Revolution And Enlightenment Self Check Quiz Chapter 10

The answer "all of the above" is correct because many eighteenth-century intellectuals believed in all three concepts mentioned. They believed that by changing people's environment, they could bring about changes in their behavior and society. They also sought to discover the natural laws that governed human society, similar to how natural laws governed the physical world. Additionally, they believed in applying the scientific method to understand and analyze the workings of human society, just as it was applied to study the natural sciences.

Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, advocated for scientists to use inductive reasoning instead of relying on the ideas of ancient authorities. Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on specific observations or evidence. Bacon believed that this approach would lead to more accurate and reliable scientific knowledge. By encouraging scientists to rely on their own observations and experiments, Bacon emphasized the importance of empirical evidence and the rejection of dogma or preconceived notions. This approach laid the foundation for the scientific method and the development of modern science.

Montesquieu's ideas about separation of power in government were later incorporated into the United States Constitution. He believed that power should be divided among different branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial) to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. This concept of checks and balances was influential in shaping the structure of the American government, with the three branches having distinct powers and responsibilities. Montesquieu's ideas emphasized the importance of limiting the concentration of power and promoting a system of checks to ensure accountability and protect individual liberties.

The correct answer is the Church. The salons, books, and magazines were all instrumental in spreading the ideas of the philosophes during the Enlightenment. Salons provided a space for intellectuals to gather and discuss ideas, while books and magazines allowed for the dissemination of these ideas to a wider audience. However, the Church, with its conservative and traditional views, often opposed the ideas of the philosophes and therefore did not contribute to the spread of their ideas.

The correct answer is Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were the United States' first plan of government, adopted in 1781. This plan did not establish a strong central government, but instead created a loose alliance of independent states. The central government under the Articles had limited powers and lacked the ability to enforce laws or collect taxes. This led to many problems and ultimately led to the creation of the Constitution, which established a stronger central government.

Andreas Vesalius replaced Galen's teachings on human anatomy, leading to a breakthrough in medicine. Vesalius was a Flemish anatomist who published the book "De humani corporis fabrica" (On the Fabric of the Human Body) in 1543. This work challenged Galen's theories and provided a more accurate and detailed understanding of human anatomy. Vesalius's contributions revolutionized the field of medicine and laid the foundation for modern anatomical studies.

Joseph II is the correct answer because he was the only absolutist ruler who implemented radical changes based on Enlightenment ideas. He introduced religious toleration, abolished serfdom, and implemented legal reforms. He also promoted education and attempted to modernize the government and economy. Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great, and Maria Theresa were also absolutist rulers, but they did not pursue as many radical reforms as Joseph II did.

During the war for independence of the North American colonies, France provided arms, money, and manpower. This support was crucial for the colonies in their fight against British rule. France saw an opportunity to weaken their rival, Britain, by aiding the colonies. They hoped that by supporting the colonies, they could gain an advantage in their own conflicts with Britain. France's assistance played a significant role in the eventual victory of the colonies and their establishment as the United States of America.

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict that took place from 1756 to 1763. It primarily involved the major European powers of the time, including Prussia, Austria, France, and Britain. The war was fought over various territorial disputes and power struggles. One of the main causes of the war was the conflict between Prussia and Austria over control of Silesia, a region located in present-day Poland and the Czech Republic. However, the dispute did not involve Russian and Austrian claims in Silesia, making it the exception among the given options.

The correct answer is "emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action." This is because rococo art style, which emerged during the Enlightenment period, focused on creating delicate and ornate compositions that conveyed a sense of elegance and refinement. The artists of this period sought to capture the beauty and grace of the subject matter, often depicting scenes of leisure, romance, and aristocratic life. This emphasis on grace, charm, and gentle action is a key characteristic of rococo art and reflects the influence of Enlightenment beliefs in valuing the pursuit of pleasure and the celebration of beauty.

According to the Ptolemaic system, the universe is believed to be a series of concentric spheres. This means that the Earth is at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies, including the sun and the moon, revolve around it in perfect circles. This geocentric model was widely accepted in ancient times until it was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus.

The statement that does NOT characterize colonial Latin America is that colonial officials were closely regulated by Spanish and Portuguese rulers. In reality, colonial officials in Latin America had a considerable degree of autonomy and often acted in their own self-interest rather than strictly adhering to the directives of the rulers. This allowed for corruption and abuse of power to occur within the colonial administration.

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The salons were not noted for being places where artists developed a new artistic movement. The salons were known for hosting intellectual gatherings where invited guests discussed the new ideas of the philosophes and where women became influential in politics, literature, and art.