Rmp Prep: Obstetrics & Gynecology

The term given to the dark pigmented area around the breast nipple is called the areola. The areola is a circular area of skin that surrounds the nipple and is typically darker in color compared to the rest of the breast. It contains small bumps called Montgomery glands that secrete a lubricating substance to protect the nipple during breastfeeding. The areola also plays a role in sexual arousal and sensitivity.

Ectopic pregnancy refers to the implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterine cavity, typically in the fallopian tube. This occurs when the fertilized egg does not successfully travel to the uterus for implantation. It is a serious condition that can lead to complications and requires medical intervention. Abruptio placentae, placenta previa, and preeclampsia are unrelated conditions that involve complications during pregnancy but do not involve implantation outside the uterine cavity.

Amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation. It can be caused by various factors such as pregnancy, menopause, hormonal imbalances, certain medications, excessive exercise, and certain medical conditions. Amenorrhea can be temporary or long-term and may indicate an underlying health issue that needs to be addressed.

Tubal ligation is the correct answer because it involves cutting or blocking the fallopian tubes, which prevents the sperm from reaching the egg and fertilizing it. Amniocentesis is a procedure to collect amniotic fluid for testing genetic disorders. Dilation and curettage is a surgical procedure to remove tissue from the uterus. Protective block is not a recognized medical term or procedure.

The Apgar score is the most common method of assessing a newborn infant. It is a quick and simple test that evaluates the baby's heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, reflexes, and skin color immediately after birth and again at 5 minutes. The score helps determine the baby's overall health and if any immediate medical intervention is needed. The Apgar score is widely used because it provides a standardized and objective assessment of the newborn's condition, allowing healthcare professionals to quickly identify any potential issues and provide appropriate care.

Menarche refers to the first menstrual cycle experienced by a girl, marking the onset of puberty. It is a significant milestone in a girl's life, indicating the beginning of her reproductive years. During menarche, the body undergoes hormonal changes, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and the release of an egg. This process is accompanied by the appearance of menstrual bleeding, which typically occurs monthly. Menarche is a normal and natural process that signifies the maturation of the reproductive system.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It can be detected in the blood and urine of pregnant women. Therefore, the presence of hCG in the blood and/or urine indicates pregnancy. Estrogen, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone are also hormones involved in the reproductive system, but they do not specifically indicate pregnancy.

Dystocia is defined as a condition characterized by painful and difficult delivery or birth. This term is commonly used in the medical field to describe situations where a woman experiences complications or obstacles during the process of giving birth. It can be caused by various factors such as the size or position of the baby, maternal health issues, or abnormalities in the birth canal. Dystocia requires medical intervention to ensure the safety of both the mother and the baby.

Chorion refers to the outer membrane that surrounds the developing fetus in the womb. It is formed from the trophoblast, a layer of cells that develops from the fertilized egg. The chorion plays a crucial role in the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the fetus. Additionally, it helps protect the developing fetus from external harm and infection. This outer membrane is present throughout pregnancy and is shed during childbirth.

The rounded upper portion of the uterus is called the fundus. The fundus is the topmost part of the uterus that expands and grows during pregnancy to accommodate the growing fetus. It is the area where the fallopian tubes connect to the uterus. The fundus is an important anatomical landmark in gynecology and obstetrics, as it is often used to measure the size and position of the uterus during examinations and ultrasound imaging.

Fundal height refers to the measurement of the distance from the symphysis pubis to the top of the uterus. This measurement is used to estimate the gestational age of the fetus and monitor its growth during pregnancy. It is a useful tool for assessing the progress of the pregnancy and ensuring that the fetus is developing properly. Abdominal circumference, fetal station, and myometrial thickness are not related to this specific measurement and do not accurately describe the distance from the symphysis pubis to the dome of the uterus.

Braxton Hicks contractions are painless and irregular uterine contractions that occur during pregnancy. These contractions are often described as a tightening or hardening of the uterus and are a normal part of the preparation for labor. They are different from true labor contractions as they do not cause the cervix to dilate and are not usually associated with pain. Braxton Hicks contractions can occur throughout pregnancy, but they are more commonly experienced in the third trimester.

The combining form "galact/o" refers to milk. This can be understood by breaking down the word "galact/o" into its components. "Galact" is derived from the Greek word "galakt-", which means milk. The suffix "-o" is a common combining form that indicates a connection or association with the root word. Therefore, "galact/o" specifically pertains to milk.

The placenta provides nutrients to the fetus. The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy and connects the mother's uterus to the fetus. It acts as a bridge between the mother and the fetus, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products. The placenta is responsible for delivering essential nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and vitamins from the mother's bloodstream to the fetus, ensuring its proper growth and development.

Lochia is a normal vaginal discharge that occurs after childbirth. It consists of blood, mucus, and tissue from the lining of the uterus. This discharge is a natural part of the healing process after giving birth and can last for several weeks. Meconium is the first stool of a newborn, colostrum is the early breast milk, and calactorrhea refers to excessive milk production.

Dystocia refers to painful childbirth. It is a condition where there is difficulty or prolonged labor, making the delivery process painful for the mother. This can be caused by various factors such as fetal size, abnormal positioning, or maternal health issues. Dystocia can result in complications and may require medical intervention to ensure a safe delivery for both the mother and the baby.

The combining form "hyster/o" refers to the uterus. This can be inferred from the fact that the other combining forms listed, "colp/o" (referring to the vagina), "salpingo/o" (referring to the fallopian tubes), and "men/o" (referring to menstruation), do not specifically relate to the uterus.

Primigravida is a medical term used to describe a woman who is pregnant for the first time. It specifically refers to a woman who has not given birth before and is currently experiencing her first pregnancy. This term is useful in medical settings to distinguish between women who have had previous pregnancies and those who are experiencing pregnancy for the first time.

Antepartum refers to the period of time before the onset of labor. It is the time during pregnancy when the woman is still carrying the baby and has not yet started experiencing contractions or the beginning of the birthing process. This term is commonly used in medical and obstetric contexts to describe the stage of pregnancy that occurs prior to labor.

The thin projections that form a fringe around the ovarian end of the fallopian tube are called fimbriae. Fimbriae play an important role in capturing the released egg from the ovary and guiding it into the fallopian tube for fertilization. They help create a sweeping motion that helps move the egg towards the uterus.

Hydrosalpinx is the distention or swelling of the fallopian tube due to the accumulation of a clear fluid. This condition can occur as a result of an infection or inflammation in the fallopian tube, causing it to become blocked and filled with fluid. It can lead to fertility issues as the blocked tube can prevent the egg from reaching the uterus for fertilization.

Oligomenorrhea refers to having fewer than the normal number of menstrual periods in a year. This condition is characterized by infrequent or irregular periods, with longer gaps between each period. It is different from amenorrhea, which is the complete absence of menstruation. Oligomenorrhea can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), excessive exercise, stress, or certain medical conditions. It is important for women experiencing oligomenorrhea to consult a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment options.

The correct way to transcribe a patient's obstetric history if she has had three pregnancies and two viable offspring is "gravida 3, para 2". This means that the patient has been pregnant three times (including both viable and non-viable pregnancies) and has given birth to two viable offspring. The term "gravida" refers to the total number of pregnancies, while "para" refers to the number of pregnancies that have resulted in viable offspring.

Cryosurgery is the correct answer because it involves the use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue. This technique is commonly used in medical procedures to treat various conditions, including skin lesions, tumors, and certain types of cancer. During cryosurgery, a freezing agent, such as liquid nitrogen, is applied to the targeted area, causing the cells to freeze and ultimately die. This method is preferred in some cases due to its minimal invasiveness, reduced scarring, and shorter recovery time compared to traditional surgical procedures.

The term given to the region between the vaginal orifice and the anus is perineum. The perineum is the area of skin and tissue located between the vulva or scrotum and the anus. It contains various structures such as the perineal muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and the perineal body. The perineum plays an important role in supporting the pelvic organs and is involved in sexual function and childbirth.

TAH-BSO is an abbreviation for Total Abdominal Hysterectomy with Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy, which is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries through an incision in the abdomen. This procedure is commonly performed to treat conditions such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and certain types of cancer.

Terbutaline would be given to stop preterm labor. Terbutaline is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs called beta-agonists. It works by relaxing the muscles of the uterus, which helps to prevent or stop contractions and delay preterm labor. Mircette and Ortho Tri-Cyclen are birth control pills and testosterone is a hormone that is not typically used to stop preterm labor.

The correct answer is adnexa. The adnexa refers to the group of structures that are located near or attached to the uterus, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterine ligaments. These structures play important roles in reproductive processes such as ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. The term adnexa is commonly used in medical terminology to describe this collective group of structures.

Preeclampsia is a condition during pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs, typically the liver and kidneys. It is often accompanied by symptoms such as swelling, protein in urine, and headaches. Toxemia is an older term that was used to describe the same condition. Therefore, preeclampsia is another word for toxemia.

The combining form salping/o refers to the tubes. This is because the term "salping/o" specifically relates to the fallopian tubes in medical terminology. The fallopian tubes are an essential part of the female reproductive system, connecting the ovaries to the uterus and playing a crucial role in the transport of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus for fertilization. Therefore, "tubes" is the correct answer in this context.

Velamentous insertion refers to the condition where the umbilical cord is attached to the fetal membranes (chorion and amnion) rather than directly to the placenta. This abnormal attachment can lead to various complications during pregnancy and childbirth, such as a higher risk of fetal vessel rupture, fetal growth restriction, and preterm labor. It is important to diagnose and manage velamentous insertion properly to ensure the well-being of both the mother and the baby.

A benign tumor that can develop in the uterus or the breast is referred to as a fibroid. Fibroids are non-cancerous growths that commonly occur in the muscle tissue of the uterus. They are usually harmless and often do not cause any symptoms. However, in some cases, fibroids can cause pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and other complications. Treatment options for fibroids depend on the severity of symptoms and may include medication or surgical intervention.

Clomid is the correct answer because it is a fertility drug commonly used to stimulate ovulation in women who have difficulty conceiving. It works by increasing the production of hormones necessary for the development and release of mature eggs from the ovaries. Cialis is a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction, clopidogrel is a blood thinner, and Pitocin is a medication used to induce labor. Therefore, Clomid is the most suitable option for stimulating ovulation.

HRT stands for Hormone Replacement Therapy, which is commonly prescribed for postmenopausal women. During menopause, a woman's hormone levels decrease, leading to various symptoms such as hot flashes, mood swings, and vaginal dryness. HRT helps to alleviate these symptoms by replacing the hormones that are no longer produced in sufficient amounts. It can be prescribed in different forms, including pills, patches, or creams, and may contain estrogen, progesterone, or a combination of both. HCTZ is a diuretic used to treat high blood pressure, BCP refers to Birth Control Pills, and hGH stands for Human Growth Hormone, which is not typically prescribed for postmenopausal women.

Leiomyoma is a type of tumor known as a fibroid tumor. Fibroid tumors are noncancerous growths that develop in the muscle tissue of the uterus. They are the most common type of tumor found in the female reproductive system. Leiomyomas can vary in size and may cause symptoms such as heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain, and pressure on the bladder or bowel. While fibroid tumors are not cancerous, they can still cause discomfort and may require treatment depending on the severity of symptoms.

Mittelschmerz refers to the abdominal pain that some women experience during ovulation, which typically occurs midway through the menstrual cycle. This pain is commonly felt on one side of the lower abdomen and can last for a few hours to a few days. It is not related to infertility, premenstrual syndrome, or premenopause. Therefore, the correct answer is "pain between regular menstrual cycles."

The Pfannenstiel incision is used for a cesarean section. This incision is made horizontally in the lower abdomen, just above the pubic hairline. It is a common choice for cesarean sections because it provides good visibility of the uterus and has a low risk of complications. The clamshell incision is not used for cesarean sections, as it involves a vertical incision from the sternum to the pubic bone. The flank incision is typically used for kidney surgeries. The transmeatal incision is used for ear surgeries.

A tocodynamometer is a device specifically designed to measure and record the force of uterine contractions. It is commonly used during labor and delivery to monitor the strength and frequency of contractions. The other options mentioned, such as Holter, electronic fetal monitor, and manometer, are not designed for this specific purpose and would not provide accurate measurements of uterine contractions.

The cul-du-sac of Douglas refers to a prolongation of the peritoneal cavity located between the anterior surface of the rectum and the posterior surface of the uterus. This space is also known as the rectouterine pouch or the posterior cul-de-sac. It is an important anatomical landmark in the female pelvis and is commonly used in gynecological examinations and surgeries.

The correct answer is "the outer membrane around the fetus." The amnion is a thin, protective membrane that surrounds the developing fetus in the womb. It is filled with amniotic fluid, which cushions and protects the fetus from external shocks or injuries. The amnion plays a crucial role in fetal development by providing a stable environment and helping to regulate temperature and fluid balance.

The Canal of Nuck is a persistent peritoneal pouch that accompanies the round ligament of the uterus through the inguinal canal.