Sociology Final Review
Settings
This includes I believe all of the chapters except 11, 12, 13 and 15. Hope it helps!
- 1.The text explains that slavery
- A.
No longer exists in today's world
- B.
Is found today in a mumber of low income nations in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa
- C.
Is found in every country of the world
- D.
None of the above is correct
- 2.In poor countries, the disadvantages women face relative to men are
- A.
About the same as in rich nations
- B.
Not as great as in rich nations
- C.
Greater than in rich nations
- D.
Just about nonexistent
- 3.The concept "absolute poverty" refers to
- A.
A lack of resources that is life threatening
- B.
The absolute number of poor people in any country
- C.
The real poverty rates as opposed to what governements claim to be the case
- D.
The poverty rate in low income countries
- 4.Compared to poverty in the United States, poverty in low income nations is
- A.
More likely to involve men
- B.
More widespread and severe
- C.
Less likely to involve children
- D.
A less serious problem
- 5.Where on the planet would you find most high income nations?
- A.
Spread evenly throughout all world regions
- B.
Mostly in the Northern Hemisphere
- C.
All within North America
- D.
Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere
- 6.Which of the following statements about high income nations is correct?
- A.
They are at the forefront of the Information Revolution
- B.
They make use of large factories and advanced energy sources
- C.
They contain almost all of the world's financial markets
- D.
All of the above are correct
- 7.Which type of slevery refers to one person owning another?
- A.
Chattel slavery
- B.
Child slavery
- C.
Debt bondage
- D.
Servile forms of marriage
- 8.Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to covert their debts?
- A.
Chattel slavery
- B.
Child slavery
- C.
Debt bondage
- D.
Servile forms of marriage
- 9.Dependency theory claims that poor nations
- A.
Are responsible for their own poverty
- B.
Were "underdeveloped" by colonialism
- C.
Suffer from traditional culture
- D.
Suffer from a "technology gap"
- 10.While modernization theory focuses on _________, dependency theory focuses on __________
- A.
Rich nations; poor nations
- B.
The future; the past
- C.
The production of wealth; the distribution of wealth
- D.
All of the above are correct
- 11.Talcott Parsons described gender in terms of
- A.
Power differences
- B.
Complementarity
- C.
Biological differences
- D.
The sexual objectification of women
- 12.Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages
- A.
Men to take control of the workplace
- B.
The lessening of gender differences and a trend towards gender equality
- C.
Women to have more children
- D.
All of the above are correct
- 13.Feminists claim that rape is mostly about
- A.
Power
- B.
Sex
- C.
Money
- D.
Moral weakness
- 14.Female genital mutilation is most common in
- A.
North America
- B.
Africa
- C.
Latin America
- D.
Asia
- 15.Talcott Parsons explained that males tend toward ______ behavior, and females tend to be more ______
- A.
Instrumental; expressive
- B.
Sympathetic; empathic
- C.
Egalitarian; hierarchical
- D.
Rational; traditional
- 16.All of the following except for one are goals of feminism. Which is NOT a goal of feminism?
- A.
Eliminating gender stratification
- B.
Ending sexual violence
- C.
Expanding human choice
- D.
Opposing the Equal Rights Amendment
- 17.Which type of feminism accepts the basic organization of US society, but seeks to expand the rights and opportunities of women?
- A.
Liberal feminism
- B.
Socialist feminism
- C.
Radical feminism
- D.
All of the above are correct
- 18.Young men show greater ________ ability than young women; young women show greater ____________ ability than young men.
- A.
Intellectual; sensory
- B.
Mathematical; verbal
- C.
Verbal; mathematical
- D.
Sensory; intellectual
- 19.The point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is
- A.
To show that gender is basically biological
- B.
To show that women can dominate men
- C.
To show that cultures define gender in different ways
- D.
To show that boys and girls should not be raised by biological parents
- 20.The chapter argues that gender is not a matter just of difference, but also a matter of difrences in
- A.
Power
- B.
Wealth
- C.
Privileges
- D.
All of the above are correct
- 21.All of the following are elements of George Herbert Mead's theory of the social self except
- A.
To understand intention, you must imagine a situation from the point of view of the other
- B.
The self develops mainly through the normal evolution of an individual from one stage of development to another
- C.
It is by taking the role of another that we become self aware
- D.
In the end, social experience is the exchange of symbols
- 22.According to Carol Gilligan, males use a ___________ perspective for moral reasoning
- A.
Care and responsibility
- B.
Justice
- C.
Mechanical
- D.
Indpendent
- 23.Most children's exposure to people from different backrounds occurs from
- A.
School
- B.
The peer group
- C.
The mass media
- D.
The total institution
- 24.Studies of childhood isolation consistently conclude that
- A.
There is not enough data to show what happens when children are isolated
- B.
Everyone goes through socialization differently
- C.
Social isolation in infancy causes permanent development damage
- D.
What happens in infancy is not important to the socialization process
- 25.Elisabeth Kubler-Ross described death as an orderly transition involving five specific stages. All of the following are her stages except
- A.
Resignation
- B.
Envy
- C.
Negotiation
- D.
Acceptance
- 26.Ageism refers to
- A.
The form of sical organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power and prestige
- B.
Prejudice and discrimination against older people
- C.
The study of aging and the elderly
- D.
The process where, among the elderly, bones become more brittle and injuries take longer to heal
- 27.Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in the Freuds concept of
- A.
Superego
- B.
Ego
- C.
Id
- D.
Generalized other
- 28.The concept of the "looking glass self" refers to
- A.
Watsons behaviorist notion that enviornment alone shapes peoples behavior
- B.
Cooleys idea that a persons self-conception is based on the responses of others
- C.
Piagets view that cognitive development takes place through a combination of biological maturation and social experience
- D.
Freuds argument that through psychoanalysis we can uncover our unconscious thoughts and feelings
- 29.According to Jean Piaget, it is during the preoperational stage of cognitive development that a child begins to use language and other symbols
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 30.The level of human development at which individuals first see casual connections in their surroundings is
- A.
The preoperational stage
- B.
The formal operational stage
- C.
The concrete operational stage
- D.
The sensorimotor stage
- 31.Any social position that an individual occupies is called a(n)
- A.
Role
- B.
Ascribed status
- C.
Status
- D.
Master status
- 32.An example of an achieved status is
- A.
Being a daughter
- B.
Being a life-long New Yorker
- C.
Being a member of a minority racial group
- D.
Being a member of chess club
- 33.As a worker you are torn between the demands of your boss and your coworkers. This experience is an example of
- A.
Role conflict
- B.
Role exit
- C.
Role strain
- D.
Role set
- 34.The social construction of reality idea is most closely related to the ____ theoretical approach
- A.
Symbolic-interaction
- B.
Social conflict
- C.
Structural functional
- D.
Social exchange
- 35.People "construct" reality from
- A.
Unfamiliar elements of their enviornment
- B.
Their genetic heritage
- C.
Their surrounding culture
- D.
None of the above
- 36."The presentation of self" involves
- A.
The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
- B.
A persons efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others
- C.
The way people make sense of their everyday surroundings
- D.
The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction
- 37.Humor is created when which of the following occurs?
- A.
Some conventional and unconventional realities are placed in contrast
- B.
The topic is sex
- C.
People hear a taboo discussed
- D.
Someone constructs reality well
- 38.The greater social power of men is evident in which trait of womens behavior?
- A.
Women craft their personal performances with greater formality
- B.
Women intrude into mens personal space
- C.
Women take up more space than men do
- D.
Women asser themselves in social interaction
- 39.When a male attaches a female pronoun to an object, he does so to
- A.
Reflect respect or affection
- B.
Reflect ownership or control
- C.
Reflect favoritism
- D.
None of the above are true
- 40.Although the same basic emotions appear to be biologically programmed into all human beings, our culture guides all of the following except
- A.
What triggers our emotions
- B.
How we display our emotions
- C.
The facial expressions we use to show our basic emotions
- D.
What value we attach to emotions
- 41.All of the following are benefits of the sociological perspective except
- A.
It helps educate us about the moral positions to take on current issues
- B.
It helps us critically assess "commonsense" ideas
- C.
It helps us see the opportunities and constraints in our lives
- D.
It empowers us to be active participants in our society
- 42.Emile Dirkheims study on suicide concluded that cateregories of people with strong group ties tend to have lower suicide rates while more individualistic people had high suicide rates
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 43._______ is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
- A.
The socio-biological approach
- B.
The social-conflict approach
- C.
The structural-functional approach
- D.
The symbolic-interaction approach
- 44._________ is any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
- A.
Sociological perspective
- B.
Research methadology
- C.
Theoretical approach
- D.
Social structure
- 45.___________ refers to consistency in measurement and ________ refers to the extent to which you actually measuring what it is you intended to measure
- A.
Variability;replication
- B.
Reliability; validity
- C.
Replication; validity
- D.
Validity; reliability
- 46.A concept refers to a value that changes from case to case
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 47.The _______ methadology is used by sociologists to investigate under controlled labratory conditions the cause and effect relationships between two (or more) variables
- A.
Interview
- B.
Survey
- C.
Experiment
- D.
Manifest data
- 48.The methodological orientation in sociology in which the researcher focuses on needed social change is referred to as ____________ sociology
- A.
Critical
- B.
Research
- C.
Interpretive
- D.
Scientific
- 49.Which of the following methodological orientations in sociology views society as being organized so that some categories of people dominate others?
- A.
Interpretive Sociology
- B.
Scientific Sociology
- C.
Research Sociology
- D.
Critical Sociology
- 50.All of the following are reasons to investigate social life beyond our own borders except
- A.
That societies through the world are increasingly interconnected
- B.
Where we live makes a great deal of difference in shaping our lives
- C.
Thinking globally is a good way to learn more about ourselves
- D.
We face much more serious social problems in the US than in other countries and need to look elsewhere for solutions to problems like ourse
- 51.All of the following are components of culture except
- A.
Values and beliefs
- B.
Norms
- C.
The people within society
- D.
Technology
- 52.The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system is referred to as
- A.
Cultural lag
- B.
Cultural universals
- C.
Cultural relativism
- D.
Cultural integration
- 53.This sociological approach to culture draws attention to the link between culture and inequality
- A.
The structural-functional approach
- B.
The social-conflict approach
- C.
The symbolic interaction approach
- D.
The sociobiological approach
- 54.Arguments for supporting multiculturalism include all of the following except
- A.
That it is a way to come to terms with our countries increasing social diversity
- B.
That it will pave the way for English to be the official language of the US
- C.
That it is a good way to strengthen the academic achievment of Black children
- D.
That it will break down barriers of historical traditions
- 55.All of the following have been considered a counterculture in the US except
- A.
Hippies during the 1960's
- B.
Members of religious militant groups
- C.
Members of al-Qaeda
- D.
Members of the Republican party
- 56.Culturally defined standards that people use to assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living are
- A.
Norms
- B.
Values
- C.
Folkways
- D.
Ideal culture
- 57._______ refers to cultural patters than distinguish a societys elite and ____ refers to cultural patterns that are widespread among the societys population.
- A.
Cultural; folk culture
- B.
High culture; low culture
- C.
High culture; popular culture
- D.
Prestige culture; folk culture
- 58.The authors use the idea of ____ to refer to the idea that many nationalities blend together to make a single "American" culture
- A.
Melting pot
- B.
Multiculturalism
- C.
Mainstream culture
- D.
Eurocentrism
- 59.Gerhard Lenski proposed a pattern of sociocultural evolution that included all of the following stages except
- A.
Hunting and gathering
- B.
Horticulture and pastorialism
- C.
Mound-building
- D.
Agriculture
- 60.A criticism of the global culture thesis is that it assumes that people everywhere are able to afford the new goods and services brought about by elements of the global culture
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 61.What is the term that describes the biological distinction between females and males?
- A.
Sexual orientation
- B.
Bisexuality
- C.
Transsexuals
- D.
Sex
- 62.The term sex is synonymous with gender
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 63.A person's reproductive organs are
- A.
Primary sex characteristics
- B.
Heterosexuality
- C.
Secondary sex characteristics
- D.
Asexuality
- 64.Married people have more sex with partners than do singles.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 65.People who have some combination of male and female genitalia are
- A.
Transsexual
- B.
Asexual
- C.
Intersexual
- D.
Heterosexual
- 66.Pornography has generated criticism and controversy from a number of groups
- A.
On moral grounds
- B.
As a power issue
- C.
As a free speech issue
- D.
All of the above
- 67.In the hierarchy of prostitutes, the lowest status is held by
- A.
Escort service workers
- B.
Call girls
- C.
Brothel workers
- D.
Street walkers
- 68.In the US during the twentieth century, the sexual revolution was associated with
- A.
Kinseys pioneering study of sexual practices
- B.
Urbanization that occured during the 1920s
- C.
The counter culture movement of the 1960s
- D.
All of the above
- 69.The sexual counterrevolution occured
- A.
As a reaction to the sexual freedom that marked that late 1960s and 1970s
- B.
As a response to WWII affluence
- C.
As a reaction to the "Roaring Twenties"
- D.
Because of fear of AIDS
- 70.The growing body of knowledge that challanges societys heterosexual bias is
- A.
Structural-functional theory
- B.
Social conflict theory
- C.
Queer theory
- D.
Feminist theory
- 71.Instrumental leadership is group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 72.A large and impersonal group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity is a
- A.
Secondary group
- B.
Tactical group
- C.
Primary group
- D.
Reference group
- 73.Sociologists describe group leadership in terms of its decision making style
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 74.Institutions of higher learning, the military, and governmental agencies are all examples of
- A.
Secondary groups
- B.
Aggregates
- C.
Formal organizations
- D.
Primary groups
- 75.All of the following are characteristics of bureaucracies except
- A.
A hierarchy of offices
- B.
Rapid crises response
- C.
Impersonality
- D.
Technical competence
- 76.Deborah Tannen argues that men have a greater "information focus" and more readily ask questions in order to understand an issue when compared to women
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 77.All of the following are factors in the orginizational enviornment that faced by formal organizations except
- A.
Technological change
- B.
Authoritarian leadership
- C.
Economic and political trends
- D.
Population patterns
- 78.When Japanese work organizations, the text points to all of the following except
- A.
That people are hired individually, making it competive in nature
- B.
That there is a strong sense of loyalty to the organization
- C.
That workers are often hire for life
- D.
That the company plays a large role in the lives of workers
- 79._____ leadership is appropriate for promoting the well being of members and for raising group moral
- A.
Expressive
- B.
Autocratic
- C.
Instrumental
- D.
Laissez-Faire
- 80.McDonalidaztion of society involves all of the following organizational principles except
- A.
Efficiency
- B.
Standardization
- C.
Uniformity
- D.
Uniqueness
- 81.According to karl Marx, differences in wealth and power between the capitalists and proletarians leads to
- A.
Class conflict
- B.
Negotiation and compromise
- C.
The abolition of work itself
- D.
All of the above are correct
- 82.Davis and Moore point out that an egalitarian society
- A.
Could never really exist
- B.
Could exist, but only if people were willing to have anyone to perform any job
- C.
Would be more productive than a stratified society
- D.
Has existed in one place or another throughout history
- 83.The belief that social inequality is fair because social position relfects personal talent and effort is a form of ideology most widely found in
- A.
Caste systems
- B.
Class systems
- C.
Classless societies
- D.
All societies
- 84.Max Weber argued that, in agrarian societies, which dimension of social inequality has the greatest importance
- A.
Economic class
- B.
Social prestige or honor
- C.
Power
- D.
Control of information
- 85.Evidence suggests that, as the US moves into the post-industrial phase of economic development, economic inequality is
- A.
Likely to disappear
- B.
Decreasing
- C.
Holding at about the same level
- D.
Increasing
- 86.Read the following statements about jobs. Which statement is not true?
- A.
Most of the highest-ranked occupations in the US are dominated by women.
- B.
Occupational rankings are much the same in all high income nations
- C.
Most high-prestige jobs require extensive education and training
- D.
Occupations are a source of both prestige and income
- 87.Near the middle of the class hierarchy in the US we find
- A.
Relatively low levels of status consistency
- B.
Families with average incomes
- C.
Relatively high levels of social mobility
- D.
All of the above are correct
- 88.Which of the following statements comes closest to the correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes?
- A.
Males with certain body types commit most serious crimes
- B.
Lombroso proved a century ago that biological factors are a major cause of crime
- C.
Biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes
- D.
Genetics research has succeeded in explaining most criminality
- 89.Every society regulates the thoughts and behavior or individuals. This process of regulation is called
- A.
Neighborhood watch
- B.
Childhood socialization
- C.
Social control
- D.
The legal system
- 90.Which of the following is a function of deviance noted by Emile Durkheim?
- A.
Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
- B.
Responding to deviance promotes social unity
- C.
Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
- D.
All of the above are correct
- 91.Which of the following concepts is used in Robert Mertons strain theory of deviance to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional means to get there.
- A.
Innovation
- B.
Ritualism
- C.
Retreatism
- D.
Rebellion
- 92.Cloward and Ohlin extend Mertons theory of deviance stating that crime
- A.
Reflects not only limited legitimate opportunity but also accessible illefitimate opportunity
- B.
Is more common among the rich who have more resources
- C.
Is define in such a way as to overly criminanlize the poor
- D.
Is typically a result of drug dependence or other substance addiction
- 93.In his subcultural theory of deviance, Walter Miller claimed that street criminality is most common among
- A.
High income males
- B.
Middle class men and women
- C.
Low income youths
- D.
Women at all class levels
- 94.Edwin Lemert described "primary deviance" as
- A.
The most serious episode of deviance
- B.
Actions that parents or other family members define as deviant
- C.
A passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the persons self-concept
- D.
The experience of deviance early in life
- 95.The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of
- A.
Interupeting someones past as consistent with present deviance
- B.
Defining someone as deviant for things done long before
- C.
Delinquent children growing into criminal adults
- D.
All of the above are correct
- 96.According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based mostly on
- A.
How often certain acts occur
- B.
The moral foundation of the culture
- C.
How harmful the act is to the public as a whole
- D.
Patterns of inequality and who has more power
- 97.Using a Marxist approach, Steven Spitzer claims that a capitalist society is likely to label which of the following categories of people as deviant?
- A.
Someone who threatens to take the property of others
- B.
People who are not very productive
- C.
Radicals who call for basic change in society itself
- D.
All of the above are correct
Back to top