Sociology Final Review

1. Emile Dirkheims study on suicide concluded that cateregories of people with strong group ties tend to have lower suicide rates while more individualistic people had high suicide rates

True

False

2. Compared to poverty in the United States, poverty in low income nations is

More likely to involve men

More widespread and severe

Less likely to involve children

A less serious problem

3. According to Jean Piaget, it is during the preoperational stage of cognitive development that a child begins to use language and other symbols

True

False

4. Humor is created when which of the following occurs?

Some conventional and unconventional realities are placed in contrast

The topic is sex

People hear a taboo discussed

Someone constructs reality well

5. Sociologists describe group leadership in terms of its decision making style

True

False

6. In his subcultural theory of deviance, Walter Miller claimed that street criminality is most common among

High income males

Middle class men and women

Low income youths

Women at all class levels

7. Which of the following statements about high income nations is correct?

They are at the forefront of the Information Revolution

They make use of large factories and advanced energy sources

They contain almost all of the world's financial markets

All of the above are correct

8. Instrumental leadership is group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks

True

False

9. The chapter argues that gender is not a matter just of difference, but also a matter of difrences in

Power

Wealth

Privileges

All of the above are correct

10. Studies of childhood isolation consistently conclude that

There is not enough data to show what happens when children are isolated

Everyone goes through socialization differently

Social isolation in infancy causes permanent development damage

What happens in infancy is not important to the socialization process

11. A criticism of the global culture thesis is that it assumes that people everywhere are able to afford the new goods and services brought about by elements of the global culture

True

False

12. Female genital mutilation is most common in

North America

Africa

Latin America

Asia

13. Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to covert their debts?

Chattel slavery

Child slavery

Debt bondage

Servile forms of marriage

14. People "construct" reality from

Unfamiliar elements of their enviornment

Their genetic heritage

Their surrounding culture

None of the above

15. Feminists claim that rape is mostly about

Power

Sex

Money

Moral weakness

16. Every society regulates the thoughts and behavior or individuals. This process of regulation is called

Neighborhood watch

Childhood socialization

Social control

The legal system

17. In the hierarchy of prostitutes, the lowest status is held by

Escort service workers

Call girls

Brothel workers

Street walkers

18. Ageism refers to

The form of sical organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power and prestige

Prejudice and discrimination against older people

The study of aging and the elderly

The process where, among the elderly, bones become more brittle and injuries take longer to heal

19. This sociological approach to culture draws attention to the link between culture and inequality

The structural-functional approach

The social-conflict approach

The symbolic interaction approach

The sociobiological approach

20. Read the following statements about jobs. Which statement is not true?

Most of the highest-ranked occupations in the US are dominated by women.

Occupational rankings are much the same in all high income nations

Most high-prestige jobs require extensive education and training

Occupations are a source of both prestige and income

21. Most children's exposure to people from different backrounds occurs from

School

The peer group

The mass media

The total institution

22. _______ is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

The socio-biological approach

The social-conflict approach

The structural-functional approach

The symbolic-interaction approach

23. A concept refers to a value that changes from case to case

True

False

24. The _______ methadology is used by sociologists to investigate under controlled labratory conditions the cause and effect relationships between two (or more) variables

Interview

Survey

Experiment

Manifest data

25. The text explains that slavery

No longer exists in today's world

Is found today in a mumber of low income nations in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa

Is found in every country of the world

None of the above is correct

26. In poor countries, the disadvantages women face relative to men are

About the same as in rich nations

Not as great as in rich nations

Greater than in rich nations

Just about nonexistent

27. A person's reproductive organs are

Primary sex characteristics

Heterosexuality

Secondary sex characteristics

Asexuality

28. Using a Marxist approach, Steven Spitzer claims that a capitalist society is likely to label which of the following categories of people as deviant?

Someone who threatens to take the property of others

People who are not very productive

Radicals who call for basic change in society itself

All of the above are correct

29. Which type of slevery refers to one person owning another?

Chattel slavery

Child slavery

Debt bondage

Servile forms of marriage

30. Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in the Freuds concept of

Superego

Ego

Id

Generalized other

31. Any social position that an individual occupies is called a(n)

Role

Ascribed status

Status

Master status

32. Married people have more sex with partners than do singles.

True

False

33. The concept "absolute poverty" refers to

A lack of resources that is life threatening

The absolute number of poor people in any country

The real poverty rates as opposed to what governements claim to be the case

The poverty rate in low income countries

34. The point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is

To show that gender is basically biological

To show that women can dominate men

To show that cultures define gender in different ways

To show that boys and girls should not be raised by biological parents

35. The concept of the "looking glass self" refers to

Watsons behaviorist notion that enviornment alone shapes peoples behavior

Cooleys idea that a persons self-conception is based on the responses of others

Piagets view that cognitive development takes place through a combination of biological maturation and social experience

Freuds argument that through psychoanalysis we can uncover our unconscious thoughts and feelings

36. What is the term that describes the biological distinction between females and males?

Sexual orientation

Bisexuality

Transsexuals

Sex

37. Pornography has generated criticism and controversy from a number of groups

On moral grounds

As a power issue

As a free speech issue

All of the above

38. All of the following except for one are goals of feminism. Which is NOT a goal of feminism?

Eliminating gender stratification

Ending sexual violence

Expanding human choice

Opposing the Equal Rights Amendment

39. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross described death as an orderly transition involving five specific stages. All of the following are her stages except

Resignation

Envy

Negotiation

Acceptance

40. "The presentation of self" involves

The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance

A persons efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others

The way people make sense of their everyday surroundings

The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction

41. The sexual counterrevolution occured

As a reaction to the sexual freedom that marked that late 1960s and 1970s

As a response to WWII affluence

As a reaction to the "Roaring Twenties"

Because of fear of AIDS

42. Where on the planet would you find most high income nations?

Spread evenly throughout all world regions

Mostly in the Northern Hemisphere

All within North America

Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere

43. An example of an achieved status is

Being a daughter

Being a life-long New Yorker

Being a member of a minority racial group

Being a member of chess club

44. The greater social power of men is evident in which trait of womens behavior?

Women craft their personal performances with greater formality

Women intrude into mens personal space

Women take up more space than men do

Women asser themselves in social interaction

45. When a male attaches a female pronoun to an object, he does so to

Reflect respect or affection

Reflect ownership or control

Reflect favoritism

None of the above are true

46. Institutions of higher learning, the military, and governmental agencies are all examples of

Secondary groups

Aggregates

Formal organizations

Primary groups

47. Talcott Parsons explained that males tend toward ______ behavior, and females tend to be more ______

Instrumental; expressive

Sympathetic; empathic

Egalitarian; hierarchical

Rational; traditional

48. As a worker you are torn between the demands of your boss and your coworkers. This experience is an example of

Role conflict

Role exit

Role strain

Role set

49. The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system is referred to as

Cultural lag

Cultural universals

Cultural relativism

Cultural integration

50. Which of the following statements comes closest to the correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes?

Males with certain body types commit most serious crimes

Lombroso proved a century ago that biological factors are a major cause of crime

Biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes

Genetics research has succeeded in explaining most criminality

51. All of the following are reasons to investigate social life beyond our own borders except

That societies through the world are increasingly interconnected

Where we live makes a great deal of difference in shaping our lives

Thinking globally is a good way to learn more about ourselves

52. _______ refers to cultural patters than distinguish a societys elite and ____ refers to cultural patterns that are widespread among the societys population.

Cultural; folk culture

High culture; low culture

High culture; popular culture

Prestige culture; folk culture

53. The authors use the idea of ____ to refer to the idea that many nationalities blend together to make a single "American" culture

Melting pot

Multiculturalism

Mainstream culture

Eurocentrism

54. _____ leadership is appropriate for promoting the well being of members and for raising group moral

Expressive

Autocratic

Instrumental

Laissez-Faire

55. Which of the following is a function of deviance noted by Emile Durkheim?

Deviance affirms cultural values and norms

Responding to deviance promotes social unity

Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries

All of the above are correct

56. Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages

Men to take control of the workplace

The lessening of gender differences and a trend towards gender equality

Women to have more children

All of the above are correct

57. Which type of feminism accepts the basic organization of US society, but seeks to expand the rights and opportunities of women?

Liberal feminism

Socialist feminism

Radical feminism

All of the above are correct

58. Gerhard Lenski proposed a pattern of sociocultural evolution that included all of the following stages except

Hunting and gathering

Horticulture and pastorialism

Mound-building

Agriculture

59. A large and impersonal group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity is a

Secondary group

Tactical group

Primary group

Reference group

60. Deborah Tannen argues that men have a greater "information focus" and more readily ask questions in order to understand an issue when compared to women

True

False

61. Evidence suggests that, as the US moves into the post-industrial phase of economic development, economic inequality is

Likely to disappear

Decreasing

Holding at about the same level

Increasing

62. In the US during the twentieth century, the sexual revolution was associated with

Kinseys pioneering study of sexual practices

Urbanization that occured during the 1920s

The counter culture movement of the 1960s

All of the above

63. Young men show greater ________ ability than young women; young women show greater ____________ ability than young men.

Intellectual; sensory

Mathematical; verbal

Verbal; mathematical

Sensory; intellectual

64. ___________ refers to consistency in measurement and ________ refers to the extent to which you actually measuring what it is you intended to measure

Variability;replication

Reliability; validity

Replication; validity

Validity; reliability

65. Arguments for supporting multiculturalism include all of the following except

That it is a way to come to terms with our countries increasing social diversity

That it will pave the way for English to be the official language of the US

That it is a good way to strengthen the academic achievment of Black children

That it will break down barriers of historical traditions

66. The term sex is synonymous with gender

True

False

67. McDonalidaztion of society involves all of the following organizational principles except

Efficiency

Standardization

Uniformity

Uniqueness

68. Which of the following concepts is used in Robert Mertons strain theory of deviance to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional means to get there.

Innovation

Ritualism

Retreatism

Rebellion

69. According to Carol Gilligan, males use a ___________ perspective for moral reasoning

Care and responsibility

Justice

Mechanical

Indpendent

70. The social construction of reality idea is most closely related to the ____ theoretical approach

Symbolic-interaction

Social conflict

Structural functional

Social exchange

71. Culturally defined standards that people use to assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living are

Norms

Values

Folkways

Ideal culture

72. According to karl Marx, differences in wealth and power between the capitalists and proletarians leads to

Class conflict

Negotiation and compromise

The abolition of work itself

All of the above are correct

73. Dependency theory claims that poor nations

Are responsible for their own poverty

Were "underdeveloped" by colonialism

Suffer from traditional culture

Suffer from a "technology gap"

74. The belief that social inequality is fair because social position relfects personal talent and effort is a form of ideology most widely found in

Caste systems

Class systems

Classless societies

All societies

75. Although the same basic emotions appear to be biologically programmed into all human beings, our culture guides all of the following except

What triggers our emotions

How we display our emotions

The facial expressions we use to show our basic emotions

What value we attach to emotions

76. _________ is any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

Sociological perspective

Research methadology

Theoretical approach

Social structure

77. Cloward and Ohlin extend Mertons theory of deviance stating that crime

Reflects not only limited legitimate opportunity but also accessible illefitimate opportunity

Is more common among the rich who have more resources

Is define in such a way as to overly criminanlize the poor

Is typically a result of drug dependence or other substance addiction

78. When Japanese work organizations, the text points to all of the following except

That people are hired individually, making it competive in nature

That there is a strong sense of loyalty to the organization

That workers are often hire for life

That the company plays a large role in the lives of workers

79. Max Weber argued that, in agrarian societies, which dimension of social inequality has the greatest importance

Economic class

Social prestige or honor

Power

Control of information

80. People who have some combination of male and female genitalia are

Transsexual

Asexual

Intersexual

Heterosexual

81. Davis and Moore point out that an egalitarian society

Could never really exist

Could exist, but only if people were willing to have anyone to perform any job

Would be more productive than a stratified society

Has existed in one place or another throughout history

82. According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based mostly on

How often certain acts occur

The moral foundation of the culture

How harmful the act is to the public as a whole

Patterns of inequality and who has more power

83. All of the following have been considered a counterculture in the US except

Hippies during the 1960's

Members of religious militant groups

Members of al-Qaeda

Members of the Republican party

84. The growing body of knowledge that challanges societys heterosexual bias is

Structural-functional theory

Social conflict theory

Queer theory

Feminist theory

85. Near the middle of the class hierarchy in the US we find

Relatively low levels of status consistency

Families with average incomes

Relatively high levels of social mobility

All of the above are correct

86. Edwin Lemert described "primary deviance" as

The most serious episode of deviance

Actions that parents or other family members define as deviant

A passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the persons self-concept

The experience of deviance early in life

87. All of the following are elements of George Herbert Mead's theory of the social self except

To understand intention, you must imagine a situation from the point of view of the other

The self develops mainly through the normal evolution of an individual from one stage of development to another

It is by taking the role of another that we become self aware

In the end, social experience is the exchange of symbols

88. The methodological orientation in sociology in which the researcher focuses on needed social change is referred to as ____________ sociology

Critical

Research

Interpretive

Scientific

89. Talcott Parsons described gender in terms of

Power differences

Complementarity

Biological differences

The sexual objectification of women

90. All of the following are characteristics of bureaucracies except

A hierarchy of offices

Rapid crises response

Impersonality

Technical competence

91. All of the following are benefits of the sociological perspective except

It helps educate us about the moral positions to take on current issues

It helps us critically assess "commonsense" ideas

It helps us see the opportunities and constraints in our lives

It empowers us to be active participants in our society

92. The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of

Interupeting someones past as consistent with present deviance

Defining someone as deviant for things done long before

Delinquent children growing into criminal adults

All of the above are correct

93. All of the following are components of culture except

Values and beliefs

Norms

The people within society

Technology

94. The level of human development at which individuals first see casual connections in their surroundings is

The preoperational stage

The formal operational stage

The concrete operational stage

The sensorimotor stage

95. While modernization theory focuses on _________, dependency theory focuses on __________

Rich nations; poor nations

The future; the past

The production of wealth; the distribution of wealth

All of the above are correct

96. All of the following are factors in the orginizational enviornment that faced by formal organizations except

Technological change

Authoritarian leadership

Economic and political trends

Population patterns

97. Which of the following methodological orientations in sociology views society as being organized so that some categories of people dominate others?

Interpretive Sociology

Scientific Sociology

Research Sociology

Critical Sociology