Unit 2 History Ch. 24

Theodore Roosevelt is known for his strong and activist approach to the presidency. During his time in office, he implemented various progressive reforms and was actively involved in shaping policies. He believed in using the power of the presidency to address social and economic issues, and he advocated for conservation, trust-busting, and regulation of big businesses. Roosevelt's presidency was characterized by his energetic and hands-on leadership style, making the statement "True" accurate.

The phrase "Square Deal" is commonly associated with Theodore Roosevelt. During his presidency, Roosevelt emphasized the need for fairness and equal opportunities for all Americans, which he referred to as a "Square Deal." This term represented his progressive policies aimed at regulating big businesses, protecting consumers, and promoting social justice. Roosevelt's Square Deal agenda included measures to break up monopolies, regulate the railroad industry, and establish conservation policies. His commitment to a fair and just society made him closely associated with the phrase "Square Deal."

Woodrow Wilson being a minister's son who grew up in the South is a factual statement. This information can be verified through historical records and biographical information about Woodrow Wilson.

The statement is true because populism, socialism, and the Mugwumps were all antecedents to progressivism. Populism was a political movement that advocated for the rights and interests of the common people against the elites. Socialism, on the other hand, called for the redistribution of wealth and the collective ownership of resources. The Mugwumps were a group of Republican reformers who broke away from their party and supported Democratic presidential candidate Grover Cleveland in the 1884 election. All of these movements and groups contributed to the development of progressive ideas and policies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Theodore Roosevelt gave muckrakers their name because he used the term to describe journalists who exposed corruption and wrongdoing in society. He believed that these journalists were "raking the muck" and bringing attention to important issues that needed to be addressed. Roosevelt's support and recognition of muckrakers helped popularize the term and gave them a sense of legitimacy in their work.

"The Jungle" is the correct answer because it is a novel that vividly portrays the horrifying conditions of the meat-packing industry in Chicago. Written by Upton Sinclair, the book exposes the unsanitary practices, exploitation of workers, and corruption in the industry. It had a significant impact on public opinion and led to the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. "The Great American Fraud" and "Maggie" are not related to the meat-packing industry, making them incorrect choices.

The "stream-of-commerce" doctrine was indeed put forth by the Supreme Court in Swift and Company v. United States. This doctrine states that a company can be subject to jurisdiction in a particular state if its products are sold in that state, even if the company does not have a physical presence there. This decision has had significant implications for determining jurisdiction in cases involving interstate commerce.

The muckrakers were a group of investigative journalists and writers in the early 20th century who aimed to expose corruption and social problems in American society. Their primary objective was to bring these issues to the attention of the public, in order to create awareness and spur action for reform. They used their writing and investigative skills to uncover and reveal the injustices and problems that existed in various areas such as politics, business, and social issues. By exposing social problems to the public, the muckrakers hoped to bring about positive change and improvement in society.

The correct answer is "stood for Women’s Christian Temperance Union." The Women's Christian Temperance Union was a prominent organization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that advocated for the prohibition of alcohol and other social reforms. It was a significant force in the temperance movement and played a crucial role in shaping American society and politics during that time.

The National Child Labor Committee pushed for laws banning the widespread employment of young children. This suggests that the committee was advocating for the protection of children and their rights by preventing their exploitation in the workforce. By pushing for laws to prohibit the widespread employment of young children, the committee aimed to ensure that children were not subjected to dangerous or exploitative working conditions and were instead able to receive education and enjoy their childhood.

In 1911, a tragic incident occurred at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company where workers lost their lives due to a fire. This event is significant because it highlighted the unsafe working conditions and lack of proper safety measures in factories during that time. It led to increased awareness and reforms in labor laws and workplace safety regulations. The fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company became a catalyst for change and played a crucial role in the labor movement's fight for better working conditions and worker rights.

Progressives supported measures to democratize government, such as the initiative, the referendum, and the party primary. These measures aimed to increase citizen participation in the political process and give them more direct control over decision-making. However, the poll tax was not supported by progressives. The poll tax was a fee imposed on voters, which disproportionately affected lower-income individuals and minorities, thereby limiting their ability to vote. Progressives believed in equal political representation and sought to remove barriers to voting, making the poll tax contradictory to their goals.

The statement suggests that Wilson was a weak president who relied on Congress to implement the right policies. However, this is not true. Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of the United States, was known for his strong leadership and active involvement in shaping policies. He implemented many progressive reforms, including the Federal Reserve Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act. Wilson was also a proponent of the League of Nations and played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Therefore, the statement is false.

Standard Oil is the correct answer because it refused to turn over its records to the government, which resulted in a lawsuit and the eventual breakup of the company in 1911. This refusal to cooperate with the government's request for records likely violated antitrust laws and led to the government taking legal action against Standard Oil. As a result, the company was forced to dissolve into several smaller, independent companies.

William Howard Taft was chosen by Theodore Roosevelt as his successor. This means that Roosevelt personally selected Taft to take over his position as president. This indicates that Taft had the support and endorsement of Roosevelt, which would have likely influenced many voters to also support Taft.

Woodrow Wilson was not elected president in 1908. He was elected president in 1912.

President Taft's call for a lower tariff goes against his party's tradition of supporting high tariffs. This suggests that Taft had a different economic approach compared to his party members. By advocating for a lower tariff, Taft likely aimed to promote free trade and reduce barriers to international commerce. This decision might have been influenced by his belief in the benefits of increased competition and the potential for economic growth through lower tariffs.

William Howard Taft did not finish second in the presidential election of 1912. In fact, he finished third. The election was a four-way race between Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Eugene V. Debs. Wilson won the election with a majority of the electoral votes and Taft finished in third place, behind Roosevelt. Therefore, the statement that Taft finished second is false.

The subject of Wealth against Commonwealth was Standard Oil. The book, written by journalist Henry Demarest Lloyd, exposed the unethical business practices of the Standard Oil Company, which was owned by John D. Rockefeller. Lloyd criticized the company's monopolistic control over the oil industry and its detrimental effects on the economy and society. The book played a significant role in the public's growing awareness of the need for government regulations to curb the power of monopolies.

The correct answer is Theodore Roosevelt. During the 1912 presidential campaign, Theodore Roosevelt was shot by a would-be assassin named John Schrank. The incident occurred on October 14, 1912, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Despite being wounded, Roosevelt continued with his speech, showing great resilience and determination. He was eventually taken to the hospital for medical treatment. This event became a significant part of Roosevelt's legacy and demonstrated his bravery and commitment to his political aspirations.

Gifford Pinchot, a close friend of Theodore Roosevelt, was a forestry expert and leading conservationist. He played a significant role in the development of American forestry and conservation policies. Pinchot believed in the sustainable use of natural resources and advocated for the protection and management of forests. He served as the first Chief of the United States Forest Service and worked closely with Roosevelt to establish national parks and monuments. Pinchot's expertise and dedication to conservation made him a prominent figure in the field and a key ally of Roosevelt in their shared environmental goals.

Progressives generally believed that government should interfere with big business. The Progressive Era in the early 20th century was marked by a desire to address social and economic issues, including the concentration of wealth and power in big business. Progressives advocated for government regulation and intervention to protect workers' rights, promote fair competition, and ensure the welfare of society as a whole. They believed that government had a responsibility to curb the excesses of big business and create a more equitable society. Therefore, the statement that Progressives believed government should not interfere with big business is false.

Woodrow Wilson's victory in the 1912 presidential campaign can be attributed to the fact that the Republican party had split in two. This division within the Republican party weakened their support and created an opportunity for Wilson to secure more votes. With the Republicans divided between William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt, Wilson was able to garner support from Democrats and progressive Republicans who aligned with his policies and vision for the country. This split in the Republican party allowed Wilson to consolidate his support and ultimately win the election.

Upon becoming president, Wilson appointed William Jennings Bryan as secretary of state. Bryan was a prominent politician and lawyer who had previously run for president three times. He was known for his strong advocacy of progressive policies and his support for the rights of farmers and laborers. Wilson likely appointed Bryan because of his shared progressive ideals and his ability to rally support among the Democratic base. Bryan's appointment as secretary of state was significant as he played a key role in shaping Wilson's foreign policy, particularly during World War I.

Most progressives believe that the best way to address the issue of economic power and its abuses is by regulating big business. This means implementing laws and policies that restrict and monitor the actions of large corporations to prevent monopolies, unfair competition, exploitation of workers, and other forms of economic misconduct. By regulating big business, progressives aim to create a more equitable and just economic system that protects the interests of workers, consumers, and society as a whole.

Woodrow Wilson was a professor and college president. This is evident from the given options where the other choices do not align with his background. Wilson served as the president of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910 and then became the president of the United States. His academic career and leadership in higher education make him best described as a professor and college president.

Theodore Roosevelt did initiate a significant number of anti-trust suits during his presidency, but he did not initiate more than any other president in history. While he was known for his trust-busting efforts and his commitment to enforcing anti-monopoly laws, other presidents such as Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt also pursued aggressive anti-trust policies. Therefore, the statement that Theodore Roosevelt initiated more anti-trust suits than any president in history is false.

Robert M. La Follette is the correct answer because he is widely recognized as the originator of the "Wisconsin idea" of efficient government. La Follette, who served as the governor of Wisconsin and later as a U.S. senator, believed in the importance of government intervention to protect workers' rights, regulate corporations, and promote social welfare. He implemented progressive reforms in Wisconsin, such as direct primary elections, railroad regulation, and workers' compensation, which became known as the "Wisconsin idea" and served as a model for other states and the federal government.

Taft's major issue did not become his support for high tariffs. This statement implies that high tariffs were not a significant concern for Taft during his presidency.

In the presidential election of 1912, William Howard Taft was the Republican candidate. This means that he represented the Republican Party in the election and ran as their official nominee. While he did campaign for his "Bull Moose" program and named George W. Norris as his vice-presidential running mate, he ultimately did not defeat Woodrow Wilson, who emerged as the winner of the election.

In the case of Lochner v. New York, the Supreme Court voided a state-legislated ten-hour day because it violated workers' "liberty of contract." This means that the Supreme Court ruled that the state law, which limited the workday to ten hours, infringed upon the workers' freedom to negotiate their own employment contracts. The Court believed that the government should not interfere with the contractual agreements between employers and employees, as it would be a violation of individual liberty. Therefore, the Court invalidated the law in order to protect the workers' right to freely negotiate their own terms of employment.

The correct answer is "authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum rates for railroads." The Hepburn Act of 1906 was a significant piece of legislation that aimed to regulate the railroad industry. It granted the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to establish maximum rates that railroads could charge for their services. This was done to prevent unfair pricing practices and promote fair competition within the industry. By giving the commission this authority, the act sought to protect consumers and ensure that railroad rates were reasonable and non-discriminatory.

William Howard Taft eventually became chief justice of the Supreme Court in 1921.

The statement is false because William H. Taft did not achieve the most significant tariff reduction of any progressive president. This is because the most significant tariff reduction was actually achieved by his predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt, through the passage of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act in 1909. Taft's efforts to lower tariffs were met with opposition from conservative Republicans and resulted in only modest tariff reductions. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that Taft achieved the most significant tariff reduction among progressive presidents.

The Adamson Act, also known as the Adamson Eight-Hour Law, was a United States federal law passed in 1916 that established an eight-hour workday for railroad workers. It did not include any provisions for federal money for farm demonstration agents. Therefore, the statement that federal money for farm demonstration agents was approved in the Adamson Act is false.

Theodore Roosevelt used the Forest Reserve Act to withdraw over 170 million acres of timberland from logging. This action aligns with his strong belief in the preservation of natural resources. By using the Forest Reserve Act, Roosevelt was able to protect a significant amount of timberland from being logged, demonstrating his commitment to conservation efforts.

The Underwood-Simmons Tariff, also known as the Revenue Act of 1913, did not create the first regular federal income tax. Instead, it significantly reduced tariff rates and established the modern income tax system in the United States. The 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1913, is what actually authorized Congress to levy an income tax. Therefore, the statement that the Underwood-Simmons Tariff created the first regular federal income tax is false.

The Seventeenth Amendment authorized the popular election of U.S. senators. This means that instead of state legislatures choosing senators, the amendment allowed for the direct election of senators by the people. Prior to this amendment, corruption and political maneuvering often influenced the selection of senators, and the amendment aimed to make the process more democratic and accountable to the public.

Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom platform proposed vigorous anti-trust action to break up corporate concentration. This means that Wilson intended to take strong measures to combat the monopolistic practices of large corporations. By breaking up corporate concentration, Wilson aimed to promote fair competition and prevent the abuse of power by these giant corporations. This stance on anti-trust action was a significant aspect of Wilson's platform and likely appealed to voters who were concerned about the influence of big business in the economy.

The commission plan of city government was first adopted in Galveston, Texas. This plan, also known as the Galveston Plan, was implemented in 1901 as a response to the devastating Galveston Hurricane of 1900. The plan aimed to improve efficiency and accountability in city government by replacing the traditional mayor-council system with a commission form of government. Under this plan, a small group of elected commissioners would be responsible for both legislative and executive functions, resulting in a more streamlined decision-making process. The success of the Galveston Plan led to its adoption in other cities across the United States.

The Bureau of Corporations was established by Congress in order to monitor the activities of interstate corporations. This suggests that the main purpose of the bureau was to oversee and regulate the actions of corporations operating across state lines. This would have involved gathering information, conducting investigations, and ensuring compliance with laws and regulations. The other options, such as encouraging the development of American industry or educating businesses about tariff standards, do not align with the specific role of monitoring interstate corporations.

Frederick W. Taylor is known for writing "The Principles of Scientific Management." This book introduced the concept of scientific management, which aimed to improve efficiency and productivity in the workplace through the application of scientific methods. Taylor's ideas revolutionized the field of management and had a significant impact on industrial practices.

The Clayton Anti-Trust Act outlawed price discrimination and interlocking directorates. This means that the act made it illegal for businesses to charge different prices to different customers based on factors such as their location or buying power. It also prohibited the practice of having individuals serve as directors on the boards of competing companies, which could lead to collusion and anti-competitive behavior. This act was seen as a significant step in regulating and preventing monopolistic practices in the business world.

The correct answer is "passed in 1916." The Federal Highways Act was passed in 1916, which demonstrated the power of the Ford family. This act aimed to improve the transportation infrastructure in the United States by funding the construction of highways. It was a significant piece of legislation that contributed to the development of the modern highway system in the country.

During the progressive period, many groups such as blacks, the poor, and the unorganized had little influence. This suggests that these marginalized groups did not have a significant voice or power to bring about social change or address social issues. The lack of influence for these groups indicates a lack of representation and equal opportunities, which was a characteristic of the progressive era.

Theodore Roosevelt did not consider the Federal Trade Commission to be the cornerstone of his program for big business. While he did support the regulation of big business and was involved in the creation of the FTC, he believed that other measures such as antitrust laws and the regulation of railroad rates were more important in his program for big business. Therefore, the statement is false.

During the coal strike of 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt gained support for his approach of using the "big stick" against big business. This refers to his willingness to use force and assertive tactics to address the strike and protect the interests of the government and the public. By taking a strong stance, Roosevelt demonstrated his determination to hold big business accountable and ensure fair labor practices. This approach resonated with many people, leading to increased support for his actions during the strike.

The Federal Reserve Act did not shift the U.S. Treasury back to the gold standard. The act established the Federal Reserve System and created twelve Federal Reserve banks. It aimed to make currency and bank credit more elastic, meaning it would be able to expand and contract in response to economic conditions. Additionally, while the act aimed to regulate and supervise banks, it did not specifically focus on lessening the power of the huge New York banks.

In the 1908 presidential race, the Democrats once again nominated William Jennings Bryan. This suggests that Bryan was previously nominated by the Democrats for a previous presidential race and was chosen once again as their candidate for the 1908 election.

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