Lung Function Test For Asthma

Explanation
Spirometry is not only used to measure asthma and COPD, but it is also used to measure other lung conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, and chronic bronchitis. Additionally, spirometry can be used to assess lung function in individuals who do not have any respiratory conditions as a part of routine health check-ups or pre-operative evaluations. Therefore, the statement that spirometry is used to measure asthma and COPD only is incorrect.

Explanation
The statement is false because in PEF (Peak Expiratory Flow) testing, patients are actually asked to inhale deeply and then exhale forcefully and rapidly into a peak flow meter. The purpose of this test is to measure the maximum speed at which a person can exhale air from their lungs, not to breathe out slowly.

Explanation
In asthma patients, there is a decrease in FVC (forced vital capacity) and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second). This is because asthma causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making it difficult for the patient to exhale fully. As a result, both FVC and FEV1 measurements are reduced.

Explanation
FEV1 stands for Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second, which measures the amount of air a person can forcefully exhale in the first second of a forced breath. FVC stands for Forced Vital Capacity, which measures the total amount of air a person can forcefully exhale after taking a deep breath. In a healthy individual, FEV1 should be around 80% of FVC. However, in conditions such as obstructive lung diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), the airways become narrowed, causing a decrease in FEV1. This narrowing of the airways leads to a more rapid decrease in FEV1 compared to FVC within the first second. Therefore, the statement is true.

Explanation
The ratio between FEV1/FVC measures the amount of air a person can forcefully exhale in one second compared to the total amount of air they can exhale. A decrease in this ratio indicates a decrease in the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one second relative to the total amount of air exhaled. This could be caused by factors such as lung diseases or obstruction in the airways, leading to a decrease in the ratio.

Explanation
If the ratio of FEV1/FVC is less than 80%, it is considered as an asthma case. This means that if the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) divided by the forced vital capacity (FVC) is below 80%, it indicates a potential asthma condition. Therefore, the statement "True" is correct.

Explanation
The normal ratio between FEV1/FVC is more than 80%. This means that the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) is more than 80% of the forced vital capacity (FVC). This ratio is used to assess lung function and is a measure of how much air a person can forcefully exhale in one second compared to their total lung capacity. A ratio of more than 80% indicates normal lung function.

Explanation
The classification of asthma depends on the FEV1/FVC ratio. This ratio measures the amount of air a person can forcefully exhale in one second (FEV1) compared to the total amount of air they can exhale (FVC). A decreased FEV1/FVC ratio indicates obstruction in the airways, which is a characteristic of asthma. Therefore, this ratio is used to diagnose and classify the severity of asthma.

Explanation
The statement suggests that if a patient is not experiencing any symptoms, their spinmetry (measurement of spinal movements) may appear normal. This implies that the presence of symptoms is a determining factor in assessing the spinmetry results.

Explanation
The given answer "True" is correct because classifying patients with chronic asthma based on frequency and severity is a common practice in medical settings. By determining how often asthma attacks occur and how severe they are, healthcare professionals can develop appropriate treatment plans and interventions for each patient. This classification helps in understanding the nature of the disease and tailoring the management strategies accordingly.

Explanation
In severe acute cases, the PEF (Peak Expiratory Flow) will be less than 40%. This indicates a significant decrease in the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one breath, suggesting severe airway obstruction. This can be a result of conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), where the airways become narrowed and inflamed, making it difficult to breathe. Monitoring PEF levels can help assess the severity of the obstruction and guide treatment decisions.

Explanation
LABA (Long-acting beta-agonists) are not recommended as monotherapy for chronic asthma. They are usually used in combination with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for better control of asthma symptoms. LABA alone may provide temporary relief, but it does not address the underlying inflammation in the airways. ICS helps reduce inflammation, while LABA helps relax the airway muscles. Therefore, the statement that LABA can be used as monotherapy for chronic asthma is false.

Explanation
ICS stands for Inhaled Corticosteroids. Inhaled corticosteroids are medications that are used to reduce inflammation and swelling in the airways of the lungs. They are commonly prescribed for the long-term management of asthma and other respiratory conditions. Rinsing the mouth after using inhaled corticosteroids is important because it helps to prevent the development of oral thrush, a fungal infection that can occur as a side effect of these medications.

Explanation
SABA (Short-acting beta agonist) is commonly used as a PRN (as needed) medication. This means that it is used on an as-needed basis, typically for relieving symptoms of asthma or bronchospasm. SABA medications, such as albuterol, provide quick relief by relaxing the airway muscles and improving breathing. MDI (Metered Dose Inhaler) refers to the delivery device used to administer the medication, but it does not specify the frequency or usage of the medication. Therefore, the correct answer is PRN as it indicates the appropriate usage of SABA medications.

Explanation
At the acute stage of a medical condition, the use of ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) such as PRN (as needed) or MPI (metered dose inhaler) is common. This is because during the acute stage, there is often increased inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which can lead to symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath. ICS can help reduce inflammation and improve lung function, providing relief and helping to prevent further exacerbations. Therefore, using ICS at the acute stage can be beneficial in managing the condition effectively.

Explanation
Methylxanthines/theophylline is the correct answer because it is known to have a narrow therapeutic range. This means that the dosage must be carefully monitored and adjusted to avoid toxicity or lack of effectiveness. Methylxanthines work by relaxing the muscles in the airways, which helps to relieve symptoms of asthma. However, they can have side effects and interactions with other medications, so close monitoring is necessary to ensure that the patient receives the optimal dose for their condition.

Explanation
The correct answer is SC, which stands for subcutaneous. Omalizumab is administered as a subcutaneous injection, meaning it is injected into the fatty tissue layer just beneath the skin. This method of administration allows for the drug to be slowly absorbed into the bloodstream over a period of time. Subcutaneous injections are commonly used for medications that need to be absorbed slowly and steadily into the body.

Explanation
Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that is used in the treatment of asthma and chronic idiopathic urticaria. While it is not directly associated with cardiovascular and cancer diseases, it indirectly affects them by reducing the severity and frequency of asthma attacks, which can potentially lead to cardiovascular complications if left untreated. Additionally, omalizumab has been studied for its potential use in cancer immunotherapy, although further research is needed in this area.