Organic Chemistry 1 & 2

For a compound to be optically active, it must have a carbon atom that is substituted with four different groups. This is because optical isomerism occurs when there are different arrangements of atoms around a chiral carbon, resulting in mirror-image isomers. If there are only three different groups attached to the carbon atom, the compound will not exhibit optical activity. Therefore, the correct answer is 4.

Structural isomerism refers to the phenomenon where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in their structural arrangement or connectivity of atoms. In this case, the compounds obtained from C2H6O (ethanol) by making adjustments in their molecule would have the same number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, but their arrangement would be different. Therefore, the correct answer is structural isomerism.

In SP2 hybridization, three hybrid orbitals are formed. These hybrid orbitals are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry with bond angles of 120 degrees. Therefore, the correct answer is 1200.

The correct answer is 3-chloropropan-1-ol. This is because the compound has a chlorine atom attached to the third carbon atom in the chain, and an alcohol group attached to the first carbon atom. The numbering of the carbon atoms is determined by giving the lowest number to the substituent (chlorine) and then to the functional group (alcohol). Therefore, the name of the compound is 3-chloropropan-1-ol.

Functional groups in organic compounds determine the chemical properties of the homologous series. This means that the presence of a specific functional group in a molecule will dictate how that molecule will react chemically. Different functional groups have different reactivities and can participate in specific types of reactions. Therefore, the presence or absence of a functional group can greatly influence the chemical behavior of a molecule.

The exceptional large number of carbon compounds is essentially due to the ability of carbon to catenate liberally. Catenation refers to the ability of carbon atoms to form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, creating long chains or rings. This unique property of carbon allows it to form a wide variety of compounds with different structures and properties. Carbon can also form bonds with other elements such as nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and the halogens, further increasing the diversity of carbon compounds. This ability of carbon to catenate liberally is the primary reason for the vast number of carbon compounds.

Lactose is a disaccharide sugar found in milk. It is made up of two monosaccharides, glucose and galactose, which are joined together by a glycosidic bond. This bond can be broken down by the enzyme lactase in the small intestine, allowing lactose to be digested and absorbed. Therefore, the correct answer is glucose + galactose.

Hexane has five isomers. Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. In the case of hexane, it is a hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C6H14. The five isomers of hexane are n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane. Each isomer has a different arrangement of carbon atoms, resulting in different physical and chemical properties.

The bromination of alkanes is slower compared to chlorination. When 2-methylbutane reacts with Br2 in the presence of light or heat, the major organic product is expected to be 2-bromo-2-methylbutane. This is because bromine is less reactive than chlorine, and it prefers to substitute a hydrogen atom in the alkane rather than breaking carbon-carbon bonds. Therefore, the bromine atom will substitute one of the hydrogen atoms on the secondary carbon, resulting in the formation of 2-bromo-2-methylbutane.

Toluene is a derivative of benzene that is commonly used in the production of explosives. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a strong odor and is highly flammable. Toluene is often used as a solvent in the manufacturing process of explosives and is also a key ingredient in the production of TNT (trinitrotoluene), a widely used explosive compound. Its chemical properties make it a suitable choice for these applications, allowing for the efficient and controlled production of explosives.

Perspex is a type of polymer that is commonly used for making car rear lights and windshields. It is a transparent thermoplastic material that offers good impact resistance and weatherability, making it suitable for automotive applications. Perspex, also known as acrylic or PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), is lightweight, durable, and has excellent optical clarity, allowing for efficient light transmission in rear lights and clear visibility through windshields. Its properties make it an ideal choice for these specific automotive components.

Soda-lime is used in the lab preparation of methane in preference to caustic soda because soda-lime does not have a strong affinity for water. This means that soda-lime will not readily absorb or react with water, which is important in the preparation of methane as water can interfere with the reaction. Caustic soda, on the other hand, has a strong affinity for water and can react with it, potentially affecting the desired reaction for methane preparation.

The correct answer is "a long hydrocarbon chain". The hydrophobic part of a soap molecule refers to the long hydrocarbon chain, which is nonpolar and repels water. This hydrophobic chain is attracted to and soluble in oils and grease, allowing soap to effectively remove dirt and oils from surfaces when mixed with water.

Invertase is the correct answer because it is the enzyme responsible for breaking down sucrose into its component sugars, glucose and fructose. This process is known as inversion, hence the name invertase. Diastase, maltase, and zymase are other types of enzymes that are involved in different biochemical reactions, but they are not specifically involved in the conversion of sucrose to glucose and fructose.

The reagent that can distinguish between ethene and ethyne is ammonical solution of copper(II) chloride. This reagent reacts with ethene to form a blue precipitate of copper(I) chloride, while it does not react with ethyne. This reaction is used as a test to differentiate between the two compounds. The other options, acidified solution of copper(I) chloride, ammonical solution of silver trioxonitrate(V), and acidified solution of silver trioxonitrate(V), do not show this specific reaction with ethene and ethyne.

The correct answer is "methyl propane" because the compound C(CH​​​3​​​​)4 is a branched alkane with four methyl groups attached to a central carbon atom. According to the IUPAC naming system, the longest continuous carbon chain is three carbons long, so it is classified as propane. The prefix "methyl" indicates the presence of a methyl group on the second carbon atom of the propane chain.

Softer toilet soaps are composed of the potassium salts of unsaturated acids. Unsaturated acids have double bonds in their carbon chains, which makes them more flexible and less rigid compared to saturated acids. The potassium salts of unsaturated acids help to create a softer texture in toilet soaps, making them easier to apply and more gentle on the skin.

The monomer of nylon is hexane-1,6-diamine. Nylon is a synthetic polymer made from the condensation reaction of hexane-1,6-diamine and adipic acid, which forms nylon-6,6. The hexane-1,6-diamine monomer contains six carbon atoms and two amine functional groups, which are essential for polymerization. The other options, benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2-methyl buta-1,3-diene, and poly(buta-1,3-diene), are not the correct monomers for nylon.

Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III) solution is the reducing agent used to reduce ethyl ethanoate to ethanol. This compound contains hydride ions (H-) which are strong reducing agents. The hydride ions can donate electrons to the carbonyl group of ethyl ethanoate, resulting in the reduction of the carbonyl group to an alcohol functional group. This reaction is known as a reduction reaction, and in this case, it converts the ester ethyl ethanoate to the alcohol ethanol.

NaCl solution is used to increase the insolubility of the soap. This is because when NaCl is added to a soap solution, it causes the soap molecules to aggregate and form insoluble precipitates. This helps in separating the soap from impurities and water, making it easier to collect and purify the soap. By increasing the insolubility of the soap, NaCl solution aids in the commercial manufacture of simply soaps.