Theory And History Of Architecture Knowledge Test

Explanation
The given description suggests that the building in question serves as a senate house for the chief dignitaries of the city and as a palace for entertaining distinguished visitors and citizens. Among the options provided, the term "Prytaneion" best fits this description. The Prytaneion was a public building in ancient Greek cities that served as the seat of government and was used for official functions and hospitality. Therefore, the correct answer is Prytaneion.

Explanation
Sir Christopher Wren is the correct answer because he was an English architect who prepared plans for many notable buildings in London, including St. Paul's Cathedral. He also proposed a network of avenues connecting the main features of the city, which aligns with the description given in the question. Leonardo Da Vinci, Leon Battista Alberti, and Pierre Charles L'Enfant were all notable architects in their own right, but they did not have a direct connection to London or the specific plans mentioned.

Explanation
Walter Gropius is the correct answer because he was an architect who believed in the integration of art and architecture. He founded the Bauhaus school, which aimed to unite all forms of art and design to create a new, modern architecture. Gropius believed that architecture should not be divided into separate monumental and decorative elements, but rather should be a composite and inseparable work of art. This aligns with the statement given in the question.

Explanation
A cromlech is an enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in a circular form. This structure is typically found in ancient and prehistoric sites, and it is believed to have served various purposes, such as religious or ceremonial gatherings. The term "cromlech" is often used to describe stone circles or arrangements of standing stones, which are characteristic of many ancient cultures around the world.

Explanation
The correct answer is Kankanay. The given description of the traditional house, called binangiyan, matches the architectural style and construction methods commonly associated with the Kankanay people. The elevated single room dwelling, made of hard wood like narra, with floor joists and transverse girders for support, aligns with the traditional housing practices of the Kankanay tribe.

Explanation
Le Corbusier is the correct answer because he believed that the exterior of a building is a direct reflection of its interior design. He emphasized the importance of creating harmony between the interior and exterior spaces, and believed that the function and purpose of a building should dictate its form and appearance. This philosophy is evident in his architectural designs, which often feature clean lines, open spaces, and a seamless integration of indoor and outdoor elements.

Explanation
The given passage suggests that a person who is knowledgeable and learned can confidently face the unpredictable ups and downs of life without being affected by them. However, someone who relies solely on luck and does not value learning will struggle through life, feeling unstable and insecure. Among the given options, "Ten books of Architecture" by Marcus Vitruvius is most likely to contain the relevant content as it is a renowned architectural treatise that emphasizes the importance of knowledge and learning in the field of architecture.

Explanation
The correct answer is Queen Anne style. The Queen Anne style of architecture emerged in the 1870s and 1880s in England and the USA. It was based on the country house and cottage Elizabethan architecture and was characterized by a blending of Tudor Gothic, English Renaissance, and colonial elements. This style was eclectic in nature, combining various architectural influences to create a unique and ornate design.

Explanation
The correct answer is Bouleuterion. This is the Greek council house that serves as a meeting place for the democratically-elected council. The term "Bouleuterion" is derived from the Greek word "boule" which means council, and it refers to the building where the council members would gather to discuss and make decisions on matters of governance. This term is commonly used in ancient Greek architecture and is associated with the democratic system of government in ancient Greece.

Explanation
The correct answer is Trajan's Column. This is because Trajan's Column is a memorial column built in the form of a tall Doric order and made entirely of marble. It was constructed to commemorate the victories of Emperor Trajan in the Dacian Wars. The column is located in Rome, Italy, and is known for its detailed relief sculptures depicting scenes from the wars.

Explanation
The Karnak Temple Complex—usually called Karnak—comprises a vast mix of decayed temples, chapels, pylons, and other buildings, notably the Great Temple of Amun and a massive structure begun by Pharaoh Ramses II (ca. 1391–1351 BC). Sacred Lake is part of the site as well. It is located near Luxor, some 500 km south of Cairo, in Egypt. The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian Ipet-isut ("The Most Selected of Places") and the main place of worship of the eighteenth dynasty Theban Triad with the god Amun as its head. It is part of the monumental city of Thebes. The Karnak complex takes its name from the nearby, and partly surrounded, modern village of el-Karnak, some 2.5 km north of Luxor.
The complex is a vast open-air museum and the largest ancient religious site in the world. It is believed to be the second most visited historical site in Egypt, second only to the Giza Pyramids near Cairo. It consists of four main parts (precincts), of which only the largest, the Precinct of Amun-Re, currently is open to the general public. The term Karnak often is understood as being the Precinct of Amun-Re only, because this is the only part most visitors normally see. The three other parts, the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Montu, and the dismantled Temple of Amenhotep IV, are closed to the public. There also are a few smaller temples and sanctuaries located outside the enclosing walls of the four main parts, as well as several avenues of goddess and ram-headed sphinxes connecting the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Amun-Re, and the Luxor Temple.
The Precinct of Mut is very ancient, being dedicated to an Earth and creation deity, but not yet restored. The original temple was destroyed and partially restored by Hatsheput, although another pharaoh built around it in order to change the focus or orientation of the sacred area. Many portions of it may have been carried away for use in other buildings.
The key difference between Karnak and most of the other temples and sites in Egypt is the length of time over which it was developed and used. Construction of temples started in the Middle Kingdom and continued through to Ptolemaic times. Approximately thirty pharaohs contributed to the buildings, enabling it to reach a size, complexity, and diversity not seen elsewhere. Few of the individual features of Karnak are unique, but the size and number of features are overwhelming. The deities represented range from some of the earliest worshiped to those worshiped much later in the history of the Ancient Egyptian culture. Although destroyed, it also contained an early temple built by Amenhotep IV, the pharaoh who later would celebrate a near monotheistic religion he established that prompted him to move his court and religious center away from Thebes. It also contains evidence of adaptations, using buildings of the Ancient Egyptians by later cultures for their own religious purposes.
One famous aspect of Karnak, is the Hypostyle Hall in the Precinct of Amun-Re, a hall area of 50,000 sq ft (5,000 m2) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows. 122 of these columns are 10 meters tall, and the other 12 are 21 meters tall with a diameter of over three meters.
The architraves on top of these columns are estimated to weigh 70 tons. These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using levers. This would be an extremely time-consuming process and also would require great balance to get to such great heights. A common alternative theory about how they were moved is that there were large ramps made of sand mud brick or stone and the stones were towed up the ramps. If they used stone for the ramps they would have been able to build the ramps with much less material. The top of the ramps presumably would have either wooden tracks or cobblestones for towing the megaliths.
There is an unfinished pillar in an out of the way location that indicated how it would have been finished. Final carving was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed.[1][2] Several experiments moving megaliths with ancient technology were made at other locations – some of them are listed here.
In 2009 UCLA launched a website dedicated to virtual reality digital reconstructions of the Karnak complex and other resources.[3]
The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of Thebes and its changing role in the culture. Religious centers varied by region and with the establishment of the current capital of the unified culture that changed several times. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the Eleventh Dynasty and previous temple building here would have been relatively small, with shrines being dedicated to the early deities of Thebes, the Earth goddess Mut and Montu. Early building was destroyed by invaders. The earliest known artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided temple from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Re. Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local tutelary deity of Thebes. He was identified with the Ram and the Goose. The Egyptian meaning of Amen is, "hidden" or, the "hidden god".[4]
Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the Eighteenth dynasty when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt.
Thutmose I erected an enclosure wall connecting the Fourth and Fifth pylons, which comprise the earliest part of the temple still standing in situ. Construction of the Hypostyle Hall also may have begun during the eighteenth dynasty, although most new building was undertaken under Seti I and Ramesses II.
Almost every pharaoh of that dynasty has added something to the temple site. Merenptah commemorated his victories over the Sea Peoples on the walls of the Cachette Court, the start of the processional route to the Luxor Temple.
Hatshepsut had monuments constructed and also restored the original Precinct of Mut, the ancient great goddess of Egypt, that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation. She had twin obelisks, at the time the tallest in the world, erected at the entrance to the temple. One still stands, as the tallest surviving ancient obelisk on Earth; the other has broken in two and toppled. Another of her projects at the site, Karnak's Red Chapel, or Chapelle Rouge, was intended as a barque shrine and originally, may have stood between her two obelisks. She later ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her sixteenth year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and thus, a third was constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in Aswan, where it still remains. Known as The Unfinished Obelisk, it demonstrates how obelisks were quarried.[5]
The last major change to Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the first pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the whole Precinct, both constructed by Nectanebo I.
In 323 AD, Constantine the Great recognised the Christian religion, and in 356 ordered the closing of pagan temples throughout the empire. Karnak was by this time mostly abandoned, and Christian churches were founded amongst the ruins, the most famous example of this is the reuse of the Festival Hall of Thutmose III's central hall, where painted decorations of saints and Coptic inscriptions can still be seen.
[edit]European knowledge of Karnak
Thebes' exact placement was unknown in medieval Europe, though both Herodotus and Strabo give the exact location of Thebes and how long up the Nile one must travel to reach it. Maps of Egypt, based on the 2nd century Claudius Ptolemaeus' mammoth work Geographia, have been circling in Europe since the late 14th century, all of them showing Thebes' (Diospolis) location. Despite this, several European authors of the fifteenth and 16th century who visited only Lower Egypt and published their travel accounts, such as Joos van Ghistele or André Thévet, put Thebes in or close to Memphis.
The Karnak temple complex is first described by an unknown Venetian in 1589, although his account relates no name for the complex. This account, housed in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, is the first known European mention, since ancient Greek and Roman writers, about a whole range of monuments in Upper Egypt and Nubia, including Karnak, Luxor temple, Colossi of Memnon, Esna, Edfu, Kom Ombo, Philae, and others.
Karnak ("Carnac") as a village name, and name of the complex, is first attested in 1668, when two capuchin missionary brothers Protais and Charles François d'Orléans travelled though the area. Protais' writing about their travel was published by Melchisédech Thévenot (Relations de divers voyages curieux, 1670s–1696 editions) and Johann Michael Vansleb (The Present State of Egypt, 1678).
The first drawing of Karnak is found in Paul Lucas' travel account of 1704, (Voyage du Sieur paul Lucas au Levant). It is rather inaccurate, and can be quite confusing to modern eyes. Lucas travelled in Egypt during 1699–1703. The drawing shows a mixture of the Precinct of Amun-Re and the Precinct of Montu, based on a complex confined by the three huge Ptolemaic gateways of Ptolemy III Euergetes / Ptolemy IV Philopator, and the massive 113 m long, 43 m high and 15 m thick, first Pylon of the Precinct of Amun-Re.
Karnak was visited and described in succession by Claude Sicard and his travel companion Pierre Laurent Pincia (1718 and 1720–21), Granger (1731), Frederick Louis Norden (1737–38), Richard Pococke (1738), James Bruce (1769), Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt (1777), William George Browne (1792–93), and finally by a number of scientists of the Napoleon expedition, including Vivant Denon, during 1798–1799. Claude-Étienne Savary describes the complex rather detailed in his work of 1785; especially in light that it is a fictional account of a pretended journey to Upper Egypt, composed out of information from other travellers. Savary did visit Lower Egypt in 1777–78, and published a work about that too.

Explanation
The correct answer is Temenos. In ancient Greek cities, the highest part of the city often contained a sacred enclosure known as a temenos. This area was dedicated to a specific deity or deities and was considered holy and separate from the rest of the city. It often contained temples, altars, and other religious structures, and was a place for worship and religious ceremonies. The temenos played an important role in Greek religious and civic life, and was a central feature of many cities.

Explanation
The Treasury of Atreus or Tomb of Agamemnon[1] is an impressive "tholos" tomb on the Panagitsa Hill at Mycenae, Greece, constructed during the Bronze Age around 1250 BCE. The lintel stone above the doorway weighs 120 tons, the largest in the world. The tomb was used for an unknown period of time. Mentioned by Pausanias, it was still visible in 1879 when the German archeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered the shaft graves under the 'agora' in the Acropolis at Mycenae.
The tomb perhaps held the remains of the sovereign who completed the reconstruction of the fortress or one of his successors. The grave is in the style of the other tholoi of the Mycenaean World, of which there are nine in total around the citadel of Mycenae and five more in the Argolid. However, in its monumental shape and grandeur it is one of the most impressive monuments surviving from Mycenaean Greece
It is formed of a semi-subterranean room of circular plan, with a corbel arch covering that is ogival in section. With an interior height of 13.5m and a diameter of 14.5m,[2] it was the tallest and widest dome in the world for over a thousand years until construction of the Temple of Hermes in Baiae and the Pantheon in Rome. Great care was taken in the positioning of the enormous stones, to guarantee the vault's stability over time in bearing the force of compression from its own weight. This obtained a perfectly smoothed internal surface, onto which could be placed gold, silver and bronze decoration.
The tholos was entered from an inclined uncovered hall or dromos, 36 meters long and with dry-stone walls. A short passage led from the tholos chamber to the actual burial chamber, which was dug out in a nearly cubical shape.
The entrance portal to the tumulus was richly decorated: half-columns in green limestone with zig-zag motifs on the shaft,[2] a frieze with rosettes above the architrave of the door, and spiral decoration in bands of red marble that closed the triangular aperture above an architrave. Segments of the columns and architraves were removed by Lord Elgin in the early nineteenth century and are now held by the British Museum. The capitals are influenced by ancient Egyptian examples, and one is in the Pergamon Museum as part of the Antikensammlung Berlin. Other decorative elements were inlaid with red porphyry and green alabaster, a surprising luxury for the Bronze Age.

Explanation
Andrea Palladio is considered the father of modern picture books of Architecture because of his influential work in the field. Palladio was an Italian architect during the Renaissance period and his designs and writings had a significant impact on the development of architectural theory and practice. He is known for his systematic approach to architecture and his emphasis on proportion, symmetry, and harmony in his designs. Palladio's work was documented in books that included detailed illustrations and descriptions, which became a model for future architects and helped spread his ideas across Europe.

Explanation
Mannerism is the correct answer because it refers to a style in architecture that emerged in Italy during the second half of the 16th century. This style was characterized by the unconventional use of classical elements, deviating from the strict rules of the Renaissance. Mannerist architecture often featured distorted proportions, exaggerated forms, and intricate detailing, creating a sense of complexity and tension. While Mannerism also had some influence in other parts of Europe, it was particularly prominent in Italy.

Explanation
The correct answer is "History of architecture." This is because the question is asking for the written record of man's effort to build beautifully, which refers to the historical documentation and study of architectural practices and styles throughout time. Pre-historic architecture would refer to the period before written records, elements of architecture would refer to the basic components of architectural design, and style of architecture would refer to specific aesthetic characteristics of architectural movements or periods. Therefore, "History of architecture" is the most appropriate answer.

Explanation
A stoa is a long colonnaded building commonly found in Greek architecture. It is used around public places and serves as a shelter at religious shrines. The word "stoa" comes from the ancient Greek word "stoa poikile" which means painted porch. These structures were typically open on one side and supported by columns. They were used for various purposes such as meeting places, market stalls, and as a place for philosophers to teach and discuss ideas. The Stoa of Attalos in Athens is one of the most famous examples of a stoa.

Explanation
The correct answer is Greek because the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian "Orders of Architecture" were developed and used by the ancient Greeks. These architectural styles were characterized by specific column designs and decorative elements, and they had a significant influence on later architectural styles in Western civilization.

Explanation
In Mesopotamia, the enclosed space at the top of a ziggurat is called an altar. Ziggurats were ancient Mesopotamian temples, and the altar at the top was where religious rituals and sacrifices were performed. It served as a sacred space where offerings were made to the gods, and it played a central role in the religious practices of the time.

Explanation
The Buddhist architecture shown in rock-cut temples with lavishly carved interiors is a characteristic feature of Indian architecture. This style of architecture can be seen in various regions of India, such as Ajanta and Ellora caves, where intricate carvings and sculptures depicting Buddhist teachings and figures are found. These rock-cut temples are a testament to the rich cultural and artistic heritage of ancient India.

Explanation
Intensity refers to the brightness or dullness of a color. It indicates how strong or weak a color appears. A high intensity color is bright and vibrant, while a low intensity color is dull and muted.

Explanation
A functional interrelationship diagram is a tool in architecture that helps organize space or spatial composition based on function. It allows architects to understand and visualize how different spaces within a building or structure relate to each other and how they can be arranged to optimize functionality. This diagram helps in creating efficient and effective spatial layouts that meet the specific needs and requirements of the users.

Explanation
Chinese pagodas were derived from Indian architecture.

Explanation
Structural stability is the manifestation in a structure that identifies it as a work of architecture. It encompasses the adequate scheme or structural arrangement, effective choice of materials, and effective construction system. This means that the structure is designed and built to withstand loads and forces, ensuring its safety and durability. It is an essential aspect of architecture as it ensures the longevity and functionality of the building, making it a fundamental characteristic of architectural design.

Explanation
Hue is the correct answer because it refers to the attribute of a color that allows it to be classified as red, blue, green, etc. Intensity refers to the brightness or dullness of a color, chroma refers to the purity or saturation of a color, and value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color.

Explanation
The pointed arch is not a characteristic feature in Indian architecture. Indian architecture is known for its unique features such as the Stupa, Horseshoe arch, and "sikhara". The Stupa is a dome-shaped structure used for Buddhist religious purposes. The Horseshoe arch is a distinctive arch shape commonly found in Indian and Islamic architecture. The "sikhara" refers to the tower-like structure often seen in Hindu temples. However, the pointed arch is more commonly associated with Gothic architecture in Europe rather than Indian architecture.

Explanation
A space frame construction system permits great spans of infinite variety of shapes of concrete, or steel combined with glass or plastic. This system consists of a three-dimensional framework of interconnected beams or trusses that provides structural support and allows for flexibility in design. The use of space frames allows for the creation of large, open spaces without the need for intermediate columns or supports, making it ideal for structures such as airports, stadiums, and exhibition halls.

Explanation
The principal type of building in Muslim Architecture is a mosque. Mosques are places of worship for Muslims and are designed with specific architectural features such as domes, minarets, and prayer halls. They serve as community centers and are used for daily prayers, Friday sermons, and other religious activities. Mosques are an important part of Islamic culture and can be found in various styles and designs across different regions of the world.

Explanation
The correct answer is "Function". When considering the architectural character of a building, it is important to analyze how the building functions and serves its purpose. The design and layout of the building are influenced by its intended use and the activities that will take place inside. The way the building is organized, the circulation patterns, the placement of different spaces, and the overall layout are all determined by its function. Therefore, the architectural character of a building can be derived through the careful consideration of its function and how it influences the design decisions.

Explanation
Proportion is the art principle that shows the relationships between the various parts of an object/structure/groups of objects and structures. It refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of the elements within a composition. Proportion helps create a sense of harmony and balance, ensuring that the different parts of an artwork or design work together cohesively. It involves determining the appropriate ratios and ratios between elements, so that they are visually pleasing and aesthetically balanced.

Explanation
The correct answer is Egyptian. The clerestory, which is a row of windows or openings located high on a wall, allowing light to enter a building, was first introduced in Egyptian architecture. This architectural feature can be seen in many ancient Egyptian structures, such as temples and tombs. The use of clerestory windows in Egyptian architecture not only provided natural light but also created a sense of grandeur and height in the buildings.

Explanation
In Greek architecture, the town square used as the center of Greek social and business life is called the Agora. The Agora was a public space where people would gather for various activities such as political discussions, commercial transactions, and socializing. It was an essential part of Greek city planning and played a significant role in the daily life of the community.

Explanation
The primary colors are the colors that cannot be created by mixing other colors together. They are the building blocks for all other colors. In the subtractive color model, which is used in painting and printing, the primary colors are red, yellow, and blue. Mixing these colors together in different combinations can create all other colors. Therefore, the correct answer is red, yellow, blue.

Explanation
Exaggerated elements in architecture refer to the use of oversized or exaggerated features in a structure, such as large columns, arches, or decorative elements. This approach focuses on creating a visually striking and dramatic effect, often disregarding practicality or efficiency. While it may not necessarily use the least amount of material or focus solely on novelty of form, the emphasis on exaggerated elements sets it apart as a description of formal or sculptured structure.

Explanation
Le Corbusier adopted all of the principles mentioned in the options for his Villa Savoye. The Villa Savoye is known for its innovative and modern design, which incorporates a free-standing façade, open planning, a roof garden, and a cube form elevated on stilts or columns. Additionally, the design of the Villa Savoye features frameworks that are structurally independent of walls. Therefore, all of the principles listed in the options were adopted by Le Corbusier for this iconic building.

Explanation
In modern Muslim mosques, all the listed items are required to be applied. A niche, also known as a mihrab, is a semicircular indentation in the wall that indicates the direction of Mecca, the holy city towards which Muslims pray. A pulpit, or minbar, is a raised platform from which the imam delivers sermons. Minarets are tall towers often attached to mosques, used for the call to prayer. Domes are architectural features commonly found in mosques. Therefore, all these features are necessary components of modern Muslim mosques.

Explanation
The contribution of Byzantine architecture is the use of domes on pendetives. This architectural technique allowed for the creation of large, open spaces with a sense of grandeur and height. The use of domes on pendetives became a defining feature of Byzantine architecture, particularly in religious buildings such as churches and cathedrals. It allowed for the construction of impressive domed structures, such as the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, which became iconic examples of Byzantine architecture.

Explanation
Toranas or gateways are a characteristic feature of Indian architecture. In Indian architecture, toranas are ornamental gateways usually found at the entrance of temples, palaces, and other important structures. They are typically adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures, depicting various mythological and religious motifs. These toranas serve as grand entrances and are considered symbolic representations of auspiciousness and prosperity.

Explanation
The correct answer is small openings. Egyptian structures have small openings due to the generally rainless and bright sunshine climate. This design helps to keep the interior cool and shaded from the intense sunlight. Additionally, small openings also provide privacy and protection from sandstorms.

Explanation
The "Arabesque" surface ornamentation originated from Muslim architecture. Arabesque is a form of artistic decoration that consists of intricate patterns of geometric and floral designs. It is commonly found in Islamic art and architecture, including mosques, palaces, and other religious buildings. The use of Arabesque ornamentation reflects the influence of Islamic culture and design principles in the artistic traditions of the Muslim world.

Explanation
Pyramids have square plans, while plans of ziggurats are rectangular. This means that the base of a pyramid is in the shape of a square, while the base of a ziggurat is in the shape of a rectangle. This is a distinguishing feature between the two structures.

Explanation
Chinese pagodas are polygonal in shape, meaning they have multiple sides, whereas Japanese pagodas are square in plan, meaning they have four sides. This architectural difference is one of the key distinctions between Chinese and Japanese pagodas.

Explanation
Gothic architecture is characterized by the pointed style and was prevalent in Western Europe from the 13th to the 15th century. It is known for its tall, soaring structures, intricate detailing, and large stained glass windows. The term "Gothic" was originally used as a derogatory term to describe this style, as it was seen as a deviation from the classical Romanesque architecture. However, over time, the term became widely accepted and is now used to refer to this specific architectural style.

Explanation
The major contribution of Early Christian architecture is the development and use of the basilican type of cruciform plan. This architectural plan, characterized by a rectangular nave, side aisles, and a transept that forms a cross shape, became the standard layout for Christian churches. It allowed for a clear separation of the clergy and the congregation, with a central space for worship and side aisles for circulation. This plan was influential in shaping the design of churches throughout the medieval period and beyond.

Explanation
Mies van der Rohe first envisioned the all-glass skyscraper in the 1920s, and the Seagram Building is a famous building that fits this description. It was designed by Mies van der Rohe and was built around thirty years after he first envisioned the concept. The Seagram Building is a 38-story structure made of black steel and glass, making it the correct answer.

Explanation
Erich Mendelsohn is the correct answer because he was a prominent architect associated with the Expressionist movement. He is known for his innovative and dynamic designs that incorporated bold curves and organic forms. Mendelsohn's architecture often evoked a sense of movement and emotion, reflecting the expressive qualities of Expressionism. His notable works include the Einstein Tower in Potsdam and the Schocken Department Store in Stuttgart. Mendelsohn's contributions to the field of architecture align with the characteristics of Expressionist architecture, making him the correct choice.

Explanation
Gabriel Formoso is the correct answer because he is known as the architect of the Central Bank of the Philippines in Manila. He was responsible for designing and overseeing the construction of the building, which is considered a significant architectural landmark in the country.

Explanation
Felipe Mendoza is the correct answer because he is known as the architect of the National Library in the Philippines. He is recognized for his contribution in designing and overseeing the construction of the National Library building, which is located in Manila. Mendoza's architectural expertise and vision played a significant role in creating a prominent cultural institution that houses a vast collection of books, manuscripts, and other valuable resources for the Filipino people.

Explanation
Hennevique is the correct answer because he is credited with inventing reinforced concrete in France. Erich Mendelsohn, Le Corbusier, and Mies van de Rohe are all influential architects, but they did not invent reinforced concrete.

Explanation
Frank Lloyd Wright believed that architecture should be in harmony with its natural surroundings, reflecting the organic forms and principles found in nature. He believed that buildings should be designed to blend seamlessly with their environment, using natural materials and incorporating natural elements such as light and vegetation. This philosophy is evident in his work, which often features open floor plans, large windows, and integration of indoor and outdoor spaces. Wright's approach to architecture as organic reflects his belief in the importance of creating spaces that are connected to and respectful of the natural world.