U.S History Chapter 6-8 Test.

John D. Rockefeller is the correct answer because he created the Standard Oil Company and utilized the trust system to eliminate competition. Rockefeller's establishment of Standard Oil revolutionized the oil industry and allowed him to dominate the market by acquiring and controlling various oil companies. Through the use of trusts, Rockefeller was able to consolidate power and eliminate competition, ultimately leading to the creation of a monopoly in the oil industry. This made Rockefeller one of the wealthiest and most powerful individuals in American history.

Jane Addams created settlement houses in the late 1800s to help immigrants and the poor. Settlement houses were community centers that provided a wide range of services such as education, healthcare, and social activities. These houses aimed to improve the lives of immigrants and the poor by providing them with resources and support. By offering assistance and opportunities, settlement houses played a crucial role in integrating immigrants into American society and addressing the social issues of the time.

Thomas Nast is the correct answer because he was a political cartoonist who played a significant role in exposing and criticizing the corrupt political machine known as the Tweed Ring. Through his powerful and influential cartoons, Nast helped to bring public attention to the corrupt practices of the Tweed Ring, ultimately contributing to its downfall. His cartoons were widely circulated and played a crucial role in shaping public opinion and sparking reform efforts. Nast's work as a political cartoonist made him a prominent figure in American journalism and a key player in exposing political corruption during that time.

The correct answer is Gilded Age. The Gilded Age refers to a period in American history, particularly from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, characterized by rapid industrialization, economic growth, and extreme wealth accumulation among a small elite class. During this time, politicians often used their power to enrich themselves through corrupt practices such as bribery and kickbacks. The term "gilded" implies that while the era appeared prosperous on the surface, it was actually marked by widespread corruption and social inequality.

The term "laissez-faire" refers to the belief that the government should not interfere or regulate business activities. This means that businesses should be able to operate freely without government intervention or restrictions. In a laissez-faire system, the market forces of supply and demand are allowed to determine prices, wages, and the allocation of resources. This approach is often associated with free-market capitalism and the belief in individual economic freedom.

The Interstate Commerce Act was the first attempt at government regulation of business, specifically to regulate railroad rates. This act was passed in response to public outcry over unfair practices and high rates charged by railroads. It established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee and regulate railroad rates and practices, ensuring fair competition and preventing monopolistic behavior. The act aimed to protect consumers and promote fair business practices in the railroad industry.

The term "robber barons" is used by critics to describe wealthy industrialists. This term suggests that these individuals acquired their wealth through unethical or exploitative means, often at the expense of the working class. It implies that they used their power and influence to monopolize industries, exploit workers, and accumulate vast fortunes. The term "robber barons" conveys a negative perception of these industrialists and their practices.

Nativists were individuals in the late 1800s who advocated for restrictions on immigrants. They believed in protecting the interests of native-born citizens and feared that immigrants would pose a threat to their jobs, culture, and way of life. Nativists often promoted discriminatory policies and held prejudiced views towards immigrants, considering them as inferior or a danger to society. Therefore, the answer "nativists" accurately describes the people who advocated for restrictions on immigrants during that time period.

The correct answer is cities. Immigrants tend to settle in cities because they offer more job opportunities, social support networks, and cultural diversity. Cities also provide access to amenities such as healthcare, education, and transportation. Additionally, cities often have established immigrant communities, making it easier for newcomers to connect with others who share their language, culture, and experiences.

The Pendleton Act is the correct answer because it is the civil service reform act that ended patronage and the spoils system, which involved giving government jobs to supporters. This Act was passed in 1883 and established a merit-based system for hiring and promoting government employees, based on their qualifications and performance rather than political affiliations. It aimed to eliminate corruption and ensure that government positions were filled by competent individuals, leading to a more efficient and professional civil service.

Andrew Carnegie used vertical consolidation to dominate the steel industry. Vertical consolidation refers to the practice of owning and controlling all aspects of the production process, from raw materials to distribution. Carnegie achieved this by acquiring iron ore mines, coal mines, and railroads, ensuring a steady supply of resources and efficient transportation for his steel mills. By vertically integrating his business, Carnegie was able to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and gain a competitive advantage over his rivals. This strategy allowed him to become one of the wealthiest individuals in history and establish a steel empire that dominated the industry.

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was a response by the government to address the growing power of trusts and monopolies during the Gilded Age. It aimed to limit their influence and prevent unfair business practices that could harm competition and consumers. The act allowed the government to take legal action against companies that engaged in anti-competitive behavior, such as price-fixing or monopolistic practices. By passing this act, the government sought to promote fair competition and protect the interests of consumers and smaller businesses.

The correct answer is Chinese. During the late 19th century, the U.S. implemented the Chinese Exclusion Act, which was the first major law to restrict immigration based on nationality. This act prohibited the entry of Chinese laborers into the country and also denied citizenship to Chinese immigrants already residing in the U.S. The act remained in effect for several decades until it was repealed in 1943. This exclusionary policy was a significant milestone in U.S. immigration history, making Chinese immigrants the first group to be specifically targeted and excluded from the country.

In the late 1800s, the main type of workers successfully organized by the unions were skilled workers. Skilled workers were individuals who had specific expertise and knowledge in a particular trade or craft. They possessed specialized skills that were in high demand, making them valuable assets to their respective industries. These workers were able to leverage their expertise to negotiate better working conditions, higher wages, and improved benefits through collective bargaining and unionization. Their organized efforts paved the way for advancements in labor rights and laid the foundation for workers' rights movements in the years to come.

The main purpose of business consolidation in the late 1800s was to eliminate competition. This was achieved through various means such as mergers, acquisitions, and forming trusts. By consolidating smaller businesses into larger ones, companies were able to gain more control over the market and reduce competition. This allowed them to set prices, control production, and increase their profits. Eliminating competition also helped to stabilize the market and prevent price wars, benefiting the larger companies involved in the consolidation.

Andrew Carnegie defended his fortune through the Gospel of Wealth and believed that the wealthy have a responsibility to use their wealth for the betterment of society. He argued that it is the duty of the rich to distribute their wealth in a way that promotes social progress and helps those in need. Carnegie believed in philanthropy and donated a significant portion of his wealth to various causes, including education and libraries. His views on wealth and philanthropy had a significant impact on the concept of corporate social responsibility.

During the late 19th century, a significant number of immigrants came from Eastern and Southern Europe. This can be attributed to various factors such as economic opportunities, political unrest, and social instability in these regions. Eastern European countries, including Russia, Poland, and Ukraine, experienced economic hardships and political persecution, leading many to seek better lives elsewhere. Southern European countries, such as Italy and Greece, faced similar challenges, with poverty and limited prospects driving people to emigrate. The influx of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe during this period had a profound impact on the demographics and cultural diversity of countries like the United States.