Regulating The Internal Environment

In a freshwater environment.

In a marine environment.

That are internal parasites.

That are hypoosmotic to their environment.

That are isoosmotic to their environment.

Insect--Malpighian tubules

Flatworm---flame cells

Earthworm--protonephridia

Amphibian--kidneys

Fish--kidneys

Pump salt out through salt glands in its gills.

Produce large amounts of dilute urine.

Diffuse urea out across its gills.

Have scales to reduce water loss.

All of the above.

Water, salt, and electrolytes

Glucose

Urea

Proteins

Amino acids

Collecting duct --> ureter --> bladder --> urethra

Renal vein --> renal ureter --> bladder --> urethra

Nephron --> urethra --> bladder --> ureter

Cortex --> medulla --> bladder --> ureter

Renal pelvis --> medulla --> bladder --> urethra

Blood volume

Body temperature

Invasion by pathogens

Blood pH

All of the above are conditions that the body attempts to keep constant.

Urea

Uric acid

Ammonia

Salt water

Bicarbonate

Hibernation

Countercurrent exchange between blood vessels in the extremities

Fur or feathers

Vasodilation of surface vessels

Vasoconstriction of surface vessels

Can sustain vigorous activity

High metabolic rate and retained metabolic heat

Efficient circulatory and gas exchange systems

Energetically efficient and relatively inexpensive, in terms of food requirements

Ability to deal with terrestrial temperature fluctuations

Detoxification of drugs and toxins

Synthesis of plasma proteins

Synthesis of urine

Synthesis of bile

Interconversion of glucose and glycogen