SOC 1101 Jonathan Bunney

Values provide guidance on how we should behave or act in certain situations. Norms are the social rules or expectations that are based on these values. They dictate what is considered acceptable or appropriate behavior within a particular group or society. By adhering to norms, individuals demonstrate their understanding and alignment with the shared values of the group. Therefore, norms are the practical expression of values, guiding our actions and shaping our behavior in accordance with the collective beliefs and principles of the community.

A dependent variable is the outcome or result that is being studied or observed in a scientific experiment or study. It is the variable that is affected or influenced by the independent variable, which is the factor being manipulated or changed by the researcher. The dependent variable is what the researcher is trying to explain or understand through their study. It is measured or observed to determine the effect of the independent variable on it. In this case, the correct answer "dependent variable" refers to the outcome or result that science is attempting to explain or understand.

Facing the back of an elevator is an example of a breaching experiment because it involves intentionally violating social norms or expectations. Typically, people are expected to face the front of the elevator, but by facing the back, one is purposefully challenging this norm. Breaching experiments are often conducted to study people's reactions and to examine how social order and norms are maintained. By intentionally breaching social norms, researchers can gain insights into the underlying rules and expectations that govern social behavior.

Social constraint refers to the pressures or limitations that individuals feel to conform to social norms, values, and expectations within a society. These constraints are internal in the sense that they are experienced and felt by individuals as they navigate social interactions and strive to maintain social harmony. Social constraint plays a crucial role in shaping individual behavior and maintaining social order within a society. It can be seen as a mechanism through which social facts, which are the objective social structures and patterns of behavior, are upheld and perpetuated.

Culture is a set of shared meanings and symbols because it encompasses the beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and artifacts that a group of people share. These shared meanings and symbols serve as a framework for understanding and interpreting the world around them. They provide a common language and set of references that shape individuals' behavior and interactions within the group. Culture is not just a story or an explanation, but rather a complex system of shared meanings and symbols that define a group's identity and guide their actions.

The correct answer is Scientist/Doctor because both professions involve the application of scientific principles and knowledge. Scientists conduct research, perform experiments, and analyze data to expand our understanding of the natural world. Doctors, on the other hand, use scientific knowledge to diagnose and treat illnesses, applying evidence-based medicine to improve patient outcomes. Both scientists and doctors rely on the scientific method and evidence-based practices to make informed decisions and contribute to advancements in their respective fields.

Social constraint refers to the pressures and limitations imposed by society on individuals to conform to social norms and expectations. It encompasses the various rules, norms, and values that govern behavior and shape social interactions. These constraints can be internalized by individuals, leading them to feel compelled to adhere to societal expectations. Social constraint is an important concept in social theories and social construction, as it helps explain how social order is maintained and how individuals are influenced by their social environment.

Consumerism refers to the practice of acquiring material possessions with the belief that they will bring happiness. It is the ideology that encourages individuals to prioritize the consumption of goods and services in order to achieve satisfaction and fulfillment. Consumerism is often associated with the idea that happiness and well-being can be attained through the accumulation of material wealth and possessions. This belief drives individuals to constantly seek out new products and engage in excessive consumption, leading to a culture of materialism and overconsumption.

The question "How is a viable social order viable?" aligns with the fundamental question that sociology tries to answer. Sociology is the study of society and social behavior, and understanding how a viable social order is sustained is a central concern in this field. It involves examining the structures, institutions, norms, and processes that contribute to the functioning and stability of a society. By investigating the factors that promote social cohesion, cooperation, and organization, sociologists aim to understand how societies are able to maintain a viable social order.

Functionalism is the belief that various institutions exist to keep society running smoothly. It emphasizes the interdependence and interconnectedness of different parts of society, where each part serves a specific function to maintain social order. This perspective views society as a complex system with different parts working together for the overall stability and functioning of society. It focuses on the positive contributions of institutions, such as family, education, and government, in maintaining social harmony and meeting the needs of individuals and society as a whole.

The scientific method is a systematic approach used by scientists to investigate and understand the natural world. It involves several steps, including identifying a problem or question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis through experimentation, and analyzing the results to either support or deny the hypothesis. This process allows scientists to gather evidence and make conclusions based on empirical data. Therefore, the cycle that best defines the scientific method is "problem, hypothesis, testing, support or denial."

A theory helps us organize information into a coherent body by providing a framework or set of principles that explain events that have occurred and predict events that may happen. Theories are based on evidence and observations, and they help us make sense of complex phenomena by providing explanations and predictions. They are important tools in various fields, such as science, sociology, and psychology, as they help researchers and scholars understand and explain the world around us.

The given statement suggests that the research seeks to obtain information about the social world that can be converted into numeric form. This implies that the research is focused on collecting and analyzing quantitative data, which involves numerical measurements and statistical analysis. Therefore, the correct answer is "Quanative," which is a misspelling of "Quantitative."

Cultural relativism refers to the understanding and acceptance of different cultural beliefs, values, and practices without making judgments. It involves recognizing that each culture has its own unique perspective and that there is no absolute standard of right or wrong. Demonstrating empathy and taking into account differences across cultures without judgment aligns with the principles of cultural relativism. It promotes an open-minded and non-judgmental approach towards cultural diversity, fostering understanding and tolerance.

The correct answer is "A system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect." This answer accurately describes ideology as a framework of ideas and beliefs that shape how individuals perceive and interpret the world around them. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the connections between different concepts and how they influence each other.

Social identity refers to the way individuals define themselves within groups. It is the sense of belonging and identification with a particular social group, such as a nationality, religion, or profession. Social identity influences how individuals perceive themselves and how they interact with others within their group. It plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's attitudes, behaviors, and values, as well as their sense of self-worth. Therefore, social identity is the most appropriate answer for the question.

An independent variable is a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable. It is manipulated or controlled by the researcher in order to observe its effect on the dependent variable. In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is changed or manipulated to determine its effect on the dependent variable.

The word "immoral" refers to actions or behaviors that are considered morally wrong or unethical. In the context of science, it is not appropriate to label it as immoral because science itself is a method of inquiry and does not have moral values. Science is based on evidence, facts, and logical reasoning, and it is not concerned with moral judgments. Therefore, the statement "science is not immoral" is correct.

The looking glass self is a sociological concept that suggests our self-image is shaped by how we believe others perceive us. This theory proposes that we imagine how others see us, and this perception influences our self-concept and behavior. It emphasizes the importance of social interaction in the formation of the self.

Anomie refers to a state of normlessness or a breakdown in social norms and values. When we can't expect life to be predictable, it can lead to a sense of uncertainty, disorientation, and a lack of social cohesion, which are key characteristics of anomie. In this context, despair arises from the absence of predictable patterns and social order, contributing to feelings of alienation and hopelessness.

A social fact refers to a norm, rule, or expected behavior that is widely accepted and followed by members of a society. It is a concept used in sociology to understand the ways in which social structures and institutions shape individuals' behaviors and actions. Social facts are considered external to individuals and have a coercive power over them, influencing their behavior and shaping social order. This term is closely associated with the sociological theory of Emile Durkheim, who emphasized the importance of studying social facts to understand the functioning of society.

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of symbols and social interactions in shaping individuals' behavior and understanding of the world. It suggests that people's actions are motivated by the shared meaning they assign to symbols and their interactions with others. This perspective highlights the importance of communication, interpretation, and social relationships in shaping human behavior. It focuses on how individuals construct their reality through social interactions, rather than being determined solely by external factors.

Hegemony refers to the dominance or influence exerted by one group over others, often through intellectual leadership. In this context, the dominant group secures the consent of the masses by using their intellectual authority to shape and control societal norms, values, and beliefs. This enables them to maintain their power and control over the majority, creating a sense of consent rather than coercion.

Dramaturgical theory suggests that social interactions can be seen as a performance, where individuals play different roles, follow scripts, and wear costumes to present themselves in a desired way. This theory, developed by Erving Goffman, views society as a stage and individuals as actors who strategically present themselves to others. It emphasizes the importance of impression management and the idea that individuals actively construct their social identities based on the expectations of others. In this perspective, social interactions are seen as a series of performances aimed at achieving specific goals and maintaining social order.

The answer "being a-moral in scientific endeavors" is not a mistake made in science. In the field of science, it is important to adhere to ethical principles and conduct research with integrity. Being a-moral, or lacking moral values, goes against the ethical standards that scientists should uphold. Therefore, it is crucial for scientists to consider the ethical implications of their work and strive to make morally sound decisions throughout their scientific endeavors.

The term "sociological imagination" refers to the ability to connect personal experiences and individual lives to larger social and historical forces. It involves understanding that our personal troubles are often influenced by broader social issues and structures. This concept encourages individuals to think beyond their own personal circumstances and consider the social, cultural, and historical contexts that shape their lives. By using the sociological imagination, people can gain a deeper understanding of how their personal experiences are connected to wider social patterns and structures.

Causation refers to the relationship between two variables where a change in one factor directly causes a corresponding change in another. It implies a cause-and-effect relationship, suggesting that one variable is responsible for the change in the other. This is different from correlation, which simply indicates a relationship or association between variables without implying causation. Validity and reliability, on the other hand, are terms used to assess the quality and accuracy of research methods and measurements.

The term "dogma" refers to a set of beliefs or principles that are accepted without question or critical thinking. It implies blindly following or accepting something without considering its validity or logic. Therefore, "unthinking acceptance" accurately describes the concept of dogma. It suggests that dogma involves unquestioning adherence to a particular belief system or ideology, without engaging in critical analysis or independent thought.

A cultural script refers to the set of behaviors, norms, and values that are specific to a particular culture or subculture. It is a learned and shared way of behaving that is not universal or natural, as it varies across different societies. This term is used to describe the patterns of behavior that are specific to a particular group and are not considered inherent or instinctive. Therefore, the correct answer is cultural script.

The correct answer is "self". The question is discussing the concept of the "looking glass self", which refers to the idea that an individual's sense of self is influenced by how they believe others perceive them. In this context, the "self" is the individual's own perception and understanding of their own identity.

Social construction is a concept that refers to the idea that the reality we live in is shaped by social and cultural factors. It suggests that society creates and constructs its own rules, norms, and beliefs, which vary across different cultures. These rules are not inherent or natural but are invented and agreed upon by people within a particular culture. The purpose of social construction is to establish and maintain social order by providing a framework for individuals to understand and navigate their social reality.

The concept of the "generalized other" refers to the internalized sense of societal norms and expectations that individuals develop through social interactions. As children grow and learn through games and social experiences, they begin to understand and internalize the expectations and norms of their culture. This internalized sense of the "generalized other" guides their behavior and helps shape their sense of self. Therefore, the given explanation aligns with the concept of the "generalized other" as the source of social constraint.

The correct answer is "simultaneous variations in two variables". This means that when there is a change in one variable, there is a corresponding change in another variable. This suggests that the two variables are related or influenced by each other.

Ethnomethodology refers to the study of the methods that people use to make sense of their social interactions and construct their reality. It focuses on understanding how individuals create and maintain social order through everyday practices and interactions. Ethnomethodologists examine the methods and techniques people employ to navigate social situations, interpret social cues, and establish shared understandings. Therefore, the answer "the method of people" accurately reflects the essence of ethnomethodology as a field of study.

Historical Materialism is the correct answer because it is a theory that explains social change and conflict as a result of the material conditions and economic relationships within society. It argues that conflicts between different social classes, particularly between the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (working class), drive social forces and shape the development of society. This theory emphasizes the importance of economic factors in shaping social relationships and structures, and it provides a framework for understanding the dynamics of class struggle and social change throughout history.