Pg Blazer - Online Test Series 17 - Obstetrics & Gynaecology

CA-125 is a marker antigen that is commonly used for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. It is a protein that is produced by ovarian cancer cells and can be detected through a blood test. Elevated levels of CA-125 in the blood may indicate the presence of ovarian cancer. However, it is important to note that CA-125 is not specific to ovarian cancer and can also be elevated in other conditions such as endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Therefore, further testing and evaluation are required to confirm the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.

When a PAP smear shows carcinoma in situ, the next logical procedure is to perform a colposcopy and biopsy. A colposcopy allows the doctor to closely examine the cervix using a special magnifying instrument called a colposcope. During this procedure, the doctor may take a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the cervix for further examination. This is done to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the abnormal cells. Based on the results of the colposcopy and biopsy, further treatment options can be considered.

History of recurrent abortions with isolated prolonged APTT is suggestive of anti phospholipid antibody syndrome.

Components of Mannings biophysical profile:

Non stress test
Fetal breathing movement
Fetal muscle tone
Fetal gross body movement
Amniotic fluid index

Complex hyperplasia with atypia is associated with the highest risk of endometrial carcinoma. Atypia refers to abnormal cells that have the potential to become cancerous. Complex hyperplasia indicates an increased number of glands in the endometrium, while atypia suggests the presence of abnormal cells within these glands. This combination of complex hyperplasia with atypia indicates a higher likelihood of progression to endometrial carcinoma compared to the other options listed. Simple hyperplasia without atypia has a lower risk, while simple hyperplasia with atypia and complex hyperplasia without atypia fall in between.

Causes of pseudomyxoma peritonei – Mucinous cystadenoma of ovary, mucocele of appendix, carcinoma of large intestine in men

Women with Eisenmenger’s complex have upto 50% mortality during pregnancy. Termination of pregnancy is advised.

Hepatitis E infection in pregnancy results in mortality rates upto 20%.

Postpartum hemorrhage refers to excessive bleeding after childbirth. Dilatation and curettage (D & C) is a surgical procedure that involves dilating the cervix and scraping the uterine lining. It is typically used to remove tissue from the uterus, such as after a miscarriage or abortion. In the case of postpartum hemorrhage, D & C may be performed to remove any remaining placental tissue or blood clots that are causing the bleeding. This procedure carries a higher risk of Asherman syndrome, a condition characterized by the formation of scar tissue in the uterus, when done for postpartum hemorrhage.

The bitemporal diameter refers to the shortest diameter in the fetal head. This measurement is taken between the two temporal bones of the skull. It is important in obstetrics as it helps determine the size and position of the fetal head during pregnancy and childbirth.