Virology Slide 1-100

Poxviruses are considered the largest and most complex animal virus. They are characterized by their large size and complex structure, which includes a double-stranded DNA genome enclosed in a complex protein coat. Poxviruses are known to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, and cause diseases such as smallpox and cowpox. Due to their large genome, poxviruses are capable of encoding a wide array of genes, allowing them to manipulate and evade the host immune response. This complexity and size make poxviruses the largest and most complex animal virus.

The statement is true because HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus) is known to multiply in sensory neurons, which are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain. After multiplying, the virus can move to the ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cells located near the spinal cord. Once in the ganglia, the virus can remain dormant for long periods of time, but can also reactivate and cause recurrent outbreaks of symptoms.

HDV is not one of the three principal viruses associated with hepatitis. The three principal viruses are HAV (Hepatitis A virus), HBV (Hepatitis B virus), and HCV (Hepatitis C virus). HDV (Hepatitis D virus) is a defective virus that requires the presence of HBV to replicate and cause infection. Therefore, it is not considered one of the principal viruses associated with hepatitis on its own.

Papilloma and Polyoma viruses are indeed short, circular DNA. These viruses have a circular DNA genome, which means that their genetic material is arranged in a circular shape rather than a linear one. This circular DNA structure is characteristic of these types of viruses and distinguishes them from other types of viruses that may have linear DNA genomes. Therefore, the statement "Papilloma and Polyoma viruses are short, circular DNA" is true.

The conformation change that releases the virus from the endosome into the cytosol is caused by pH. This is because the low pH environment in the endosome triggers a structural change in the viral protein, allowing it to fuse with the endosomal membrane and release the viral genome into the cytosol. The acidic pH of the endosome is essential for the viral entry process and is a common mechanism used by many viruses to deliver their genetic material into the host cell.

Humans are the only natural host

Influenza viruses are enveloped viruses, meaning they have a lipid membrane surrounding their protein coat. This envelope is acquired from the host cell membrane during the process of budding, where new virus particles are formed and released from the infected cell. The envelope plays a crucial role in the virus's ability to infect new cells and evade the immune system. Therefore, the statement that influenza viruses are assembled and budded off the cell with an envelope is true.

EBV, or Epstein-Barr virus, is the correct answer because it is known to infect lymphoid tissues and salivary glands. This virus is commonly associated with infectious mononucleosis, also known as mono, which causes symptoms such as fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. EBV can also lead to the development of certain cancers, such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Infectious mononucleosis develops from the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a member of the herpesvirus family and is commonly transmitted through saliva. It primarily affects young adults and presents with symptoms such as fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and enlarged spleen. EBV infects B cells and can lead to the production of atypical lymphocytes, which are characteristic of the disease.

The given statement is true because the treatment for EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) focuses on alleviating the symptoms of fever and sore throat. EBV is a common virus that causes infectious mononucleosis, commonly known as mono. There is no specific antiviral treatment for EBV, so management involves rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers to reduce fever and relieve throat discomfort. Therefore, the statement is correct as the treatment for EBV aims to provide relief from these symptoms.

A squamous epithelial growth, wart, or verruca is commonly known as a papilloma. A papilloma is a benign tumor that arises from the epithelial cells and is characterized by its rough, cauliflower-like appearance. It is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and can occur on various parts of the body, including the skin, genitals, and throat. While papillomas are generally harmless, some types of HPV can increase the risk of developing certain cancers, such as cervical cancer. Regular check-ups and vaccinations can help prevent and detect any potential issues related to papillomas.

Best targets are unique viral enzymes

Nucleoside analog, capping and elongation of RNA (RNA polymerase inhibitor), reverse transcription inhibitor

Poxviruses multiply in the cytoplasm. Unlike most other viruses, which replicate in the host cell's nucleus, poxviruses have their own DNA replication machinery and can multiply entirely in the cytoplasm. This allows them to evade certain host defense mechanisms that target the nucleus. By replicating in the cytoplasm, poxviruses can efficiently produce large amounts of viral progeny and spread to other cells.

HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) is a virus that primarily targets the liver. It infects liver cells and uses their machinery to replicate itself. This is why HBV is known to multiply solely in the liver. The virus can cause inflammation and damage to the liver, leading to various liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the liver's role in HBV replication to develop effective treatments and preventive measures.

Parvoviruses cause distemper in cats, enteric disease in dogs, and fatal cardiac infection in puppies. Distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems of cats. Enteric disease in dogs refers to a viral infection that causes severe diarrhea and can lead to dehydration and death. In puppies, parvoviruses can cause a fatal cardiac infection known as myocarditis, which affects the heart muscle and can lead to heart failure. Therefore, parvoviruses are responsible for these three different diseases in cats, dogs, and puppies.

The Varicella-Zoster Virus vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. This means that the vaccine contains a weakened form of the virus that is still able to stimulate an immune response in the body, but is unlikely to cause disease. This type of vaccine is effective in preventing infection and providing long-lasting immunity against the Varicella-Zoster Virus.

HHV-8, also known as human herpesvirus 8, is the virus that is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma. Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of cancer that primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes. HHV-8 is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplants. It is particularly common in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. Therefore, HHV-8 is the correct answer for the virus that is also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated virus.

The given statement is true. Influenza A virus can be shed by an infected person for 3-6 days, starting from 1 day before they show any clinical symptoms. This means that even before someone starts showing signs of being sick, they can already be contagious and capable of spreading the virus to others. It highlights the importance of practicing good hygiene and taking preventive measures to limit the spread of the virus.

The Vaccinia virus is the virus used in the Smallpox vaccine. Smallpox is a highly contagious and deadly disease caused by the Variola virus. The Vaccinia virus, which is related to the Variola virus, is used in the vaccine to stimulate an immune response and protect against Smallpox infection. The vaccine contains a live, weakened form of the Vaccinia virus, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells in the body. This provides immunity against Smallpox, preventing the disease or reducing its severity if infection occurs.

It CAN be transmitted in the absence of lesions

RNA viral replication normally occurs in the cytosol. This is because RNA viruses do not have the ability to enter the nucleus of the host cell, where DNA replication takes place. Instead, they replicate their genetic material and assemble new viral particles in the cytosol, which is the fluid-filled region of the cell outside the nucleus. The cytosol provides the necessary cellular machinery and resources for viral replication to occur efficiently.

Neuraminidase is an enzyme that breaks down the glycoproteins present in mucus. By hydrolyzing mucus, neuraminidase helps the influenza virus to move more easily through the host mucin layer. This facilitates the spread of the virus within the host's respiratory system. Therefore, the statement "Neuraminidase hydrolyzes mucus facilitating the movement of influenza through the host mucin layer" is true.

Humans are susceptible to two varieties of the herpes simplex virus (HSV), HSV1 and HSV2. HSV1 typically causes oral herpes, characterized by cold sores or fever blisters around the mouth, while HSV2 is primarily responsible for genital herpes. Both viruses can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person's skin or bodily fluids. Therefore, the statement that humans are susceptible to two HSV varieties, HSV1 and HSV2, is true.

Ganciclovir is more effective

Influenza A is the most important cause of medically attended acute respiratory illness because it is the most common and widespread type of influenza virus. It has the potential to cause pandemics and severe illness, leading to hospitalizations and deaths. Influenza A viruses can infect humans and animals, making them highly adaptable and capable of causing outbreaks in different species. This type of influenza virus is constantly evolving, which makes it a significant public health concern and a priority for surveillance and prevention efforts.

Smallpox was the first disease to be eliminated by vaccination. Smallpox is a highly contagious and deadly disease caused by the variola virus. The smallpox vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner in the late 18th century and was the first successful vaccine to be developed. Through widespread vaccination campaigns, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. This achievement marked the first and only time that a human disease has been eradicated through vaccination.

BUT it is still a rare complication

There are 2

An icosahedron is a three-dimensional geometric shape that consists of 20 equilateral triangular faces. Each vertex of the icosahedron is where three of these triangular faces meet. Since each face has three vertices, and there are 20 faces in total, the icosahedron contains a total of 12 vertices.

Poxviruses produce eruptive skin pustules which leave scars. Poxviruses are large, complex DNA viruses that can cause diseases such as smallpox, monkeypox, and molluscum contagiosum. These viruses replicate within the cytoplasm of infected cells and can cause a variety of symptoms, including the formation of pustules on the skin. The pustules can be painful and can leave scars after healing.

Hepadnaviruses is another name for HBV.

Certain influenza viral segments need strain matched viral protein in order to effectively infect and replicate within host cells. This is because the viral protein plays a crucial role in binding to specific receptors on the host cell surface, allowing the virus to enter and hijack the cellular machinery for its own replication. If the viral protein does not match the strain of the influenza virus, it may not be able to bind to the receptors and initiate infection. Therefore, it is important for the viral protein to be strain matched in order for the virus to successfully infect and cause disease.

It is extended up to 2 weeks

Epstein-Barr Virus is a correct answer for this question because it is a virus that is commonly found everywhere, hence the term "ubiquitous". It is known to infect lymphoid tissue and salivary glands, causing diseases such as infectious mononucleosis. This virus belongs to the herpesvirus family and is transmitted through saliva, making it highly contagious.

Herpetic keratitis is the correct answer because it is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus affecting the cornea of the eye. It can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person's saliva or by touching an active herpes sore and then touching the eye. Ocular herpes can cause inflammation, redness, pain, and in severe cases, vision loss. Herpes labialis, herpetic gingivostomatitis, and herpes genitalia are caused by the same virus but affect different areas of the body, not the eyes.

EBV, or Epstein-Barr virus, can be transmitted through direct contact and salivary contamination. Direct contact refers to the transfer of the virus from one person to another through physical touch, such as kissing or sharing utensils. Salivary contamination refers to the transmission of the virus through infected saliva, which can occur through activities like sharing drinks or utensils. Fomites, which are contaminated objects or surfaces, and animal vectors are not considered routes of transmission for EBV.

Hepadnaviruses are indeed involved in reverse transcription. Reverse transcription is the process by which the viral RNA genome is converted into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome, where it can be transcribed and translated to produce viral proteins. Hepadnaviruses, such as the hepatitis B virus, are unique among DNA viruses in that they replicate their DNA genome through a reverse transcription mechanism similar to retroviruses. This allows them to persist in the host cell for long periods of time and contributes to their ability to cause chronic infections.

20nm

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is not a herpesvirus. Herpesviruses belong to the family Herpesviridae, while HPV belongs to the family Papillomaviridae. HPV is responsible for causing common warts, genital warts, and certain types of cancers, while herpesviruses cause diseases like cold sores, genital herpes, chickenpox, and shingles.

They do

Antigenic drift refers to the constant mutation caused by gradually changing amino acid compositions of influenza. This process leads to the emergence of new strains of the virus over time. Unlike antigenic shift, which involves the sudden and major change in the virus's surface proteins, antigenic drift occurs more slowly and results in minor changes. These minor changes can accumulate over time, making it difficult for the immune system to recognize and respond to the virus, leading to the need for regular updates to influenza vaccines.

Antigenic shift is the correct answer because it refers to the process in which one of the genes or RNA strands of the influenza virus is replaced with a gene or strand from a different influenza virus that originated in a different animal host. This can lead to the emergence of new strains of the virus that humans may have little to no immunity against, potentially causing severe outbreaks or pandemics.

Ribavirin is the correct answer because it is approved in the US for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and in combination with alpha interferon for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Ribavirin is an antiviral medication that works by inhibiting the replication of the virus, making it an effective treatment for both RSV and HCV. Beta interferon 1, acyclovir, and ritonavir are not approved for these specific indications.

The lecture discussed treatments specifically for CMV in immunocompromised patients. This suggests that these treatments are not typically used for patients who are not immunocompromised. Therefore, the statement is true.

It IS an STD

All of the options listed (bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and algae) can serve as viral hosts. This means that viruses can infect and replicate within these organisms. Therefore, none of the options provided are correct as they all represent viral hosts.

Hepadnavirus is ds enveloped DNA
Polyomavirus and Papillomavirus are ds nonenveloped

Vaccinia vaccination, which is used to prevent smallpox, can indeed cause encephalitis. Encephalitis is a rare but serious side effect of the vaccine, characterized by inflammation of the brain. This adverse reaction occurs in a very small number of individuals who receive the vaccine, but it is a known risk. Therefore, the statement "Vaccinia vaccination can cause encephalitis" is true.

All members of the Herpesviruses have the ability to establish latent infections in their hosts. During latency, the virus remains dormant within the host's cells without causing any symptoms. However, under certain conditions, such as a weakened immune system, stress, or hormonal changes, the virus can reactivate and cause recurrent infections. This is a characteristic feature of all Herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), among others. Therefore, the statement that all members of the Herpesviruses show latency and cause recurrent infection is true.

Herpes is potentially fatal to the neonate and fetus. Preventative screening is done on the mother prior to delivery and a C section is performed if the mother is positive for herpes.

HHV-6, or Human Herpesvirus 6, is the virus that causes roseola, also known as sixth disease. Roseola is a common viral infection that primarily affects infants and young children. It is characterized by a high fever that lasts for a few days, followed by a rash that appears once the fever subsides. HHV-6 is transmitted through respiratory secretions and can spread easily among young children.

Neuraminidase assists in influenza viral budding and release. Neuraminidase is an enzyme present on the surface of the influenza virus. It helps in the release of newly formed viral particles from the host cell by cleaving the sialic acid residues present on the surface of the infected cell. This cleavage allows the virus to detach from the host cell and spread to other cells, facilitating viral budding and release. Hemagglutinin, on the other hand, helps the virus to attach to the host cell, while S2 and M2 are not directly involved in viral budding and release.

Susceptibility refers to the ability of a cell, tissue, or species to support virus replication. It indicates the vulnerability or receptiveness of an organism to being infected by a virus. Susceptibility is determined by various factors such as the presence or absence of specific receptors on the host cells, the immune response of the host, and the genetic makeup of the host.

Enveloped viruses are a type of virus that have an outer lipid membrane derived from the host cell. This membrane is acquired during the process of assembly, where the viral components come together to form a complete virus particle. The assembly of enveloped viruses typically occurs at the site of membrane acquisition, which means that the viral components gather and arrange themselves on the host cell's membrane. This allows the virus to incorporate the host cell's membrane into its own structure, forming the characteristic envelope. Therefore, the statement "For enveloped viruses, assembly typically occurs at the site of membrane acquisition" is true.

Interferons are immune modulating drugs that belong to the category of viral treatment options. They work by enhancing the body's immune response to fight against viral infections. Interferons help to regulate the immune system and inhibit the replication of viruses, thereby reducing the severity and duration of viral illnesses. These drugs are commonly used in the treatment of various viral infections, including hepatitis B and C, as well as some forms of cancer.

The statement suggests that CMV (Cytomegalovirus) is often present in a dormant or inactive state in different tissues of the body. This implies that the virus may not cause any symptoms or harm unless it becomes active or reactivated. Therefore, the answer "True" indicates that CMV is indeed commonly latent in various tissues.

Lamivudine is a nucleoside analog that is used as an HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is specifically used for the treatment of HBV, which stands for Hepatitis B Virus. This medication helps to inhibit the reverse transcriptase enzyme in the virus, preventing it from replicating and spreading in the body. Therefore, Lamivudine is an effective treatment for Hepatitis B.

The majority of viruses cause no disease

It has a high seroprevalence

Pox, Hepadna, and Herpes viruses are DNA viruses. DNA viruses are a type of virus that have DNA as their genetic material. They replicate and reproduce by integrating their DNA into the host cell's DNA. Pox viruses cause diseases like smallpox and chickenpox. Hepadna viruses cause hepatitis B, and Herpes viruses cause diseases like cold sores and genital herpes. Retroviruses, such as HIV, and Corona viruses, like the one causing COVID-19, are RNA viruses, meaning they have RNA as their genetic material.

Most viruses acquire their membrane by budding through a host cell membrane (plasma, ER, golgi, or nuclear)

EBV, or Epstein-Barr virus, remains dormant in B cells. B cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. After the initial infection, EBV establishes a lifelong latent infection in B cells, meaning it remains in a dormant state within these cells. During this latent phase, the virus can reactivate and cause various diseases, including infectious mononucleosis and certain types of cancers, such as Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.

Herpetic gingivostomatitis is the correct answer because it is a viral infection that affects the mouth and throat. It is commonly seen in young children and is caused by the herpes simplex virus. Symptoms include painful sores in the mouth, swollen gums, and fever. Herpes labialis refers to cold sores on the lips, herpetic keratitis is an infection of the eye, and herpes genitalia refers to genital herpes. While these conditions may also be caused by the herpes simplex virus, they do not specifically cause infection of the oropharynx in young children.

Herpetic gingivostomatitis causes fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. This condition is characterized by inflammation and sores in the mouth and gums, which can lead to difficulty swallowing and a sore throat. The herpes simplex virus, specifically the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), is responsible for causing herpetic gingivostomatitis. This viral infection is highly contagious and commonly affects young children. Symptoms typically include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and painful sores in the mouth and throat.

Polyomaviruses are a group of viruses that commonly infect humans without causing any symptoms or only causing mild symptoms. This means that most people who are infected with polyomaviruses do not experience any noticeable health issues. Therefore, the statement that the majority of polyomaviruses are asymptomatic or exhibit mild symptoms is true.

Influenza replication occurs in the nucleus. This is because the influenza virus is an RNA virus that requires the host cell's machinery to replicate its genetic material. Once inside the host cell, the virus releases its RNA into the nucleus where it hijacks the host cell's enzymes and resources to replicate its RNA and produce new viral particles. Therefore, the nucleus is the site where the influenza virus replicates and produces more viral particles.

The correct order of flu replication is as follows: First, the virus adsorbs to a respiratory epithelial cell by hemagglutinin spikes and fuses with the membrane (4). Then, the virus is endocytosed into a vacuole and uncoated to release its 8 nucleocapsid segments into the cytoplasm (3). The nucleocapsids are transported into the nucleus where the (-) sense RNA strand is transcribed into a (+) sense strand that will be translated into viral proteins that make up the capsid and spikes (6). The (+) sense RNA is used to synthesize glycoprotein spikes inserted into the host membrane (1). The (+) sense RNA strands are also used to synthesize new (-) sense RNA strands, which are assembled into nucleocapsids and transported out of the nucleus to the cell membrane (5). Finally, the release of mature virus occurs when viral parts gather at the cell membrane and are budded off with an envelope containing spikes (2).

Upper body rash is not a complication of influenza A in children discussed in the lecture. The lecture may have mentioned complications such as fever, otitis media, pneumonia, and myositis, but there was no mention of upper body rash as a complication.

The correct answer is large enveloped icosahedral dsDNA. Herpesviruses are characterized by their large size, envelope, and icosahedral capsid structure. They have a double-stranded DNA genome, which is enclosed within the capsid and surrounded by an envelope derived from the host cell membrane. This structure allows herpesviruses to infect and replicate within host cells.

Also with oral carcinoma and certain T cell leukemias

Hemagglutinin is the major surface antigen of influenza. It is a glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenza virus and plays a crucial role in the infection process. Hemagglutinin allows the virus to bind to host cells and initiate the entry of the virus into the cell. It is also responsible for the agglutination of red blood cells, which is why it is named hemagglutinin. Neuraminidase, S2, and M2 are also antigens found on the influenza virus, but they do not serve as the major surface antigen.

Hemagglutinin does this

The primary infection with Varicella-Zoster virus results in chickenpox. Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an itchy rash with small, fluid-filled blisters. It is commonly seen in children and is usually accompanied by symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue. The Varicella-Zoster virus can remain dormant in the body after the initial infection and may later reactivate to cause shingles, a painful rash that typically occurs in older adults.

HHV-7 is closely related to HHV-6 and causes similar diseases. HHV-7, also known as Human Herpesvirus 7, belongs to the same family as HHV-6 and is known to cause similar clinical manifestations. Both HHV-6 and HHV-7 are associated with diseases like roseola, a viral infection that primarily affects young children. These viruses share similar genetic characteristics and can cause similar symptoms, making HHV-7 the closely related virus to HHV-6 in terms of causing similar diseases.

Polyomaviruses are highly seroprevalent throughout the world, meaning that a large percentage of the population has been exposed to these viruses and has developed antibodies against them. This indicates that these viruses are widespread and commonly infect humans. The high seroprevalence suggests that polyomaviruses are easily transmitted and have a global distribution.

Caused by JCV but all the rest is true

Parvoviruses are described as nonenveloped, DNA viruses that have a single-stranded genome (ssDNA). Nonenveloped means that these viruses do not have an outer lipid membrane surrounding their protein capsid. Parvoviruses are known for their small size and their ability to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans. The fact that they have a DNA genome means that their genetic material is composed of deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the genetic material found in most organisms. The "ss" designation indicates that the DNA is single-stranded, meaning it consists of only one strand of nucleotides.

Orthomyxoviruses are enveloped viruses, meaning they have an outer lipid membrane surrounding their genetic material. They contain RNA as their genetic material, instead of DNA. The RNA in orthomyxoviruses is single-stranded (ss) and segmented, meaning it is divided into multiple separate pieces.

Influenza virus types A, B, and C are distinct from each other. Type A is the most common and causes seasonal flu outbreaks in humans. It can also infect other animals like birds and pigs. Type B mainly affects humans and causes milder flu symptoms compared to type A. Type C is less common and causes mild respiratory illness. These three types have different genetic compositions and surface proteins, which contribute to their distinct characteristics and ability to cause disease.

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are correct but the third is M2 NOT S2

Exchange DOES NOT occur between type A, B, and C.

They develop neurological sequelae, hearing, visual disturbances and mental retardation

Adenoviruses are described as nonenveloped, DNA viruses that have a double-stranded (ds) genome. Nonenveloped means that they do not have a lipid envelope surrounding their protein capsid. Adenoviruses are known for causing respiratory illnesses, conjunctivitis, and other infections in humans. Their DNA genome allows them to replicate inside the host cell and produce new viral particles. The fact that they have a ds genome means that their DNA is composed of two complementary strands that are held together by hydrogen bonds.

CMV, or cytomegalovirus, can be transmitted through various routes. Saliva, breast milk, semen, urine, and respiratory mucus/saliva are all potential routes of transmission for CMV. This means that if a person comes into contact with any of these bodily fluids from an infected individual, they may be at risk of contracting the virus. It is important to practice good hygiene and take necessary precautions to prevent the spread of CMV.

There are 9 subtypes of neuraminidase.

Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection that causes small, raised bumps on the skin. While it can be transmitted through non-sexual contact, such as sharing towels or clothing, it is most commonly spread through sexual contact. Therefore, it is accurate to say that in the US, Molluscum contagiosum is most commonly an STD.

Hemagglutinin is the most important virulence factor for influenza. It is responsible for the attachment of the virus to host cells and facilitates the entry of the virus into the cell. Without hemagglutinin, the virus would not be able to infect and replicate within the host, making it a crucial factor for the pathogenicity of influenza. Neuraminidase, S2, and M2 are also important for the virus's life cycle, but hemagglutinin plays a more significant role in the initial stages of infection.

The statement is suggesting that the frequency of independently segregating genes of influenza indicates random reassortment, rather than an active process. In other words, the genes of influenza are not deliberately or actively being rearranged, but rather they are randomly assorting. This implies that the evolution of influenza is driven by chance rather than a directed process. Therefore, the correct answer is True.

RNA segment 1 is specifically packaged

Non-enveloped viruses enter the host via penetration through the plasma membrane. Unlike enveloped viruses, which fuse with the host cell's plasma membrane or enter through endocytosis, non-enveloped viruses directly penetrate the plasma membrane to gain entry into the host cell. This allows the viral genetic material to be released into the host cell's cytoplasm, where it can hijack the host's cellular machinery for replication and production of new viral particles.

Mild cases are treated this way but chronic infections are treated with interferon

DNA and RNA

Influenza B undergoes antigenic drift only. Antigenic drift refers to small genetic changes that occur over time in the influenza virus. These changes are responsible for the seasonal flu outbreaks and require the constant updating of flu vaccines. On the other hand, antigenic shift refers to major genetic changes that occur when different strains of influenza viruses combine to form a new subtype. This can lead to pandemics and is more commonly associated with influenza A viruses.

Uses viral specific RNA polymerase

The Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) is responsible for causing chickenpox and shingles. Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection characterized by itchy red blisters that appear all over the body. Shingles, on the other hand, is a painful rash that occurs in individuals who have previously had chickenpox. The virus remains dormant in the body after a chickenpox infection and can reactivate later in life, causing shingles.

CMV (Cytomegalovirus) produces giant cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions. These inclusions are characteristic of CMV infection and can be observed in various tissues, such as the lungs, liver, and kidney. The presence of these giant cells with inclusions is a key diagnostic feature of CMV infection and can help differentiate it from other viral infections.

By mid-life, a large majority of people, approximately 90-95%, are infected with EBV (Epstein-Barr virus). This virus is extremely common and spreads through bodily fluids, such as saliva. Most people are infected with EBV at some point in their lives, often during childhood or adolescence. While the infection is usually asymptomatic or causes mild symptoms, it can lead to more severe illnesses in some cases, such as mononucleosis. Therefore, the high percentage of people infected with EBV by mid-life reflects its widespread prevalence in the population.

M2 is the ion channel which facilitates virus uncoating

Influenza A commonly affects both children and the elderly. This is because these age groups have weaker immune systems compared to adolescents and adults, making them more vulnerable to the virus. Children often have less developed immune systems, while the elderly may have weakened immune systems due to aging. Therefore, they are more likely to contract and experience more severe symptoms from Influenza A compared to other populations.

The normal routes of smallpox exposure discussed during the lecture are skin contact and inhalation. Skin contact refers to coming into direct contact with the infected person's skin, which can occur through touching, hugging, or sharing personal items. Inhalation refers to breathing in the virus, which can happen when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing the virus into the air. These two routes are the primary ways in which smallpox can spread from person to person.

It is different :)

JC and BK are the most important human polyomaviruses. These viruses are known to cause severe diseases in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing organ transplantation. JC virus is responsible for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare and often fatal brain infection. BK virus can cause BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), a kidney disease that can lead to graft failure in transplant recipients. These viruses are of significant clinical importance and require close monitoring and management in high-risk individuals.

Recurrent herpes outbreaks can be triggered by various factors such as stress, menstruation, and bacterial infections. However, sexual activity is not considered a trigger for recurrent herpes. While sexual activity may increase the risk of transmitting the virus to a partner, it is not a direct trigger for recurrent outbreaks.

Most are asymptomatic

Both glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, frequently undergo genetic changes decreasing the effectiveness of the host immune respose.
There IS NO exchange between Influenza A, B, and C.

Viral signals induce cell death and release of virions

Ribavirin is a viral treatment that is a synthetic analog of guanosine. This means that ribavirin is structurally similar to guanosine, a nucleoside found in RNA. By mimicking guanosine, ribavirin can interfere with viral replication and inhibit the growth of certain viruses.

Herpetic whitlow is the correct answer because it is an infection that occurs when the herpes simplex virus enters a break in the skin, usually on a finger. It is characterized by localized pain, itching, and inflammation. Herpetic keratitis, herpes stomatitis, and herpes labialis are all different types of herpes infections, but they do not specifically cause localized infections on the finger.

Valacyclovir is the correct answer because it is the name for the L-valyl ester of acyclovir. Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used to treat viral infections, and valacyclovir is its prodrug form. When valacyclovir is ingested, it is rapidly converted into acyclovir in the body, which then inhibits the replication of viral DNA. Valacyclovir is commonly prescribed for the treatment of herpes infections, including genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles.

It is a malignancy of epithelial cells but the rest of the statement is correct

Alpha, beta, and gamma interferons have been used in the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but their efficacy is limited. While they can help to suppress viral replication and reduce liver inflammation, they are not able to completely eliminate the virus from the body. Additionally, interferon therapy can have significant side effects and is not suitable for all patients. Therefore, it is true that alpha, beta, and gamma interferons are of limited efficacy in the treatment of HBV.

There are 15 subtypes of hemagglutinin. Hemagglutinin is a protein found on the surface of the influenza virus. It plays a crucial role in the virus's ability to infect cells. The subtypes of hemagglutinin are classified based on their genetic and antigenic differences. These subtypes are labeled as H1 to H18, with H16 and H17 not yet identified in humans. Each subtype has unique characteristics and can cause different levels of severity in influenza infections. Understanding the diversity of hemagglutinin subtypes is important for developing effective vaccines and antiviral treatments.

Severe sore throat is not an effect of Influenza A discussed in the lecture. The lecture may have mentioned other effects such as rapid shedding of cells, stripping the respiratory epithelium, and severe inflammation, but it did not include severe sore throat as one of the effects.

The term "host range" refers to the range of cells, tissues, and species that a virus can infect and replicate within. It determines the specificity of a virus and its ability to cause infection in different organisms. The host range can vary widely among viruses, with some being able to infect a broad range of hosts, while others are more restricted and can only infect specific species or cell types. Understanding the host range of a virus is crucial in studying its transmission, pathogenesis, and developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

HHV-8, also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is the correct answer. It is linked with common tumors of AIDS patients, particularly Kaposi's sarcoma, and is also associated with possible multiple myeloma. HHV-5, HHV-6, and HHV-7 are not specifically linked with these conditions.

Only a small number of patients develop chronic liver disease

Nine types of HPV increase the risk of reproductive cancer. HPV stands for Human Papillomavirus, which is a common sexually transmitted infection. Certain types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of reproductive cancers such as vaginal, vulvar, penile, and anal cancer. Therefore, it is important to get vaccinated against HPV and practice safe sex to reduce the risk of these cancers.

Entero, Paramyxo, and Orthomyxo viruses are RNA viruses. RNA viruses have RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. Entero viruses belong to the Picornaviridae family and are responsible for causing gastrointestinal infections. Paramyxo viruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family and can cause respiratory infections. Orthomyxo viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are responsible for causing influenza or flu. Therefore, all three viruses mentioned in the answer (Entero, Paramyxo, and Orthomyxo) are RNA viruses.

Viral infections can have various effects on host cells. Transformation refers to the process where the virus alters the genetic material of the host cell, leading to abnormal growth and potentially causing cancer. Chronic infection occurs when the virus persists in the host for a long time, continuously replicating and causing ongoing damage. Asymptomatic infections occur when the host shows no symptoms despite being infected, allowing the virus to spread unknowingly. Lytic infections involve the virus entering the host cell, replicating, and then causing the cell to burst, releasing new viral particles. These effects collectively demonstrate the range of possible consequences of viral infections on host cells.

Toxemia is a condition characterized by the presence of toxins in the bloodstream. Variola major, also known as smallpox, is a highly contagious and often severe disease caused by the variola virus. It is associated with toxemia because the virus releases toxins into the bloodstream, leading to a systemic infection. Variola minor, on the other hand, causes a milder form of smallpox and may not always result in toxemia. Therefore, the correct answer is Variola major.

It contains glycoprotein spikes on the outside

The nomenclature for influenza involves several factors including the host of origin, the geographic location of initial isolation, the strain number, and the year of isolation. These factors are used to identify and classify different strains of the influenza virus. The host of origin refers to the species in which the virus was initially isolated, while the geographic location indicates where the virus was first identified. The strain number helps to differentiate between different variants of the virus, and the year of isolation provides a temporal reference. All of these factors are important in understanding the characteristics and evolution of influenza strains.

Foscarnet is a non-nucleoside inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase. It works by directly binding to the active site of the viral DNA polymerase and inhibiting its activity. This prevents the replication of viral DNA, ultimately inhibiting the growth and spread of the virus. Foscarnet is commonly used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. It is not an acyclovir analog, a nucleoside analog of guanosine, or a drug that acts to block the production of the viral membrane.

HBV vaccination is not a live, attenuated vaccine. Live, attenuated vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus or bacteria they protect against. However, the HBV vaccine is derived from purified sterile antigen from carrier blood, not from live, attenuated forms. It is given in 3 doses with boosters and is used for high-risk individuals, as well as encouraged for all newborns and infants.

Influenza C is known to cause only minor respiratory disease and is most likely not involved in epidemics. Unlike Influenza A and B, which are responsible for seasonal flu outbreaks and pandemics, Influenza C typically causes mild illness and does not have a significant impact on public health. Influenza D is a relatively new type of influenza virus that primarily affects cattle and is not known to cause disease in humans.

The correct answer is "Envelope." The envelope is a membrane that surrounds the virus core. It is composed of lipids and proteins and is derived from the host cell's membrane. The envelope plays a crucial role in protecting the virus and facilitating its entry into host cells. It also contains viral proteins that help in recognizing and binding to specific receptors on host cells.

It is associated with EBV