Sociological Theory Final Exam Practice

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1. In order to realize a civil society, we must be open to the idea of equal rights for all.

Explanation

The statement suggests that in order to achieve a civil society, it is necessary to embrace the concept of equal rights for everyone. This implies that a society can only be considered civil if it ensures equal rights and opportunities for all its members, regardless of their differences. By being open to this idea, individuals can contribute to creating a fair and just society where everyone is treated equally.

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About This Quiz
Sociology Quizzes & Trivia

This practice exam for 'Sociological Theory Final Exam' assesses understanding of key sociological theories and concepts. It covers phases of sociological knowledge, Enlightenment ideas, Positivism, and the role of theory in explaining phenomena. Essential for students preparing for advanced sociology exams.

2. Conflicts are less likely to be violent if there appears to be legitimate means to resolving.

Explanation

Conflicts are less likely to be violent if there are legitimate means to resolving them. When there are established procedures and mechanisms in place for resolving conflicts, it creates a sense of fairness and trust among the parties involved. This reduces the chances of resorting to violence as a means of resolving the conflict. Legitimate means of resolution can include negotiation, mediation, arbitration, or legal processes, which provide a structured and peaceful way to address differences and find mutually acceptable solutions.

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3. The central question or concern for critical theorists is how to realize the ideals of modernity and the enlightenment.

Explanation

Critical theorists are indeed concerned with how to achieve the ideals of modernity and the enlightenment. They analyze and critique social, political, and economic structures to understand the barriers that prevent the realization of these ideals. By examining power dynamics, inequality, and oppression, critical theorists aim to bring about social change and create a more just and equitable society. Therefore, the statement is true.

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4. Critical theory in the United States is more of a social action oriented approach than its European or Postmodern counterparts.

Explanation

In the United States, critical theory is primarily focused on social action and creating social change. This approach emphasizes the importance of activism and practical solutions to address social issues. In contrast, European and postmodern counterparts of critical theory may place more emphasis on theoretical analysis and critique. Therefore, the statement that critical theory in the United States is more social action oriented is true.

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5. Relative deprivation is the sense of being underprivileged.

Explanation

Relative deprivation refers to the perception or feeling of being disadvantaged or having less than others in comparison. It is a subjective assessment of one's own circumstances in relation to others. Therefore, it can be understood as the sense of being underprivileged. The statement is true because relative deprivation does indeed involve feeling disadvantaged or less privileged than others.

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6. One aspect of the "spirit" of capitalism is that making money is no longer a means to an end but rather is the end (the goal) of rational capitalism. 

Explanation

The statement suggests that in capitalism, the ultimate goal is to make money rather than using money as a means to achieve other objectives. This implies that individuals and businesses in a capitalist system prioritize profit-making above all else, shaping their decisions and actions accordingly.

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7. Credentialing, in a bureaucratic society, leads to an overemphasis on education and is why we typically listen to experts rather than elders.

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that credentialing in a bureaucratic society often places a high value on formal education and qualifications. This can lead to an overemphasis on the expertise and opinions of those who possess these credentials, such as experts. As a result, the knowledge and wisdom of elders may be undervalued or overlooked in favor of the perceived expertise of educated individuals. Therefore, it is true that credentialing can contribute to a tendency to listen to experts rather than elders.

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8. For Mead, meaning is emergent, pragmatically arising out of different interactions.

Explanation

Mead believed that meaning is not fixed or predetermined, but rather emerges through social interactions and practical experiences. According to him, meaning is not inherent in objects or symbols, but rather arises out of the ongoing interactions between individuals. This concept of emergent meaning suggests that it is context-dependent and constantly evolving, shaped by the social and cultural environment. Therefore, the statement "For Mead, meaning is emergent, pragmatically arising out of different interactions" is true.

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9. Mead believes that the mind evolves as the social process or he social interaction comes to live inside an individual.

Explanation

Mead's belief that the mind evolves through social interaction implies that individuals develop their thoughts and understanding through their interactions with others. This suggests that our mental processes are shaped by the social environment we are exposed to, and our understanding of the world is influenced by the shared meanings and symbols within a society. Therefore, the statement "Mead believes that the mind evolves as the social process or social interaction comes to live inside an individual" is consistent with Mead's theory.

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10. The modern world is one where we are ultimately concerned with developing an individual self, a self that stands out and is differentiated from others.

Explanation

In the modern world, there is a strong emphasis on individualism and personal development. People strive to stand out and be unique, expressing their own thoughts, beliefs, and identities. This focus on developing an individual self is evident in various aspects of life, such as career choices, personal branding, and social media. Therefore, it can be concluded that the statement "The modern world is one where we are ultimately concerned with developing an individual self, a self that stands out and is differentiated from others" is true.

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11. For Dahrendorf, as groups become better organized, they become less likely to engage in intense and violent conflict.

Explanation

Dahrendorf believes that as groups become more organized, they are able to resolve conflicts and address their grievances through peaceful means rather than resorting to intense and violent conflict. This is because organized groups have established structures and mechanisms for communication, negotiation, and conflict resolution, which provide them with the tools to address their differences peacefully. Therefore, it is likely that as groups become better organized, the likelihood of intense and violent conflict decreases.

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12. Dahrendorf believes that society's culture reflects the interests of the elite.

Explanation

Dahrendorf, a sociologist, argues that society's culture is shaped by the interests of the elite. This means that the dominant class or group in society has the power to influence and shape the cultural values, norms, and beliefs of the entire society. According to Dahrendorf, the elite use their cultural influence to maintain their power and privileges, while also ensuring that their interests are protected and promoted. Therefore, the statement "Dahrendorf believes that society's culture reflects the interests of the elite" is true based on his sociological perspective.

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13. Sociologists believe that we never directly experience the world, we only encounter it through our perspectives.

Explanation

This statement aligns with the perspective of sociologists who argue that our experiences of the world are always mediated through our subjective perspectives. They believe that our understanding of the world is shaped by social factors such as culture, language, and socialization. Therefore, we can never have a completely objective or direct experience of the world, as our perspectives always influence how we perceive and interpret it.

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14. Overstimulation and overpopulation lead to a desire to stand out and be noticed.

Explanation

Overstimulation and overpopulation can create a sense of anonymity and insignificance among individuals. In such circumstances, people may develop a strong desire to stand out and be noticed as a way to validate their existence and gain recognition. This can manifest in various ways, such as seeking attention through achievements, appearance, or behavior. Therefore, it is plausible to say that overstimulation and overpopulation can indeed lead to a desire to stand out and be noticed.

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15. The colonialization of the lifeworld by political and economic systems is possible, in part, due to welfare programs such as social security.

Explanation

Welfare programs like social security can contribute to the colonization of the lifeworld by political and economic systems. This is because such programs can create a dependency on the state and the market, leading to a loss of autonomy and independence for individuals. The state and market can then exert control and influence over various aspects of people's lives, furthering their colonization.

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16. Critical theorists charge individuals to look at things taken for granted.

Explanation

Critical theorists encourage individuals to critically examine and question things that are often accepted without thought or scrutiny. They challenge individuals to not simply accept societal norms, beliefs, and practices, but to critically analyze and question them in order to gain a deeper understanding and potentially bring about social change. This encourages individuals to be more aware and engaged in their surroundings, rather than passively accepting the status quo.

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17. Whereas Coser was concerned with conflict resulting from class, status, and party, Dahrendorf was centrally concerned with one type of conflict, that of class conflict.

Explanation

Dahrendorf's central concern was class conflict, while Coser focused on conflict resulting from class, status, and party. Therefore, the statement is true.

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18. Critical theorists within the United States work toward eliminating the invisibility of oppression, particularly toward women and minorities.

Explanation

This statement is true because critical theorists in the United States aim to bring attention to and challenge the systems of oppression that marginalize women and minorities. They seek to make these forms of oppression visible and address them in order to create a more equitable society. By acknowledging and confronting these issues, critical theorists work towards dismantling the structures that perpetuate inequality and discrimination.

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19. Auguste Comte, the father of modern sociology, believed that there were natural laws ordering society and human interaction that could be discovered and adhered to in order to create a more just and peaceful society.

Explanation

Auguste Comte, known as the father of modern sociology, believed that society and human interaction were governed by natural laws. He argued that by understanding and adhering to these laws, it was possible to create a more just and peaceful society. This suggests that the statement "Auguste Comte believed that there were natural laws ordering society and human interaction that could be discovered and adhered to in order to create a more just and peaceful society" is true.

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20. According to Mead, the mind is a behavior involving several behavioral elements such as the use of symbols to denote objects.

Explanation

According to Mead, the mind is considered a behavior because it involves various behavioral elements, such as the use of symbols to represent objects. This implies that our thoughts and mental processes are not isolated from our actions and behaviors, but rather intertwined with them. Mead's perspective suggests that our minds are shaped and influenced by our interactions with others and the use of symbols in communication. Therefore, the statement "True" is a correct explanation of Mead's view on the mind.

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21. Critical theorists believed that ideology was even more insidious than Marx thought.

Explanation

Critical theorists believed that ideology was even more insidious than Marx thought because they believed that it not only shaped people's beliefs and values, but also influenced their thoughts, behaviors, and social structures in a more covert and pervasive manner. They argued that ideology was deeply embedded in all aspects of society, including education, media, and culture, and served to maintain and perpetuate existing power structures and inequalities. Therefore, they believed that ideology had a greater impact on individuals and society than Marx initially recognized.

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22. Which of the following is NOT one of the three theoretical frameworks within the field of sociology?

Explanation

Social Physics is not one of the three theoretical frameworks within the field of sociology. The three theoretical frameworks in sociology are Structural Functionalism, Social Conflict, and Symbolic Interactionism. Social Physics is not a recognized theoretical framework in sociology, but rather a term that refers to the application of scientific methods and principles to the study of social behavior.

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23. Assumptions are considered to be the basis of thinking and theorizing.

Explanation

Assumptions are indeed considered to be the basis of thinking and theorizing. When we make assumptions, we are essentially making educated guesses or hypotheses about a certain situation or concept. These assumptions form the foundation on which we build our thoughts and theories. They guide our reasoning and help us make sense of the world around us. Without assumptions, it would be difficult to form any meaningful ideas or theories. Therefore, it is true that assumptions are considered to be the basis of thinking and theorizing.

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24. Marx believes that false consciousness is reinforced and capitalism continues to thrive because ideologies of the elite prevent bipolarization instead pitting us against one another along meaningless lines of race, class, gender, and sexual orientation.

Explanation

Marx argues that false consciousness is perpetuated by the ruling class through the promotion of divisive ideologies based on race, class, gender, and sexual orientation. These ideologies distract individuals from recognizing their shared class interests and instead pit them against each other. By maintaining this division, capitalism is able to thrive as the ruling class maintains control and prevents the formation of a united working class. Therefore, the statement is true.

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25. Durkheim assumed human beings are innately selfish, driven by insatiable desires, and that we have to be reminded that we also like to be social.

Explanation

Durkheim's assumption that human beings are innately selfish and driven by insatiable desires suggests that our natural inclination is towards individualism rather than social behavior. However, he also believed that we have a need for social interaction and that society plays a crucial role in regulating our behavior and reminding us of our social nature. Therefore, the statement that Durkheim assumed human beings are innately selfish and need to be reminded of their social nature is true.

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26. The premodern person existed within a collective environment.

Explanation

The premodern person existed within a collective environment because in premodern societies, individuals were heavily influenced by their community and social group. They relied on their community for survival, shared values, and decision-making. Individualism was not as prominent as it is in modern societies, and people's identities and actions were often shaped by their roles within the collective. This collective environment fostered a sense of belonging and interdependence among individuals.

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27. Simmel believed that the purpose and goal of knowledge was to uncover the a priori conditions of society.

Explanation

Simmel believed that the purpose and goal of knowledge was to uncover the a priori conditions of society. This means that he believed that knowledge should aim to reveal the fundamental and underlying principles that shape and determine social interactions and structures. By understanding these a priori conditions, one can gain a deeper understanding of society and how it operates. Therefore, the statement "Simmel believed that the purpose and goal of knowledge was to uncover the a priori conditions of society" is true.

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28. Overproduction leads to social change and a collapse in capitalism through class struggle.

Explanation

Overproduction refers to a situation where there is an excessive supply of goods or services in relation to the demand. This can lead to various social changes and ultimately result in a collapse of capitalism through class struggle. When there is overproduction, businesses may face difficulties in selling their excess products, leading to layoffs, reduced wages, and increased inequality. This can create tension and conflict between different social classes, as the working class fights for better conditions and the redistribution of wealth. Ultimately, these social tensions can contribute to the downfall of capitalism as it fails to address the needs and demands of the majority.

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29. Urbanization started as a result of:

Explanation

Urbanization started as a result of the Industrial Revolution. During this period, there was a significant shift from an agrarian society to an industrial one. The invention of new machinery and the establishment of factories led to increased job opportunities in urban areas. As people moved from rural areas to cities in search of employment, urbanization began. The Industrial Revolution also brought advancements in transportation and communication, further contributing to the growth of cities.

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30. A consequence of organized capitalism is that the state faces crises of legitimation and rationality.

Explanation

Organized capitalism refers to a system in which the government and large corporations work together to regulate and control the economy. In this system, the state's legitimacy and rationality can be questioned or challenged due to the close relationship between the government and big businesses. The state may face crises of legitimation, meaning that its authority and power may be questioned by the public, and crises of rationality, meaning that its decision-making processes may be seen as biased or influenced by corporate interests. Therefore, it can be concluded that the statement "A consequence of organized capitalism is that the state faces crises of legitimation and rationality" is true.

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31. Pre-modern society was conceptualized as individual, or micro-level, interactions and it wasn't until the scientific stage that society was thought of as a structural entity (i.e. as a state or nation).

Explanation

The statement suggests that in pre-modern society, interactions were viewed at an individual level, while in the scientific stage, society was seen as a structural entity such as a state or nation. This implies that the understanding of society evolved over time, with a shift towards recognizing the larger structures and systems that shape social interactions. Therefore, the answer "True" indicates that the statement accurately reflects the conceptualization of society in different stages.

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32. Concepts are:

Explanation

Concepts consist of all of the above because they are used to provide examples, they are tricky to define, and they are parts of theory. Concepts are abstract ideas or general notions that represent a category or class of objects, events, or behaviors. They are used to provide examples by illustrating specific instances or cases that fall under a particular concept. However, concepts can be tricky to define because they often involve complex or abstract ideas that may vary in interpretation. Additionally, concepts are essential parts of theory as they form the building blocks of understanding and organizing knowledge in a particular field or subject.

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33. The geographic territory is the fundamental element over which conflict occurs.

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that geographic territory often serves as a valuable and limited resource that different groups or nations may compete for. This competition can lead to conflicts, as each party seeks to control or claim the territory for its own interests. Additionally, territorial disputes have historically been a common cause of conflicts and wars throughout history. Therefore, it can be concluded that the geographic territory is indeed a fundamental element over which conflict occurs.

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34. Postmodernism arose from which of the following fundamental changes:

Explanation

Postmodernism emerged as a response to various fundamental changes in society, including the compression of time and space, the spread of markets, and the commodification of everything, which resulted in the voiding of culture. These changes collectively led to the emergence of postmodernity, where traditional notions of time, space, and culture were challenged and deconstructed. The interconnectedness of these changes contributed to the development of postmodernism as a philosophical and cultural movement.

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35. Unlike Marx, Weber believed that society only existed subjectively, through an interpretation of culture. 

Explanation

Weber believed that society exists subjectively, meaning that it is not an objective reality but rather a product of individuals' interpretations and understanding of culture. This is in contrast to Marx, who viewed society as an objective entity shaped by material conditions and class struggle. Therefore, the statement that Weber believed society only existed subjectively is true.

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36. Which of the following is considered a social object?

Explanation

All of the options mentioned (a book, a hammer, and a piece of string) can be considered social objects. A social object is something that can stimulate social interactions and conversations among people. A book can be discussed, recommended, and shared among individuals, leading to social engagement. Similarly, a hammer or a piece of string can be used in collaborative activities or shared among people, fostering social connections. Therefore, all of these options can be categorized as social objects.

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37. The more variation a culture has, the more objective the culture.

Explanation

The statement suggests that the more diversity or variation a culture has, the more objective it becomes. This could be because a diverse culture is exposed to different perspectives, ideas, and beliefs, which can lead to a more comprehensive and unbiased understanding of the world. By embracing different viewpoints, a culture can strive for objectivity and avoid biases that may arise from a homogenous or narrow-minded perspective. Therefore, the statement is true in suggesting that cultural variation can contribute to objectivity.

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38. Mead believes that human beings are a blank slate ("tabula rasa").

Explanation

Mead believes that human beings are a blank slate or "tabula rasa," meaning that they are born without any inherent traits or characteristics. According to Mead, individuals develop their identities and personalities through socialization and interaction with others. This perspective suggests that human behavior is not predetermined by biology or genetics, but rather shaped by social and cultural factors. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

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39. The increase in the division of labor is due to:

Explanation

The increase in the division of labor is a result of multiple factors. Firstly, the need to make products more quickly for distribution among an ever denser population has led to a more specialized division of labor, where different individuals focus on specific tasks to increase efficiency. Additionally, the need to control a larger workforce has also contributed to the division of labor, as it allows for better management and coordination of tasks. Lastly, worker innovation has played a role in creating more specialized positions for job security, further increasing the division of labor. Therefore, all of these factors have collectively contributed to the increase in the division of labor.

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40. According to Comte, what was the purpose of Sociology? What were we to study? 

Explanation

The purpose of Sociology, according to Comte, was to study and observe various aspects of society. This included reorganizing society after the French Revolution, studying the progress of new democracy, and observing society's laws and rights through Empiricism. All of these aspects were considered important in understanding and analyzing society, making "All of the above" the correct answer.

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41. Mead agreed with Durkheim that too much diversity would lead to a fractured identity.

Explanation

Mead agreed with Durkheim that too much diversity would lead to a fractured identity. This means that Mead believed that when there is an excessive amount of diversity in a society, it can cause individuals to feel disconnected and fragmented in terms of their identity. Mead's agreement with Durkheim suggests that he recognized the potential negative effects of too much diversity on individual identity formation.

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42. To increase the value of an item, one must create surplus labor. 

Explanation

The statement suggests that in order to increase the value of an item, surplus labor must be created. This implies that the value of an item is directly related to the amount of labor put into its production. When there is surplus labor, it means that more labor is being invested in the production of the item than what is necessary. This additional labor adds value to the item, making it more valuable. Therefore, the statement is true.

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43. Randall Collins insists that people who live within the United States have trouble understanding geopolitical theory.

Explanation

Randall Collins argues that individuals residing in the United States face difficulties in comprehending geopolitical theory. This implies that the author believes that Americans struggle to grasp the complexities and intricacies of the subject. The statement suggests that there are specific challenges or barriers that hinder Americans from fully understanding geopolitical theory, highlighting the need for further exploration and analysis of this issue.

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44. Which theorist is most closely linked to Positivism? 

Explanation

August Comte is most closely linked to Positivism. He is considered the founder of the positivist school of thought, which emphasizes the use of scientific methods to study society. Comte believed that society could be understood and improved through the application of scientific principles, and he emphasized the importance of empirical evidence and observation in social research. His work laid the foundation for the development of sociology as a scientific discipline.

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45. One consequence of rational group membership is increased boredom or lack of concern.

Explanation

Rational group membership often leads to increased boredom or lack of concern because when individuals join a group based on rational decision-making, they may prioritize personal interests and benefits over the collective goals and values of the group. This self-centered approach can result in a lack of engagement or concern for the group's activities, leading to boredom or disinterest. Additionally, rational group membership may involve individuals choosing groups that align with their existing beliefs and values, which can limit exposure to diverse perspectives and experiences, further contributing to boredom or lack of concern.

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46. What reason is given by Weber for society's inability to escape bureaucracy?

Explanation

Weber argues that all of the given reasons contribute to society's inability to escape bureaucracy. Bureaucracies are efficient at organizing large populations, as they provide structure and clear roles for individuals. Additionally, bureaucracy operates without values or morals, making it adaptable to any purpose, which can be both beneficial and detrimental. Lastly, bureaucracies are based on expert knowledge, allowing them to effectively recruit and promote individuals. These factors combined make bureaucracy difficult to escape, according to Weber.

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47. What is George Herbert Mead's assumption about human nature?

Explanation

George Herbert Mead's assumption about human nature is that we are born a blank slate and that we use symbols to react. This means that Mead believed that individuals are not born with innate knowledge or characteristics, but rather acquire them through social interaction and the use of symbols. He emphasized the role of language and communication in shaping our understanding of the world and our interactions with others. Additionally, Mead believed that society is not governed by natural laws, but rather constructed through social interactions and shared meanings.

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48. The development of the self is dependent on what?

Explanation

Role-taking refers to the ability to take on the perspective of others and understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This process is crucial for the development of the self because it allows individuals to differentiate themselves from others and develop a sense of identity. Through role-taking, individuals are able to understand how they are perceived by others and how their actions impact those around them. This understanding is essential for the formation of a coherent and stable sense of self. Therefore, the development of the self is dependent on role-taking.

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49. In what stage does the child take on the role of one or two others?

Explanation

In the play stage, the child starts to imitate and pretend to be someone else, taking on the role of one or two others. This stage is characterized by the child's ability to engage in imaginative play and act out different roles, allowing them to explore different perspectives and understand the social expectations of others. It is an important stage in the development of social and cognitive skills.

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50. The idea that we assume a collective consensus or that everyone generally agrees on a set of values and beliefs is called the:

Explanation

The equilibrium approach refers to the assumption that there is a collective consensus or agreement on a set of values and beliefs. This means that people in a society generally share similar views and there is a balance or stability in their beliefs. This approach suggests that social order is maintained through this consensus and any deviations or conflicts are seen as temporary disruptions that will eventually be resolved to restore equilibrium.

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51. Which of the following is NOT one of the types of authority identified by Weber?

Explanation

Weber's types of authority are rational-legal authority, charismatic authority, and traditional authority. Parental authority is not one of the types identified by Weber.

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52. What caused the shift from mechanical to organic solidarity?

Explanation

The shift from mechanical to organic solidarity was caused by the division of labor. In mechanical solidarity, individuals are bound together by shared beliefs and values, while in organic solidarity, individuals are interdependent due to their specialized roles and tasks. The division of labor leads to a more complex and interconnected society, where individuals rely on each other for their specific skills and contributions. This shift is a result of the increased specialization and differentiation of roles in modern societies, leading to a greater need for cooperation and interdependence among individuals.

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53. The self is static and unchanging.

Explanation

The statement suggests that the self is not static and unchanging. This implies that the self is dynamic and subject to change over time. Various factors such as experiences, personal growth, and external influences can shape and transform the self. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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54. In his geopolitical theory, Collins labels the "legitimated use of power at the nation-state level:"

Explanation

Collins labels nationalism as the "legitimated use of power at the nation-state level" in his geopolitical theory. This suggests that nationalism is seen as a legitimate way for a nation-state to exercise its power. Nationalism is the belief in the importance and superiority of one's own nation, often accompanied by a sense of loyalty and devotion to one's country. This can lead to actions and policies that prioritize the interests and well-being of the nation-state, including the use of power to protect and promote national interests.

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55. The Late Modern Person is an individual who understands themselves through:

Explanation

The Late Modern Person understands themselves through their self-image. This means that they form their identity and sense of self based on how they perceive themselves and how they want others to perceive them. They may prioritize their appearance, achievements, and social status in shaping their self-image. This is different from understanding oneself through words, objective culture, or rational group membership, which may focus more on external factors or societal norms rather than individual perception and self-presentation.

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56. Social facts cannot cause other social facts

Explanation

This statement is false because social facts can indeed cause other social facts. Social facts refer to the shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices that exist within a society. These social facts can influence and shape the behavior, attitudes, and actions of individuals and groups, thereby causing changes in the social fabric. For example, the introduction of new laws or policies can lead to changes in social behavior and practices. Additionally, social movements and cultural shifts can also cause changes in social facts. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that social facts cannot cause other social facts.

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57. A functional consequence of internal consequence is:

Explanation

Conflict can have two functional consequences according to Coser: the releasing of hostilities and changes in social norms. When there is conflict, individuals may express their pent-up anger and frustration, thus releasing their hostilities. This can provide a cathartic effect and help prevent further build-up of negative emotions. Additionally, conflict can also lead to changes in social norms that govern conflict. As conflicts arise and are resolved, societies may develop new rules and norms to manage and prevent future conflicts. These changes in social norms can help maintain social order and harmony.

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58. In organized capitalism, we saw a shift from economic ideology driven by Adam Smith to:

Explanation

In organized capitalism, there was a shift from the economic ideology driven by Adam Smith to John Maynard Keynes. Keynesian economics emphasizes the role of government intervention in managing the economy, particularly during times of recession or depression. Keynes believed that government spending and fiscal policies could stimulate economic growth and stabilize the economy. This was in contrast to Smith's laissez-faire approach, which advocated for minimal government interference in the economy. Keynes' ideas became influential in the early 20th century, especially during the Great Depression, and continue to shape economic policies today.

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59. Durkheim believed that humans, innately, are connected through our:

Explanation

Durkheim believed that humans are connected through emotions. Emotions play a crucial role in social interactions and relationships, as they allow individuals to experience and express feelings that can be shared and understood by others. Emotions create a sense of empathy and solidarity among individuals, fostering social cohesion and collective consciousness. Durkheim argued that emotions serve as a social glue that binds individuals together and contributes to the maintenance of social order and integration within a society.

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60. It is thought that the modern person is incapable of reason or rational thought.

Explanation

The statement suggests that the modern person is incapable of reason or rational thought. However, this is an extreme and incorrect assumption. The modern person is just as capable of reason and rational thought as any other person from any other time period. In fact, advancements in education, technology, and critical thinking have made it easier for modern individuals to engage in reasoned and rational thought. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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61. Weber believed that once a culture/society entered into an rationalized state they would not be able to move out of this type of organized, bureaucratic structure. Weber calls this phenomena the:

Explanation

Weber believed that once a culture/society entered into a rationalized state, they would become trapped in an organized, bureaucratic structure that he referred to as the "Iron Cage of Bureaucracy". This term suggests that once a society adopts bureaucratic systems and processes, it becomes difficult for them to escape from the rigid and efficient but also dehumanizing and restrictive nature of such structures. This concept highlights the potential negative consequences of excessive rationalization and the loss of individual freedom and creativity within bureaucratic systems.

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62. Coser believed that while internal conflict was functional, external conflict was always dysfunctional.

Explanation

Coser believed that both internal and external conflict can serve functional purposes. He argued that internal conflict within a group can lead to necessary changes and improvements, while external conflict between different groups can foster competition and innovation. Therefore, the statement that Coser believed external conflict was always dysfunctional is incorrect.

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63. Which theorist considers the cult o the individual to be the new sacred element? 

Explanation

Emile Durkheim considers the cult of the individual to be the new sacred element. Durkheim believed that in modern society, traditional religious beliefs and practices were being replaced by a new form of sacredness centered around the individual. He argued that as society becomes more individualistic, people start to worship and idolize themselves, their own desires, and their own achievements. This cult of the individual becomes the new source of meaning and moral values in society, replacing the traditional religious institutions and beliefs. Durkheim's theory highlights the shift in the sacred and the role of individualism in modern societies.

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64. In order to increase the value of an item and therefore, profit, one must:

Explanation

Increasing surplus labor refers to increasing the amount of time and effort that workers put into producing goods or services beyond what is necessary to cover their own wages. This allows the employer to extract more value from the labor of the workers, resulting in higher profits. By increasing surplus labor, the value of the item is increased, leading to higher profits. This can be achieved by increasing work hours, reducing breaks, or implementing more efficient work processes.

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65. The protestant ethic caused capitalism.

Explanation

The statement suggests a causal relationship between the protestant ethic and capitalism, implying that the protestant ethic was the cause of capitalism. However, this is not entirely accurate. While Max Weber's theory of the protestant ethic argued that certain Protestant beliefs and values contributed to the rise of capitalism, it is important to note that capitalism existed before the protestant ethic and was influenced by various other factors as well. Therefore, it would be incorrect to say that the protestant ethic caused capitalism.

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66. Weber was a big fan of bureaucracy.

Explanation

Weber was not a big fan of bureaucracy. He actually believed that while bureaucracy was an efficient and rational way to organize large organizations, it also had its limitations and drawbacks. He acknowledged that bureaucracy could lead to excessive red tape, impersonal relationships, and a lack of flexibility. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that Weber was a big fan of bureaucracy.

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67. The modern person appeared during which Comtean stage of development?

Explanation

The modern person appeared during the Scientific Stage of development according to Comte's theory. This stage is characterized by the rise of science and the belief in empirical evidence and rationality. During this stage, society began to reject religious and metaphysical explanations in favor of scientific explanations for natural phenomena. The Scientific Stage marks a shift towards a more rational and evidence-based approach to understanding the world, which aligns with the emergence of the modern person.

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68. Rational group memberships last longer than organic group memberships.

Explanation

Rational group memberships do not necessarily last longer than organic group memberships. The duration of group memberships can vary based on various factors such as the level of commitment, shared values, and common goals among the group members. While rational group memberships may be based on logical reasoning and deliberate choice, organic group memberships can also be long-lasting if they are formed based on natural connections, mutual interests, and emotional bonds. Therefore, it is incorrect to state that rational group memberships last longer than organic group memberships.

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69. Rational group membership leads to:

Explanation

Rational group membership can lead to anomie, which refers to a state of normlessness and lack of social cohesion. This occurs when individuals feel disconnected from societal values and norms, often resulting in feelings of confusion and instability. Additionally, rational group membership can also lead to greater individual freedom of expression, as individuals are encouraged to voice their opinions and ideas within the group. However, this can also lead to alienation, as individuals may feel isolated or disconnected from others who do not share their views or beliefs. Therefore, all of the above options are valid outcomes of rational group membership.

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70. The "Me" is the set of impulses, and the "I" is the social object.

Explanation

The given statement is false. The "Me" refers to the social object, which represents the individual's perception of how others perceive them. On the other hand, the "I" represents the impulses and spontaneous actions of the individual.

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71. Simmel agreed with Mead that people are born as a blank slate with no predispositions.

Explanation

Simmel did not agree with Mead's view that people are born as a blank slate with no predispositions. Simmel believed that individuals are shaped by their social interactions and the cultural context in which they are raised. He emphasized the importance of socialization and the influence of society on shaping individuals' thoughts, behaviors, and identities. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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72. Organic groups tend to be segmented, only occupying parts of an individual's life.

Explanation

This statement is false because organic groups are not segmented and do not only occupy parts of an individual's life. Organic groups are formed based on shared interests, values, or activities and tend to have a more integrated presence in an individual's life. These groups often involve close relationships and interactions that extend beyond specific areas or aspects of one's life.

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73. Goffman's theory serves to refute and contradict the claims made by George Herbert Mead.

Explanation

Goffman's theory does not serve to refute and contradict the claims made by George Herbert Mead. Instead, Goffman's theory builds upon Mead's ideas and expands on them. While Mead focused on the individual's development of self through social interaction, Goffman focused on how individuals present themselves to others in social situations. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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74. Peter Kivitso, in Classical Sociological Theory: An Introduction, also states that Marx was more concerned with determining how communism or socialism would work as a utopian society than in studying the existing system of capitalism.

Explanation

The given statement is false. According to Peter Kivitso's book, Marx was actually more focused on studying the existing system of capitalism rather than envisioning a utopian society under communism or socialism.

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75. In discussing paradigms: tradition and religion is to theology what _________ is to science.

Explanation

In discussing paradigms, tradition and religion are to theology what theory is to science. Just as tradition and religion form the foundation and guiding principles of theology, theory serves as the foundation and guiding framework for scientific inquiry. Theories in science are well-substantiated explanations that have been repeatedly tested and supported by evidence. Similarly, tradition and religion provide a framework of beliefs and practices that guide theological understanding and interpretation. Therefore, theory is the most appropriate analogy for the relationship between tradition and religion in theology and theory in science.

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76. The progress of Sociological knowledge has gone through three phases: Theological, Theoretical and Empirical 

Explanation

the three phases of the progression of knowledge is: Theological, Metaphysical, and Scientific

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77. Sacredness is an intrinsic quality

Explanation

Sacredness is not an intrinsic quality. It is a subjective concept that varies from person to person and is often influenced by cultural, religious, and personal beliefs. What one person may consider sacred, another person may not. Therefore, the statement that sacredness is an intrinsic quality is incorrect.

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78. The major sociological question Karl Marx tackled in his life work is:

Explanation

Karl Marx's major sociological question was how capitalism works. He dedicated his life's work to understanding the mechanisms and dynamics of capitalism, its effects on society, and the exploitation inherent within it. Marx believed that capitalism operated through the exploitation of the working class by the bourgeoisie, leading to social inequality and alienation. He analyzed the capitalist mode of production, the role of labor, and the accumulation of capital to unravel the workings of this economic system. Marx's critique of capitalism laid the foundation for his theory of communism and his vision of a more equitable and just society.

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79. There are five stages of role taking 

Explanation

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80. Simmel argues that the proliferation of the modern world increases:

Explanation

Simmel argues that the proliferation of the modern world increases objective culture. Objective culture refers to the material and tangible aspects of culture such as technology, infrastructure, and institutions. According to Simmel, as societies become more complex and interconnected, there is a growth in objective culture. This can be seen through advancements in technology, the development of new industries, and the expansion of urban areas. Simmel believes that objective culture plays a crucial role in shaping social interactions and individual experiences in the modern world.

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81. Increased patriotism, or solidarity, an us vs. them boundary results from:

Explanation

External conflict can lead to increased patriotism or solidarity and an "us vs. them" mentality. When a group faces external threats or challenges, they are more likely to come together and develop a sense of unity and loyalty towards their own group. This can result in increased patriotism and a stronger boundary between "us" and "them". External conflict can create a common enemy or opposition, which in turn strengthens group identity and cohesion.

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82. Pragmatists believe in the existence of universal truths and facts.

Explanation

Pragmatists do not believe in the existence of universal truths and facts. They emphasize practical consequences and the usefulness of ideas, rather than focusing on absolute truths.

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83. According to George Herbert Mead, humans don't act, they react. 

Explanation

George Herbert Mead believed that humans do not simply react to stimuli, but rather they have the ability to think and act based on their interpretations of the situation. He argued that human behavior is not solely determined by external factors, but also by the individual's own thoughts, meanings, and interpretations. Therefore, the correct answer is False, as Mead's theory suggests that humans do indeed act, rather than just react.

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84. Critical theorists believe that while objectivity is possible, subjectivity is preferable.

Explanation

Critical theorists believe that objectivity is not possible because all knowledge is influenced by social, historical, and cultural contexts. They argue that subjectivity, which acknowledges and embraces these influences, is preferable as it allows for a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the world. Therefore, the correct answer is False, as critical theorists do not believe that objectivity is possible.

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85. For Durkheim, what is the root of everything social? 

Explanation

Durkheim believed that religion is the root of everything social. He argued that religion provides the framework and moral values that bind individuals together and create social cohesion. Through religious rituals and beliefs, people experience a sense of collective effervescence, a heightened state of group solidarity and shared emotions. This collective effervescence reinforces social norms, strengthens social bonds, and gives individuals a sense of belonging to a larger community. Therefore, Durkheim viewed religion as the foundation of social order and the driving force behind societal cohesion.

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86. For Goffman, this is the central organizing feature for all social interactions:

Explanation

The self is the central organizing feature for all social interactions according to Goffman. It refers to the individual's perception of themselves and their identity. Goffman argues that individuals actively construct and present their self in social situations, using various techniques to manage impressions and maintain social order. The self is crucial in understanding how individuals navigate and participate in social interactions, as it shapes their behavior, interactions, and relationships with others.

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87. According to lecture, critical theory extends Marx's take on:

Explanation

Critical theory extends Marx's take on ideology by examining how dominant ideologies shape and maintain social structures and power dynamics. It seeks to uncover the hidden ideological biases and assumptions that perpetuate inequality and oppression in capitalist societies. Critical theorists argue that ideology serves to legitimize and justify the existing social order, obscuring the underlying exploitation and class struggle inherent in capitalism. By analyzing and challenging dominant ideologies, critical theory aims to promote social justice and emancipation.

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88. This type of person is described by Weber as being "bureaucracy's manpower," because we increasingly rely on them in advanced bureaucratic states where credentialing and legitimation go hand-in-hand.

Explanation

Weber describes this type of person as "bureaucracy's manpower" because they are highly valued in advanced bureaucratic states where credentialing and legitimation are important. This suggests that these individuals possess specialized knowledge and skills that are necessary for the functioning of bureaucratic systems. They are likely to be highly educated and trained in their respective fields, making them experts in their areas of expertise.

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89. Individuals who experience absolute deprivation are more likely to engage in conflict.

Explanation

The statement that individuals who experience absolute deprivation are more likely to engage in conflict is false. Absolute deprivation refers to a state of extreme poverty or lack of basic necessities. While it is true that poverty and inequality can contribute to social unrest and conflict, it is not accurate to say that individuals experiencing absolute deprivation are more likely to engage in conflict. The relationship between deprivation and conflict is complex and influenced by various factors such as political, social, and economic conditions.

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90. In ideal speech communities, each person should strive to keep their speech free from:

Explanation

In ideal speech communities, individuals should strive to keep their speech free from ideologies. This means that they should avoid promoting or advocating for specific beliefs, values, or political views. By doing so, they can create an environment that encourages open-mindedness, respect for different perspectives, and constructive dialogue. This fosters a sense of inclusivity and allows for the free exchange of ideas without imposing personal ideologies on others.

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91. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the shift from liberal to organized capitalism?

Explanation

The deindustrialization of Flint was not a reason for the shift from liberal to organized capitalism. Deindustrialization refers to the decline in industrial activity in a specific region, and while it can have significant economic and social consequences, it is not directly related to the shift from liberal to organized capitalism. This shift was primarily driven by factors such as the rise of monopolies, the presence of "robber barons" (referring to powerful and wealthy industrialists), and economic fluctuations.

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92. How does separation occur?

Explanation

Language acquisition refers to the process by which individuals learn and acquire language skills. Role-taking, on the other hand, involves the ability to understand and take on the perspectives of others. Both language acquisition and role-taking play a crucial role in facilitating communication and social interaction. Through language acquisition, individuals are able to understand and use language to express themselves, while role-taking allows them to understand the perspectives and intentions of others. These processes contribute to the formation of social bonds and the development of social skills, ultimately leading to the separation and differentiation of individuals within a social group.

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93. Enlightenment thinkers believed that progress was only possible if societies choose to advance.

Explanation

Enlightenment thinkers did not believe that progress was only possible if societies choose to advance. Instead, they believed that progress was inevitable and would occur naturally through the use of reason and rationality. They believed that by embracing scientific knowledge and promoting education, societies would naturally progress and improve. Therefore, the statement that progress was only possible if societies choose to advance is not in line with the beliefs of Enlightenment thinkers.

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94. For a conflict to continue for a long period of time, a group needs which of the following:

Explanation

For a conflict to continue for a long period of time, a group needs sufficient material resources. This is because conflicts often require financial support to sustain the group's activities, such as purchasing weapons, providing food and shelter for fighters, and funding communication and transportation networks. Without sufficient material resources, a group may struggle to maintain its operations and may eventually be unable to sustain the conflict over time. Bureaucracies, a moral cause, and strong organization can also contribute to a group's ability to continue a conflict, but without sufficient material resources, these factors may not be enough to ensure long-term sustainability.

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95. The Frankfort School was NOT influenced by:

Explanation

The Frankfort School was a group of Marxist intellectuals who were active during the early 20th century. They were known for their critical theory approach, which aimed to analyze and critique the capitalist society and its cultural, political, and economic structures. Postmodern critical theory, on the other hand, emerged later and was influenced by various philosophical and sociological movements, including poststructuralism and postmodernism. Therefore, it can be inferred that the Frankfort School was not influenced by postmodern critical theory, as it did not exist during their time.

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96. The two types of objective knowledge that Weber believed could be obtained by social scientists employing the scientific method were:

Explanation

Weber believed that social scientists could obtain two types of objective knowledge through the scientific method: historical preconditions and subjective perspectives. Historical preconditions refer to the specific conditions and events that have shaped a society, while subjective perspectives refer to the individual interpretations and meanings that individuals attach to their actions and behaviors. By studying both historical preconditions and subjective perspectives, social scientists can gain a comprehensive understanding of society and its dynamics.

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97. A handshake is a significant gesture because:

Explanation

A handshake is a significant gesture because it arouses the same response or meaning in others as it does to you. This implies that the act of shaking hands is universally understood and carries the same significance across different cultures and individuals. It serves as a form of nonverbal communication that conveys trust, respect, and a willingness to establish a connection with another person. The fact that it elicits a similar response in others emphasizes its importance as a gesture of social interaction and mutual understanding.

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98. What is the principle force in modernity?

Explanation

Urbanization is the correct answer because it refers to the process of population concentration in urban areas. In modernity, urbanization has been a significant force that has shaped societies and economies. It has led to the growth of cities, the development of infrastructure, and the emergence of new social and cultural dynamics. Urbanization has also been associated with industrialization and the rise of capitalism, which have had profound impacts on various aspects of modern life.

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99. Hitler is considered what type of authority?

Explanation

Charismatic authority refers to a type of authority that is based on the personal qualities and charisma of a leader. In the case of Hitler, he was able to captivate and inspire a large number of people with his powerful speeches, strong personality, and nationalist ideology. His ability to rally masses and gain their loyalty and support through his charismatic appeal is what categorizes him as a charismatic authority.

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100. Simmel departs from Mead's concern with the self in modernity by focusing on the influence of:

Explanation

Simmel departs from Mead's concern with the self in modernity by focusing on the influence of objective culture. Unlike Mead, who emphasizes the role of subjective culture and individuality in shaping the self, Simmel believes that the self is influenced by the external cultural and social structures that exist independently of individuals. Objective culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices of a society that shape individuals' behavior and identities. Simmel argues that the self is not solely constructed through subjective experiences and interactions, but also through the objective cultural forces that surround individuals.

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101. Monarchies would be an example of what type of authority?

Explanation

Monarchies would be an example of traditional authority because they are based on long-standing customs, traditions, and hereditary succession. In a traditional authority system, power and legitimacy are derived from the belief in the sanctity of traditions and the authority of long-established leaders or rulers. Monarchies typically have a king or queen who inherits the position from their ancestors, and their rule is justified by the belief in the divine right to rule or by the acceptance of the traditional norms and values of the society.

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102. Of the following, which is NOT a condition identified by Dahrendorf through which quasi-groups become active groups?

Explanation

Dahrendorf identified technical conditions, political conditions, and social conditions as conditions through which quasi-groups become active groups. However, cultural conditions are not identified by Dahrendorf as one of these conditions. Cultural conditions refer to the beliefs, values, norms, and practices of a particular culture, which may influence the behavior and interactions of individuals within a group. While cultural factors can certainly play a role in the dynamics of groups, Dahrendorf did not include them as one of the conditions for the transformation of quasi-groups into active groups.

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103. Weber falls under what theoretical framework?

Explanation

Weber falls under the theoretical framework of Symbolic Interactionist because his work focuses on the understanding of social interactions and the meanings individuals attach to them. He emphasized the importance of individual actions and interpretations in shaping society, rather than solely focusing on larger social structures or conflicts. Weber's ideas align with the core principles of symbolic interactionism, which emphasize the role of symbols, meanings, and social interactions in the construction of reality.

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104. In studying religion, Weber is "most interested" in explaining what?

Explanation

Weber is most interested in explaining why monotheism came about. This suggests that he is focused on understanding the reasons and factors that led to the development and prevalence of monotheistic religious beliefs and practices.

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105. This is defined as the attempt of alienated individuals to find self-worth in belongings and wealth.

Explanation

Commodity Fetish refers to the phenomenon where individuals attribute excessive value and importance to material possessions and wealth, believing that these things define their self-worth. This concept stems from the idea that in a capitalist society, individuals become disconnected from the true meaning and purpose of their lives, leading them to seek validation and identity through consumerism. The term "commodity fetish" highlights the distorted perception of value and the obsession with material objects that alienated individuals develop in their pursuit of self-worth.

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106. Durkheim concludes that this is the new sacred element, and the most general ideal a society can have.

Explanation

Durkheim concludes that individuality is the new sacred element and the most general ideal a society can have. This suggests that Durkheim believes that in modern societies, the focus is shifting towards valuing and prioritizing individuality over collective consensus, social solidarity, or collective effervescence. Durkheim may argue that individuality is becoming a central aspect of society's ideals and values, highlighting the importance of personal autonomy and uniqueness.

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107. _______________ was born out of a response to the Civil War and is the only uniquely American philosophy.

Explanation

Pragmatism was born out of a response to the Civil War and is the only uniquely American philosophy. Pragmatism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes practicality and the importance of outcomes. It emerged in the late 19th century as a response to the social and political turmoil caused by the Civil War in the United States. Pragmatism is often associated with American thinkers such as Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey, who sought to develop a philosophy that could address the challenges and complexities of American society. Its focus on practicality and its origins in American history make pragmatism a uniquely American philosophy.

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108. Which conflict theorist, as we discussed in class, believes that conflict is an innate part of human beings?

Explanation

Lewis Coser is a conflict theorist who believed that conflict is an innate part of human beings. He argued that conflict arises from the competition for scarce resources and the struggle for power and control. According to Coser, conflict is not necessarily negative but can also lead to social change and progress. He emphasized the role of conflict in maintaining social stability and promoting social cohesion. Coser's perspective highlights the importance of conflict in understanding social dynamics and the inherent nature of conflict within human interactions.

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109. What is the function of theory? Check all that are correct. 

Explanation

The function of theory is to explain phenomena and provide insight. Theories are developed to understand and interpret various phenomena in the world. They help to explain why certain events occur and how they are connected. Theories also provide insight by offering new perspectives and understanding of the phenomena being studied. They help researchers and scientists to make predictions, analyze data, and develop new concepts or ideas.

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110. What are the three main assumptions of the field of Sociology? Assumptions about   ___________________ Assumptions about   ___________________ Assumptions about   ___________________

Explanation

The field of Sociology is based on three main assumptions. Firstly, it assumes that there is a certain human nature that shapes individuals' behavior and interactions within society. Secondly, it assumes the existence of society itself, recognizing that individuals are not isolated but are part of a larger social structure. Lastly, Sociology assumes that the purposes and goals of knowledge are important, emphasizing the importance of understanding and studying society to gain knowledge and insight into human behavior and social dynamics.

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111. The four types of suicide are: _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

Explanation

The correct answer lists the four types of suicide, which are egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic. These four types represent different motivations or causes behind suicidal behavior. Egoistic suicide occurs when an individual feels disconnected or isolated from society. Altruistic suicide happens when a person sacrifices their life for the benefit of others or their community. Anomic suicide occurs as a result of a breakdown in social norms and values, leading to feelings of confusion and instability. Fatalistic suicide occurs when an individual feels trapped or oppressed by oppressive social conditions.

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112. What are the two main ideas of the Enlightenment? 

Explanation

The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that emphasized reason, science, and progress. Progress refers to the belief that society and individuals can improve through the application of reason and knowledge. It encouraged the idea of social, political, and economic advancements. Empiricism, on the other hand, is the idea that knowledge is gained through experience and observation rather than through innate ideas or religious beliefs. It emphasized the importance of evidence and experimentation in understanding the world. Both progress and empiricism were central ideas of the Enlightenment, as they promoted rationality, critical thinking, and the pursuit of knowledge.

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In order to realize a civil society, we must be open to the idea of...
Conflicts are less likely to be violent if there appears to be...
The central question or concern for critical theorists is how to...
Critical theory in the United States is more of a social action...
Relative deprivation is the sense of being underprivileged.
One aspect of the "spirit" of capitalism is that making...
Credentialing, in a bureaucratic society, leads to an overemphasis on...
For Mead, meaning is emergent, pragmatically arising out of different...
Mead believes that the mind evolves as the social process or he social...
The modern world is one where we are ultimately concerned with...
For Dahrendorf, as groups become better organized, they become less...
Dahrendorf believes that society's culture reflects the interests...
Sociologists believe that we never directly experience the world, we...
Overstimulation and overpopulation lead to a desire to stand out and...
The colonialization of the lifeworld by political and economic systems...
Critical theorists charge individuals to look at things taken for...
Whereas Coser was concerned with conflict resulting from class,...
Critical theorists within the United States work toward eliminating...
Auguste Comte, the father of modern sociology, believed that there...
According to Mead, the mind is a behavior involving several behavioral...
Critical theorists believed that ideology was even more insidious than...
Which of the following is NOT one of the three theoretical frameworks...
Assumptions are considered to be the basis of thinking and theorizing.
Marx believes that false consciousness is reinforced and capitalism...
Durkheim assumed human beings are innately selfish, driven by...
The premodern person existed within a collective environment.
Simmel believed that the purpose and goal of knowledge was to uncover...
Overproduction leads to social change and a collapse in capitalism...
Urbanization started as a result of:
A consequence of organized capitalism is that the state faces crises...
Pre-modern society was conceptualized as individual, or micro-level,...
Concepts are:
The geographic territory is the fundamental element over which...
Postmodernism arose from which of the following fundamental changes:
Unlike Marx, Weber believed that society only existed subjectively,...
Which of the following is considered a social object?
The more variation a culture has, the more objective the culture.
Mead believes that human beings are a blank slate ("tabula...
The increase in the division of labor is due to:
According to Comte, what was the purpose of Sociology? What were we to...
Mead agreed with Durkheim that too much diversity would lead to a...
To increase the value of an item, one must create surplus labor. 
Randall Collins insists that people who live within the United States...
Which theorist is most closely linked to Positivism? 
One consequence of rational group membership is increased boredom or...
What reason is given by Weber for society's inability to escape...
What is George Herbert Mead's assumption about human nature?
The development of the self is dependent on what?
In what stage does the child take on the role of one or two others?
The idea that we assume a collective consensus or that everyone...
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of authority identified...
What caused the shift from mechanical to organic solidarity?
The self is static and unchanging.
In his geopolitical theory, Collins labels the "legitimated use...
The Late Modern Person is an individual who understands themselves...
Social facts cannot cause other social facts
A functional consequence of internal consequence is:
In organized capitalism, we saw a shift from economic ideology driven...
Durkheim believed that humans, innately, are connected through our:
It is thought that the modern person is incapable of reason or...
Weber believed that once a culture/society entered into an...
Coser believed that while internal conflict was functional, external...
Which theorist considers the cult o the individual to be the new...
In order to increase the value of an item and therefore, profit, one...
The protestant ethic caused capitalism.
Weber was a big fan of bureaucracy.
The modern person appeared during which Comtean stage of development?
Rational group memberships last longer than organic group memberships.
Rational group membership leads to:
The "Me" is the set of impulses, and the "I" is...
Simmel agreed with Mead that people are born as a blank slate with no...
Organic groups tend to be segmented, only occupying parts of an...
Goffman's theory serves to refute and contradict the claims made...
Peter Kivitso, in Classical Sociological Theory: An...
In discussing paradigms: tradition and religion is to theology what...
The progress of Sociological knowledge has gone through three phases:...
Sacredness is an intrinsic quality
The major sociological question Karl Marx tackled in his life work is:
There are five stages of role taking 
Simmel argues that the proliferation of the modern world increases:
Increased patriotism, or solidarity, an us vs. them boundary results...
Pragmatists believe in the existence of universal truths and facts.
According to George Herbert Mead, humans don't act, they...
Critical theorists believe that while objectivity is possible,...
For Durkheim, what is the root of everything social? 
For Goffman, this is the central organizing feature for all social...
According to lecture, critical theory extends Marx's take on:
This type of person is described by Weber as being...
Individuals who experience absolute deprivation are more likely to...
In ideal speech communities, each person should strive to keep their...
Which of the following was NOT a reason for the shift from liberal to...
How does separation occur?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that progress was only possible if...
For a conflict to continue for a long period of time, a group needs...
The Frankfort School was NOT influenced by:
The two types of objective knowledge that Weber believed could be...
A handshake is a significant gesture because:
What is the principle force in modernity?
Hitler is considered what type of authority?
Simmel departs from Mead's concern with the self in modernity by...
Monarchies would be an example of what type of authority?
Of the following, which is NOT a condition identified by Dahrendorf...
Weber falls under what theoretical framework?
In studying religion, Weber is "most interested" in...
This is defined as the attempt of alienated individuals to find...
Durkheim concludes that this is the new sacred element, and the most...
_______________ was born out of a response to the Civil War and...
Which conflict theorist, as we discussed in class, believes that...
What is the function of theory? Check all that are correct. 
What are the three main assumptions of the field of Sociology?...
The four types of suicide are:...
What are the two main ideas of the Enlightenment? 
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