Unit 2 History Ch. 28

The American Liberty League opposed New Deal measures as violations of personal and property rights. This means that the organization believed that the policies and actions implemented under the New Deal were infringing on the rights of individuals and property owners. The league likely saw these measures as government overreach and interference in the economy and private lives of citizens. Therefore, the statement is true.

The statement is true because although the New Deal implemented various economic and social programs to combat the Great Depression, it was not until the crisis of World War II that the economy fully recovered. The war stimulated industrial production and created jobs, leading to increased consumer spending and economic growth. The massive government spending during the war also helped to stimulate the economy and lift the country out of the Depression. Therefore, it can be concluded that the full recovery from the Depression occurred during the crisis of World War II.

The correct answer is "fear itself" because FDR, referring to the Great Depression, was emphasizing that the fear and panic caused by economic instability were the greatest obstacles to overcome. He believed that fear was paralyzing the nation and preventing progress, and by addressing and overcoming this fear, they could begin to restore confidence and rebuild the economy.

FDR referred to the Social Security Act as the "supreme achievement" of the New Deal. This suggests that he believed it was the most significant and successful accomplishment of his administration's efforts to combat the Great Depression. The Social Security Act, passed in 1935, established a system of old-age benefits, unemployment insurance, and aid to dependent children, providing a safety net for vulnerable populations and promoting economic security. FDR's characterization of it as the "supreme achievement" indicates his high regard for its impact and importance.

During the 1932 presidential campaign, both the Republican and Democratic candidates made promises to balance the budget. This suggests that both parties recognized the importance of fiscal responsibility and aimed to address the issue of budget deficits. By promising to balance the budget, they were appealing to voters who were concerned about the economic stability of the country. This also reflects the prevailing belief at the time that a balanced budget was essential for the overall well-being of the nation.

The statement is false because the CCC, or the Civilian Conservation Corps, was a program implemented during the Great Depression in the United States. It focused on providing employment opportunities to young, unemployed men in conservation projects such as reforestation and soil erosion control. It did not address the problem of overcharging by doctors or others in the medical and health professions.

The statement is false because the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act) did not require farmers to donate surplus crops and livestock to feed the poor. The AAA was a New Deal program introduced in the 1930s to address the issue of overproduction in agriculture. It aimed to increase farm income by reducing agricultural production and raising crop prices. Farmers were paid subsidies to reduce their production, but there was no requirement to donate surplus crops and livestock to feed the poor.

John Steinbeck's novel, The Grapes of Wrath, is widely regarded as one of the most powerful and influential works that portrayed the hardships and struggles of the Great Depression. The novel follows the Joad family as they are forced to leave their home in Oklahoma due to economic hardships and travel to California in search of a better life. Steinbeck's vivid descriptions and compelling storytelling effectively captured the devastating effects of the Depression on ordinary people, making it a seminal work of literature that resonates with readers to this day.

The Wagner Act, also known as the National Labor Relations Act, was a landmark legislation in the United States that protected the rights of employees to form and join labor unions. It established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to enforce these rights and prevent unfair labor practices. By providing legal protections and support for unions, the Wagner Act played a significant role in increasing union membership. It gave workers the confidence to organize and collectively bargain for better wages, working conditions, and benefits. As a result, union membership saw a dramatic boost during this period.

The Twentieth Amendment, also known as the Lame Duck Amendment, was ratified in 1933 and it indeed moved the presidential inauguration date from March 4th to January 20th. This change was made to reduce the long period of time between the election and inauguration, known as the "lame duck" period, during which an outgoing president with limited power remained in office. The amendment aimed to ensure a more efficient transition of power and address the potential issues that could arise during this extended period.

During his presidency, Roosevelt fulfilled his promise to put an end to Prohibition. This indicates that he took action to repeal the 18th Amendment, which had banned the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States. As a result, it can be inferred that the statement "Early in his presidency, Roosevelt carried through on his promise to end Prohibition" is true.

Huey Long's program to end the Depression was a plan to "share the wealth." This means that Long intended to redistribute the country's wealth more equitably among its citizens. This approach aimed to reduce income inequality and provide economic support to those who were most affected by the economic downturn. By implementing policies that redistributed wealth, Long sought to alleviate the effects of the Depression and promote a more fair and just society.

Franklin D. Roosevelt was permanently disabled after contracting polio. This means that he suffered from the effects of polio for the rest of his life. This disability did not prevent him from becoming the 32nd President of the United States, as he served for four terms. Despite his physical limitations, Roosevelt was known for his leadership during the Great Depression and World War II. His disability also played a role in his advocacy for disability rights and social welfare programs, such as the New Deal.

The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was created as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program during the Great Depression. Initially, the NRA was seen as a promising solution to stimulate economic recovery and regulate business practices. However, over time, it faced criticism for its complex regulations and perceived favoritism towards big businesses. Additionally, some argued that the NRA did not effectively address the root causes of the economic crisis. As a result, by 1935, public opinion had turned against the NRA, making the statement "By 1935, the NRA had become unpopular" true.

The statement is false because while FDR did implement various programs to combat the Great Depression, he did not make black civil rights a major priority. In fact, many New Deal programs were implemented in a racially discriminatory manner, with black Americans often being excluded or receiving fewer benefits compared to white Americans. It was not until later in his presidency, under pressure from civil rights activists, that FDR began to address racial inequalities more directly.

The statement is false because although FDR's New Deal implemented various social welfare programs, it did not push the country towards socialism. The New Deal aimed to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression through government intervention and regulation, but it did not fundamentally change the capitalist system or lead to the government ownership of industries. Socialism involves the collective ownership and control of the means of production, which was not the objective of the New Deal.

The main purpose of the Civilian Conservation Corps was to provide work relief for young men. During the Great Depression, many young men were unemployed, and the CCC aimed to address this issue by offering them employment opportunities. The program focused on conservation projects such as reforestation, soil erosion prevention, and park development. By providing work relief, the CCC not only helped alleviate the economic hardships faced by young men but also contributed to the conservation and development of natural resources in the country.

During the Depression, the U.S. government deported 500,000 Mexican Americans and their American-born children because officials wanted to avoid the costs of providing them with public service. This suggests that the government saw these individuals as a financial burden and decided to remove them from the country in order to save money.

The statement is false because John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath does not tell the story of Wall Street businessmen being brought to their knees after Black Tuesday. Instead, the novel focuses on the struggles and hardships faced by a family during the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. It explores the themes of poverty, migration, and the exploitation of workers, but it does not specifically revolve around Wall Street businessmen.

The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not specifically address racial discrimination in hiring. Instead, it primarily focuses on setting standards for minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor. Racial discrimination in hiring is prohibited under a different law, namely the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Therefore, the statement that the FLSA forbade racial discrimination in hiring is false.

The goal of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 was to raise farm income mainly through cutbacks in production. By reducing the supply of agricultural products, the act aimed to increase their prices and therefore the income of farmers. This was achieved through various methods such as paying farmers to reduce their production, implementing quotas, and providing incentives for farmers to take land out of production. These measures were intended to stabilize the agricultural industry and alleviate the effects of the Great Depression on farmers.

Before his election to the presidency in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt was serving as the governor of New York.

In the late 1930s, labor shifted its focus towards industrial unions. This means that instead of organizing workers based on their specific trade or craft, labor unions began to organize workers across different industries. This shift allowed for a more unified and powerful labor movement, as it brought together workers from various sectors to fight for common goals such as better working conditions, higher wages, and improved benefits. Industrial unions played a crucial role in the growth and success of the labor movement during this period.

The campaign song "Happy Days Are Here Again" was associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt. This song was used during his presidential campaign in 1932, and it became closely associated with his New Deal policies and the optimism he brought to the American people during the Great Depression. The song conveyed a message of hope and a promise of better times ahead, which resonated with the voters and helped Roosevelt win the election.

Charles E. Coughlin was known as the "radio priest" because he was a Catholic priest who gained popularity through his radio broadcasts in the 1930s. He used his platform to discuss political and economic issues, often expressing controversial views. Coughlin's radio show had a significant following and he was able to influence public opinion during that time.

The correct answer is NRA, which stands for National Recovery Administration. The NRA was created as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program during the Great Depression. Its main goal was to promote fair labor practices and set workplace standards, including restrictions on child labor. The NRA aimed to stabilize the economy by encouraging businesses to adopt codes of fair competition and improve working conditions. However, the NRA was eventually declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935.

Huey Long developed a program called Share the Wealth. This program aimed to redistribute wealth and reduce income inequality by implementing measures such as capping personal fortunes and income, providing a guaranteed minimum income, and ensuring free education and healthcare for all. Long believed that the New Deal, implemented by FDR, had gone too far in terms of government intervention and infringed on the rights of individuals and property owners. By developing Share the Wealth, Long presented an alternative vision for economic reform and challenged FDR for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1936.

The correct answer is "was often called the Wagner Act." The National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, was a landmark legislation in the United States that established the rights of employees to organize and bargain collectively through labor unions. It was enacted in 1935 and aimed to protect workers' rights and promote fair labor practices. The name "Wagner Act" comes from its primary sponsor, Senator Robert F. Wagner.

The correct answer is NRA. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was a key component of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program. It aimed to promote fair competition and improve labor conditions during the Great Depression. The NRA established codes of fair practice for businesses and industries, which included setting standards for wages, working hours, and production levels. These codes were meant to stabilize the economy and protect workers' rights.

The statement suggests that Eleanor Roosevelt was a shy person who avoided attention, but still actively worked behind the scenes to garner support for her husband's New Deal. However, the correct answer is False, implying that the statement is not accurate.

The Farm Security Administration offered loans to marginal farmers and tenant farmers to help them avoid falling into tenancy or to purchase their own farms. This support aimed to empower these farmers and provide them with opportunities for economic stability and independence. By providing financial assistance, the Farm Security Administration aimed to prevent the displacement of farmers and promote self-sufficiency within the agricultural community.

FDR proposed to reform the Supreme Court by adding up to six additional members. This would have allowed him to appoint justices who aligned with his policies and potentially shift the balance of power in his favor. The aim of this proposal was to overcome the resistance he faced from the conservative-leaning Supreme Court, which had struck down several of his New Deal programs. By increasing the number of justices, FDR hoped to ensure a more favorable interpretation of the Constitution and secure the legality of his policies.

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) had the drawback of forcing people to relocate if their land was required for the construction of dams and lakes. This policy resulted in the displacement of many individuals and communities, disrupting their lives and livelihoods. While the TVA aimed to improve the region's infrastructure and provide electricity, this particular aspect of its operations caused significant hardships for those affected.

The correct answer is "raised taxes on incomes above $50,000." The Revenue Act of 1935 increased taxes specifically on higher income earners, those making above $50,000. This measure aimed to generate more revenue for the federal government and help finance the New Deal programs. It did not create a more equal distribution of wealth or provide for a regressive tax.

Eleanor Roosevelt was especially supportive of women, blacks, and organized labor. This can be inferred from the given information that she played a significant role in shaping New Deal policies, indicating her support for various social and economic reforms. Additionally, her advocacy for women's rights, civil rights, and labor rights is well-documented, making her a champion for these marginalized groups. As the First Lady, she used her platform to promote equality and fought for the rights and well-being of these communities.

In the presidential election of 1932, the fact that radical Socialist and Communist party candidates won nearly 1 million votes suggests that there was a significant portion of the population who were dissatisfied with the mainstream political options and sought alternative ideologies. This could indicate a growing discontent with the economic and social conditions of the time, as well as a desire for more radical change. The success of these candidates highlights the diversity of political beliefs and the potential for third-party candidates to have an impact on the election outcome.

The correct answer is "was heaviest in the South." This means that the opposition to the New Deal policies proposed by President Roosevelt during the late 1930s was strongest in the southern states of the United States. The conservative Democrats in this region were particularly resistant to the New Deal and its progressive policies, which aimed to address the effects of the Great Depression through government intervention and social welfare programs. This opposition in the South contributed to the challenges faced by Roosevelt in implementing his agenda.

Richard Wright is known for writing Native Son, a powerful novel that explores the theme of racial prejudice. The book tells the story of Bigger Thomas, a young African American man living in poverty in Chicago, who becomes involved in a series of violent crimes. Through this story, Wright sheds light on the systemic racism and social injustice faced by Black Americans in the early 20th century. The novel is considered a classic of African American literature and a significant contribution to the Civil Rights Movement.

The dust bowl was a period of severe dust storms that occurred in the 1930s, primarily in the Great Plains region of the United States. These storms resulted in the blowing away of millions of acres of topsoil, which devastated agricultural lands and caused significant economic and environmental damage. The dust bowl led to widespread crop failures, forcing many farmers to abandon their land and migrate to other areas in search of work and better living conditions. The large migrations from the impacted area to the Atlantic coast were a consequence of the dust bowl, but the primary association is the blowing away of topsoil.

The Social Security Act was not based on a progressive tax that took a larger percentage of higher incomes. Instead, it was funded through a regressive payroll tax, where a fixed percentage of income was deducted from workers' paychecks. This means that individuals with higher incomes did not contribute a larger percentage of their income towards the program.

The correct answer is a sharp decrease in government spending. A decrease in government spending can lead to a decrease in overall economic activity, as less money is being injected into the economy. This can result in reduced consumer spending, business investment, and job creation. In the case of the 1937 economic slump, a sharp decrease in government spending likely contributed to the downturn by reducing the overall demand and economic growth.

In the elections of 1938, Roosevelt's attempts to "purge" the Democratic party were largely unsuccessful. This means that his efforts to remove or eliminate certain members of the party who did not align with his policies or beliefs did not have the desired outcome. Despite his attempts, the Democrats were still able to maintain a majority of only two in the Senate. This suggests that Roosevelt's efforts to reshape the party and consolidate power within it were met with resistance and were not as effective as he had hoped.

The fair practices codes of the NRA aimed to establish fair labor standards and protect workers' rights. They prohibited child labor, set minimum wages of $13 per week, and established a forty-hour work week. However, breaking up large corporations was not a part of the NRA's fair practices codes. This answer choice is the exception among the given options as it does not align with the objectives of the NRA's fair practices codes.

In the case of Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States, the Supreme Court overturned the National Industrial Recovery Act. The National Industrial Recovery Act was a key component of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program, which aimed to regulate industry and promote fair competition during the Great Depression. However, the Supreme Court ruled that the Act was unconstitutional because it delegated excessive legislative power to the executive branch and violated the separation of powers. This decision had significant implications for the balance of power between the branches of government and the scope of federal regulation.

The "sit-down strike" was a tactic used by workers to protest and demand better working conditions. In 1937, automobile workers successfully utilized this strategy. They would occupy their workplace and refuse to leave until their demands were met. This method proved effective in gaining concessions from management, such as higher wages and improved working conditions.

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created in 1933 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program. Its main objectives were to provide cheap electric power, promote economic development, and improve the quality of life in the Tennessee Valley region. The TVA achieved these goals through the construction of dams for hydroelectric power generation, flood control measures, and navigation improvements on rivers. However, the development of Smoky Mountain National Park was not one of the objectives of the TVA. The park was established in 1934, a year after the creation of the TVA, and was primarily driven by the conservation efforts to protect the natural beauty of the area.

In the presidential election of 1936, the Republicans hoped that third-party candidates might split the Democratic vote and throw the election to them. This strategy is commonly used by political parties when they believe that they cannot win the election on their own. By having third-party candidates in the race, it can potentially divide the votes of the opposing party, making it easier for the Republicans to secure a victory.

The Indian Reorganization Act aimed to revitalize traditional Indian cultures. This suggests that the act was implemented with the intention of preserving and promoting the cultural practices and traditions of Native American tribes. It did not involve breaking up tribal lands or allocating them to individuals, as stated in the other options. The act had the support of western congressmen and assimilated Indians, which implies that it was backed by influential individuals and groups. However, it was not the brainchild of Henry Dawes, as mentioned in the last option.

During the banking crisis at the beginning of his presidency, Roosevelt declared a bank holiday, which involved temporarily shutting down the banks. This measure aimed to prevent further panic and runs on the banks, giving the government time to assess the situation and implement necessary reforms. By closing the banks, Roosevelt aimed to restore public confidence in the banking system and create a stable environment for addressing the crisis effectively.

In Norris v. Alabama, the Supreme Court ruled that the systematic exclusion of blacks from juries denied defendants equal protection of the law. This means that the court found that the practice of excluding black individuals from juries was unconstitutional and violated the principle of equal protection under the law. The ruling aimed to ensure that all defendants, regardless of their race, have a fair and impartial trial by a jury of their peers.