen as unfair or lacking in due process.

100. A prominent figure in the French Revolution who pressed for the execution of the king, but clashed with the more radical elements of the Revolution. He was eventually executed by the latter.

Georges Danton

Joseph Bonaparte

Denis Diderot

Robespierre

Georges Danton was a prominent figure in the French Revolution who played a key role in the execution of King Louis XVI. However, he clashed with the more radical elements of the Revolution, particularly Maximilien Robespierre. Danton advocated for a more moderate approach, focusing on stabilizing the country and improving the economy. This put him at odds with Robespierre and his supporters, who believed in a more radical and uncompromising approach. Eventually, Danton was arrested and executed by Robespierre's faction, marking a significant turning point in the French Revolution.

Explanation

Georges Danton was a prominent figure in the French Revolution who played a key role in the execution of King Louis XVI. However, he clashed with the more radical elements of the Revolution, particularly Maximilien Robespierre. Danton advocated for a more moderate approach, focusing on stabilizing the country and improving the economy. This put him at odds with Robespierre and his supporters, who believed in a more radical and uncompromising approach. Eventually, Danton was arrested and executed by Robespierre's faction, marking a significant turning point in the French Revolution.

101. The Russo-Japanese war was fought over warm-water ports and territory in ______________ and won by the ______________.

1875 / Russians

1875 / Japanese

1917 / Japanese

1917 / Russians

The Russo-Japanese war was fought in 1904-1905, not in 1917. It was fought over warm-water ports and territory in Manchuria and Korea. The war was won by the Japanese, who were able to defeat the Russian Empire and establish themselves as a major world power. The victory was a significant event in Asian history and marked the first time an Asian country had defeated a European power in a modern war.

Explanation

The Russo-Japanese war was fought in 1904-1905, not in 1917. It was fought over warm-water ports and territory in Manchuria and Korea. The war was won by the Japanese, who were able to defeat the Russian Empire and establish themselves as a major world power. The victory was a significant event in Asian history and marked the first time an Asian country had defeated a European power in a modern war.

102. The Six-Day war gave Israel all of the following except:

The Golan Heights

West Jerusalem

The Sinai Peninsula

The West Bank of the Jordan

The Six-Day War resulted in Israel gaining control over several territories, including the Golan Heights, the Sinai Peninsula, and the West Bank of the Jordan. However, West Jerusalem was not acquired during this conflict. West Jerusalem was already under Israeli control prior to the war, as it had been since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. Therefore, Israel did not gain West Jerusalem as a result of the Six-Day War.

Explanation

The Six-Day War resulted in Israel gaining control over several territories, including the Golan Heights, the Sinai Peninsula, and the West Bank of the Jordan. However, West Jerusalem was not acquired during this conflict. West Jerusalem was already under Israeli control prior to the war, as it had been since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. Therefore, Israel did not gain West Jerusalem as a result of the Six-Day War.

103. A Scottish sailor of the 17th and 18th centuries, ________________ was actually hired by the English government to combat piracy before allegedly going rogue himself. He was eventually captured and executed.

Henry Morgan

Edward Teach (Blackbeard)

Captain William Kidd

Jack Rackham (Calico Jack)

Captain William Kidd was a Scottish sailor of the 17th and 18th centuries who was hired by the English government to combat piracy. However, he allegedly turned to piracy himself, which led to his capture and execution.

Explanation

Captain William Kidd was a Scottish sailor of the 17th and 18th centuries who was hired by the English government to combat piracy. However, he allegedly turned to piracy himself, which led to his capture and execution.

104. What was the Munich Pact?

An agreement between Germany and Russia prior to WWII that Hitler later broke.

The agreement after WWII to partition Berlin into two parts.

The earliest stages of agreement of the EEC, which later became the EU.

An pre-WWII agreement that allowed Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia.

The Munich Pact refers to a pre-WWII agreement that allowed Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia. This agreement, signed in 1938, was negotiated between Germany, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom, with Czechoslovakia not being invited to the discussions. The pact, also known as the Munich Agreement, was seen as a failed attempt to appease Hitler's territorial ambitions. It resulted in the annexation of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia by Germany, which further fueled Hitler's expansionist agenda and ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War II.

Explanation

The Munich Pact refers to a pre-WWII agreement that allowed Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia. This agreement, signed in 1938, was negotiated between Germany, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom, with Czechoslovakia not being invited to the discussions. The pact, also known as the Munich Agreement, was seen as a failed attempt to appease Hitler's territorial ambitions. It resulted in the annexation of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia by Germany, which further fueled Hitler's expansionist agenda and ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War II.

105. Vis-a-vis England, what was The Restoration?

The replacement of Charles I after the Wars of the Roses.

The rehabilitation of the Anglican church after Cromwell's disastrous reign.

The restoration of powers of Parliment after an attempted power grab by Henry VIII.

The replacement of the Interregnum puritan government with the Stuart ruling family.

The Restoration refers to the period in English history when the Stuart ruling family was reinstated after the Interregnum puritan government. This period began in 1660 with the return of Charles II to the throne, following the death of Oliver Cromwell. The Restoration marked a significant shift in political and religious policies, as the Anglican church was rehabilitated and the monarchy regained its power and authority. It brought an end to the republican rule of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate, and saw the return of the monarchy in England.

Explanation

The Restoration refers to the period in English history when the Stuart ruling family was reinstated after the Interregnum puritan government. This period began in 1660 with the return of Charles II to the throne, following the death of Oliver Cromwell. The Restoration marked a significant shift in political and religious policies, as the Anglican church was rehabilitated and the monarchy regained its power and authority. It brought an end to the republican rule of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate, and saw the return of the monarchy in England.