RCDD Chapter 1 Principles Of Transmission

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1. An analog signal is in the form of a wave that uses continuous variations in time (e.g. voltage amplitude or frequency variations) to transmit information.

Explanation

An analog signal is a form of transmission that utilizes continuous variations in time, such as voltage amplitude or frequency variations, to convey information. Unlike digital signals that use discrete values, analog signals provide a smooth and continuous representation of the data being transmitted. Therefore, the statement that an analog signal is in the form of a wave that uses continuous variations in time to transmit information is true.

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RCDD Chapter 1 Principles Of Transmission - Quiz

This quiz, titled 'RCDD Chapter 1 Principles of Transmission', evaluates knowledge on optical communication principles such as WDM, attenuators, and light wavelengths. It tests understanding of technical specifics and environmental effects on transmission, crucial for professionals in telecommunications.

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2. Bandwidth is the information carrying capacity of a system.

Explanation

Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network or communication channel in a given amount of time. It represents the information carrying capacity of a system, indicating how much data can be transferred at any given moment. Therefore, the statement "Bandwidth is the information carrying capacity of a system" is true.

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3. The bit is the basic unit of digital data

Explanation

A bit is indeed the basic unit of digital data. It represents a binary value, either 0 or 1, and is used to store and transmit information in a digital format. All digital data, such as text, images, and videos, are ultimately represented and processed as a series of bits. Therefore, the statement "The bit is the basic unit of digital data" is correct.

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4. What does ECTFE stand for:

Explanation

ECTFE stands for Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene. This is a type of polymer that is known for its exceptional chemical resistance, high thermal stability, and electrical insulation properties. It is commonly used in various industries such as aerospace, chemical processing, and electrical engineering. The correct answer is Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene.

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5. What does AWG stand for:

Explanation

AWG stands for American Wire Gauge. This is a standardized system used to measure the diameter of electrically conducting wire. It is commonly used in North America to determine the size of wire for various electrical applications. The American Wire Gauge assigns a specific number to each wire size, with smaller numbers indicating larger wire diameters. This system helps ensure that wires are properly sized for their intended use, preventing issues such as overheating or electrical resistance.

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6. Lasers have a high modulation frequency and can support data rates in excess of 10 Gb/s.

Explanation

Lasers have a high modulation frequency and can support data rates in excess of 10 Gb/s. This statement is true because lasers are capable of emitting light at high frequencies, allowing for fast modulation of the signal. This high modulation frequency enables lasers to transmit data at speeds exceeding 10 gigabits per second (Gb/s).

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7. When timing digital signals, what transmission type is performed by synchronizing the data bits in phase or in unison with equally spaced clock signals or pulses.

Explanation

Synchronous transmission is performed by synchronizing the data bits in phase or in unison with equally spaced clock signals or pulses. In this type of transmission, the sender and receiver are synchronized with each other using a common clock signal. The data is transmitted in fixed time intervals, ensuring that the receiver knows exactly when each bit of data is being sent. This allows for more efficient and reliable communication as errors can be easily detected and corrected. Asynchronous transmission, on the other hand, does not rely on a common clock signal and each data bit is sent individually with start and stop bits.

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8. What term describes the transmission of a signal in only one direction.

Explanation

Simplex is the correct answer because it refers to the transmission of a signal in only one direction. In simplex communication, data can only flow in one direction, either from the sender to the receiver or vice versa, but not both simultaneously. This type of communication is commonly used in situations where one device or party needs to continuously transmit data without any need for a response or feedback from the receiving end.

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9. The maximum transmission of electrical power occurs when a transmitting device and a receiving device have the same load resistance or the same impedence.

Explanation

When a transmitting device and a receiving device have the same load resistance or impedance, it means that they are matched in terms of their electrical characteristics. This matching allows for maximum power transfer between the two devices, as there is no impedance mismatch that would cause power to be reflected back or lost in the transmission. Therefore, it is true that the maximum transmission of electrical power occurs when the load resistance or impedance is the same for both the transmitting and receiving devices.

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10. Balance twisted-pair cables are commonly used for data telecommunications in buildings.

Explanation

Balance twisted-pair cables are indeed commonly used for data telecommunications in buildings. These cables consist of pairs of wires twisted together, which helps to reduce electromagnetic interference and improve signal quality. They are widely used for Ethernet connections, telephone lines, and other data transmission applications within buildings.

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11. What term describes the transmission of signals in either direction but only in one direction at a time.

Explanation

Half-duplex is the correct answer because it refers to the transmission of signals in either direction, but only one direction at a time. In a half-duplex communication system, two devices can both send and receive signals, but not simultaneously. This means that when one device is transmitting, the other device can only receive, and vice versa. This mode of communication is commonly used in walkie-talkies and push-to-talk systems, where only one person can speak at a time while others listen.

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12. WDM uses a series of lenses to refract and direct light pulses into a single optical fiber that carries the combined wavelengths

Explanation

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a technology that allows multiple wavelengths of light to be combined and transmitted over a single optical fiber. It achieves this by using a series of lenses to refract and direct light pulses into the fiber. This process enables multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously, increasing the capacity and efficiency of the fiber. Therefore, the statement is true.

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13. When selecting cable shields, the overall cable size limitations also may affect the decision.

Explanation

The statement suggests that when choosing cable shields, the decision may be influenced by the size limitations of the overall cable. This implies that the size of the cable could impact the selection of suitable cable shields. Therefore, the statement is true.

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14. Especially important in aerospace or computer applications, alloys such as cadmium-chromium copper and zirconium copper have important weight reduction or greater strength.

Explanation

Alloys such as cadmium-chromium copper and zirconium copper are indeed especially important in aerospace or computer applications. These alloys offer weight reduction and greater strength, which are crucial factors in these industries. Therefore, the statement "Especially important in aerospace or computer applications, alloys such as cadmium-chromium copper and zirconium copper have important weight reduction or greater strength" is true.

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15. EM waves are attenuated and reflected by a shield.

Explanation

EM waves are attenuated and reflected by a shield. This statement is true because a shield is designed to block or reduce the transmission of electromagnetic waves. When electromagnetic waves encounter a shield, they can be absorbed and dissipated as heat, which leads to attenuation. Additionally, the shield can reflect some of the waves, bouncing them off its surface. This property of shields makes them useful in various applications, such as protecting sensitive electronic devices from interference or blocking electromagnetic radiation in certain environments.

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16. Attenuation of balance twisted pair cables increases at higher cable temperatures (above 20 degrees C {68 degrees F}

Explanation

At higher cable temperatures, the attenuation of balanced twisted pair cables increases. This means that the signal strength or quality of the transmission decreases as the temperature of the cable rises. This can be attributed to factors such as increased resistance and impedance in the cable due to temperature effects. Therefore, it is true that attenuation of balance twisted pair cables increases at higher cable temperatures.

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17. What are the two types of attenuators

Explanation

The question asks for the two types of attenuators. The correct answer is "Fixed" and "Variable". Fixed attenuators have a fixed level of attenuation and cannot be adjusted, while variable attenuators allow for adjustable levels of attenuation.

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18. The series resistance R(line) is expressed in:

Explanation

The series resistance R(line) is expressed in ohms. Ohms is the unit of measurement for resistance in an electrical circuit. It represents the opposition to the flow of electric current. In a series circuit, the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances, and it is measured in ohms. Watts, amps, and volts are units used to measure power, current, and voltage respectively, but they are not applicable for expressing resistance.

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19. A low dissipation factor is preferred

Explanation

A low dissipation factor is preferred because it indicates that the material or component being used has low energy losses and is more efficient. A high dissipation factor would mean that there are significant energy losses, leading to inefficiencies and potentially decreased performance. Therefore, it is desirable to have a low dissipation factor to ensure optimal efficiency and performance.

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20. Light travels at what speed?

Explanation

Light travels at a speed of 300,000 km/s (186,000 mi/s). This is known as the speed of light and is a fundamental constant in physics. It is the maximum speed at which information or energy can travel in the universe according to the theory of relativity. This speed is incredibly fast, allowing light to travel around the Earth nearly 7.5 times in just one second.

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21. A telecommunications transmission system consists of what three basic components?

Explanation

The correct answer for this question is that a telecommunications transmission system consists of a source of energy, a medium to carry the energy, and a receiving device. These three components are essential for the transmission of telecommunications signals. The source of energy provides the power needed to generate the signal, the medium carries the signal from one point to another, and the receiving device captures and decodes the signal at the destination. Without any of these components, the transmission system would not be able to function properly.

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22. DS-1C systems are no longer being deployed.

Explanation

The statement indicates that DS-1C systems are not being used anymore. Therefore, the correct answer is True.

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23. A high dielectric strength is preferred

Explanation

A high dielectric strength is preferred because it indicates that the material can withstand high voltage without breaking down or experiencing electrical failure. This is important in various applications, such as insulation in electrical cables or components, where the material needs to be able to handle high electrical stress without compromising safety or performance. Therefore, a high dielectric strength is desirable as it ensures the reliability and durability of the material in electrical systems.

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24. A shield is a metallic covering or envelope enclosing an (a):

Explanation

A shield is a metallic covering or envelope that can be used to enclose an insulated conductor, an individual group of conductors within a core, or a cable core. In other words, it can be used to protect and provide insulation to any of these components. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the Above."

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25. PVC-insulated conductors were commonly referred to as inside plant and PE-insulated conductors were commonly referred to as outside plant (OSP).

Explanation

This statement is true because PVC-insulated conductors are typically used for wiring inside buildings or structures, making them suitable for inside plant applications. On the other hand, PE-insulated conductors are commonly used for outdoor installations, such as in underground or aerial applications, hence they are referred to as outside plant conductors.

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26. A simple model of a telecommunications system has what three parts?

Explanation

A simple model of a telecommunications system consists of three essential parts: a receiver, a transmitter, and a medium. The receiver is responsible for receiving the signals or information transmitted over the medium. The transmitter is responsible for encoding and transmitting the signals or information through the medium. The medium refers to the physical pathway or channel through which the signals or information travel. These three components work together to facilitate the communication process in a telecommunications system.

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27. Which of the following are not common electrical conductors?

Explanation

Silver and gold are not common electrical conductors because they have higher resistance compared to other materials like copper and aluminum. While silver and gold do conduct electricity, they are not commonly used in electrical wiring or other electrical applications due to their high cost and limited availability. Copper and copper alloys, copper-covered steel, and aluminum are widely used as electrical conductors due to their low resistance and good conductivity.

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28. The series inductance L(line) is expressed in:

Explanation

The series inductance, denoted by L(line), is a measure of the ability of a circuit to store energy in the form of a magnetic field. It is expressed in Henrys (H), which is the SI unit for inductance. The unit is named after Joseph Henry, an American scientist who made significant contributions to the study of electromagnetism. Therefore, the correct answer is Henrys (H).

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29. Delay skew is the difference in propogation delay between any pairs within the same cable sheath.

Explanation

Delay skew refers to the difference in propagation delay between different pairs of wires within the same cable sheath. This delay can occur due to variations in the length or characteristics of the wires, which can result in different signal arrival times. Therefore, the statement that delay skew is the difference in propagation delay between any pairs within the same cable sheath is true.

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30. What describes the rate at which a signal can change state

Explanation

The correct answer is Baud. Baud is a unit of measurement that describes the rate at which a signal can change state. It determines how many times a signal can change its state per second. It is commonly used in telecommunications to measure the data transmission rate, specifically in modems and serial communication. The higher the baud rate, the faster the data can be transmitted.

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31. A digital signal changes from one state to another in discrete steps?

Explanation

A digital signal changes from one state to another in discrete steps because it is represented by binary digits, which can only have two possible values (0 or 1). These values are used to represent different states or levels in the signal. The signal transitions from one state to another by changing the binary digit, which results in a discrete step change. This discrete nature of digital signals allows for accurate and reliable transmission and processing of information.

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32. A higher attenuation number is better

Explanation

A higher attenuation number indicates that more signal is being lost or weakened as it travels through a medium. Therefore, a lower attenuation number would be better as it means less signal loss and better transmission of the signal.

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33. Which type of cabling insulation is used outside:

Explanation

PE stands for Polyethylene, which is a type of plastic that is commonly used for cabling insulation in outdoor applications. PE insulation is preferred for outdoor use because it has excellent resistance to moisture, chemicals, and UV radiation. It is also durable and can withstand extreme temperatures, making it suitable for harsh outdoor environments. PE insulation provides reliable protection to the cables and helps ensure their longevity and performance.

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34. Insulation is also known as dielectric

Explanation

Insulation refers to the material or substance that is used to prevent the flow of electricity or heat. It is commonly used to protect wires and cables from damage or to control temperature in buildings. Dielectric, on the other hand, refers to a material that does not conduct electricity but can store electrical energy. Insulation and dielectric are often used interchangeably to describe materials that have similar properties of preventing the flow of electricity. Therefore, the statement "Insulation is also known as dielectric" is true.

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35. Which digital timing method is less efficient because it requires the addition of some combination of start and stop bits to the data stream.

Explanation

Asynchronous digital timing method is less efficient because it requires the addition of start and stop bits to the data stream. These bits are necessary to synchronize the sender and receiver, but they also introduce overhead and reduce the overall efficiency of the transmission. In contrast, synchronous timing methods do not require these additional bits and are therefore more efficient.

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36. What causes a light pulse to broaden in duration as it travels through the optical fiber?

Explanation

As light pulses travel through an optical fiber, they can experience dispersion, which causes them to broaden in duration. Dispersion occurs due to the different wavelengths of light traveling at different speeds within the fiber. This leads to a spreading out of the pulse, resulting in a longer duration. Attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength, resistance refers to the opposition to the flow of electric current, and SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) refers to the ratio of the signal power to the noise power, none of which directly cause the broadening of light pulses.

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37. For power over ethernet, power may be delivered on the two unused pairs (4-5 and 7-8) or over the signaling pairs (1-2 and 3-6). The maximum source power output level is?

Explanation

The correct answer is 15.4 watts at 44 to 57 V (nominally 48 V). This is because power over ethernet can be delivered on either the two unused pairs (4-5 and 7-8) or the signaling pairs (1-2 and 3-6). The maximum power output level is 15.4 watts, and the voltage range is 44 to 57 V, with a nominal voltage of 48 V. This means that the power over ethernet can deliver up to 15.4 watts of power within this voltage range.

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38. What is the maximum source power output level for power over ethernet

Explanation

The maximum source power output level for power over ethernet is 15.4 watts at nominal 48 volts. This means that the power over ethernet system can provide a maximum of 15.4 watts of power when the voltage is at 48 volts.

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39. What is the frequency range for VLF audio:

Explanation

VLF stands for Very Low Frequency, and it refers to the range of electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 3 and 30 kHz. This frequency range is commonly used for communication with submarines and for various scientific research purposes. It is important to note that VLF audio refers specifically to the audio signals within this frequency range that can be heard by humans.

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40. If a shield is not properly grounded, its effectiveness will not be affected.

Explanation

If a shield is not properly grounded, its effectiveness will be affected. Grounding is essential for a shield to effectively divert unwanted electrical currents or electromagnetic interference away from the protected area. Without proper grounding, the shield may not be able to effectively dissipate or redirect these unwanted signals, leading to reduced effectiveness in protecting against electromagnetic interference. Therefore, the statement is false.

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41. Which of the following are types of shields

Explanation

The correct answer is "All of the above" because all the options listed (braided wire, spiral-wrapped wire, conductive nonmetallic materials, and hybrid) are types of shields. A shield is a protective covering or barrier that is used to protect something from external interference or damage. In the context of this question, shields are referring to types of shielding materials used in various applications such as electronics, cables, and wires to protect against electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency interference (RFI).

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42. The ratio of the capacitance of an isulated conductor to the capacitance of the same conductor uninsulated in the air, describes which of the following?

Explanation

The ratio of the capacitance of an insulated conductor to the capacitance of the same conductor uninsulated in the air describes the dielectric constant. The dielectric constant is a measure of how well a material can store electrical energy in an electric field. It represents the relative permittivity of the material compared to that of a vacuum. A higher dielectric constant indicates that the material can store more electrical energy, while a lower dielectric constant indicates lower energy storage capacity.

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43. The mutual capacitance C(line) is expresssed in

Explanation

The mutual capacitance C(line) is expressed in Farads (F) because capacitance is a measure of the ability of a capacitor to store electric charge. Farads is the unit of capacitance in the International System of Units (SI). It represents the amount of charge that can be stored per volt of potential difference across the capacitor. Therefore, expressing mutual capacitance in Farads is the appropriate unit for measuring the capacitance of a line.

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44. If the signal power has a power ratio of 100, how many dB increase will you have.

Explanation

A power ratio of 100 corresponds to a 20 dB increase. This is because the decibel (dB) scale is logarithmic, and a power ratio of 100 can be expressed as 10 times the logarithm (base 10) of 100, which equals 20 dB.

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45. One baud is equal to how many state changes per second.

Explanation

Baud is a unit of measurement that represents the number of signal changes per second in a communication channel. It is used to measure the transmission speed or data transfer rate. In this case, the correct answer is "one state change per second" because one baud indicates that there is one signal change per second.

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46. Transmitters have bandwidth limitations because they take time to change from a low power state to a high power state. This period is called what?

Explanation

Transmitters have bandwidth limitations because they take time to change from a low power state to a high power state. This period is called the riser time, which refers to the time it takes for the transmitter to transition from a low power level to a high power level. During this time, the transmitter's power output rises, causing a limitation in the bandwidth it can transmit.

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47. When a signal encounters a discontinuity in the medium carry the signal, some of the signal is reflected back to the transmitter. This is known as what?

Explanation

When a signal encounters a discontinuity in the medium carrying the signal, such as a change in impedance or a physical obstruction, a portion of the signal is reflected back towards the transmitter. This reflection causes a delayed and weaker version of the original signal to be received, which is known as an echo.

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48. When timing digital signals which transmission type occurs without a precise time relationship in the signal characters or the bits that represent them.

Explanation

Asynchronous transmission occurs without a precise time relationship between the signal characters or the bits that represent them. In this type of transmission, each character or bit is transmitted individually, without being synchronized with a clock signal. This allows for more flexibility in terms of timing, as the sender and receiver do not need to be perfectly synchronized. Asynchronous transmission is commonly used in applications where the timing of the data cannot be accurately predicted or when there is a possibility of variable delays between transmissions.

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49. The measure of the maximum voltage that an insulation can withstand without breakdown is known as what?

Explanation

Dielectric strength refers to the maximum voltage that an insulation material can withstand without experiencing breakdown. It is a measure of the material's ability to resist electrical breakdown and is an important property in determining the suitability of an insulation material for various applications.

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50. Human beings can hear what frequency range?

Explanation

Human beings can hear sounds within the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. This range is known as the audible range of frequencies for humans. Frequencies below 20 Hz are known as infrasound, which is below the threshold of human hearing, while frequencies above 20,000 Hz are known as ultrasound, which is also beyond the range of human hearing. Therefore, the correct answer is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

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51. What is the most fundamental example of an analog signal.

Explanation

A sinusoid is the most fundamental example of an analog signal because it represents a smooth, continuous waveform that oscillates between positive and negative values. It is characterized by its frequency, amplitude, and phase. Sinusoids are commonly used to represent various types of signals in fields such as electronics, telecommunications, and physics. They can be easily generated and analyzed mathematically, making them a fundamental building block for understanding analog signal processing.

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52. The relative power loss in the insulation due to molecular excitement and subsequent kinetic and thermal enerty losses, is known as what

Explanation

The relative power loss in the insulation due to molecular excitement and subsequent kinetic and thermal energy losses is known as the dissipation factor. This factor represents the efficiency of the insulation material in storing and releasing electrical energy. A higher dissipation factor indicates a greater power loss in the insulation, which can lead to decreased efficiency and increased heat generation.

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53. The size in the AWG system represents the number of steps that were involved in the process of wire drawing.

Explanation

The AWG system is a standard used to measure the size of electrical wires. In this system, the size of the wire corresponds to the number of steps involved in the wire drawing process. The wire drawing process involves pulling the wire through a series of progressively smaller dies to achieve the desired diameter. Therefore, the statement that the size in the AWG system represents the number of steps involved in the wire drawing process is true.

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54. What devices convert speech to digital data, and its subsequent decoding to speech.

Explanation

Codecs are devices that convert speech to digital data and then decode it back to speech. They are used in various communication systems to compress and decompress audio signals, allowing for efficient transmission and storage of speech data. Codecs are commonly used in applications such as voice over IP (VoIP) systems, video conferencing, and digital audio recording. They play a crucial role in converting analog speech signals into digital format for transmission or storage, and then decoding it back to speech at the receiving end.

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55. Phase is a description of the reference:

Explanation

The given options, "Voltage" and "Current," are both measurements of a quantity, whereas "Time" is a description of the reference. In the context of phase, time refers to the position of a waveform in relation to a reference point. It indicates the point in time at which a waveform starts or reaches a certain point. Therefore, "Time" is the correct answer as it aligns with the concept of phase being a description of the reference in terms of time.

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56. What is the smallest size conductor:

Explanation

The gauge of a conductor refers to its diameter, with a higher gauge number indicating a smaller diameter. Therefore, the smallest size conductor among the given options is 36 Gauge, as it has a smaller diameter compared to 34 Gauge, 28 Gauge, and 32 Gauge.

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57. Typical characteristics of single mode optical fiber are:

Explanation

Single mode optical fibers have a small core diameter, typically between 8 and 9 um, which allows for the transmission of a single mode of light. They also have low attenuation, with a range of 0.3 to 1.0 dB/km at the commonly used wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm. These characteristics make single mode optical fibers suitable for long-distance communication systems, as they can transmit signals over longer distances without significant loss or dispersion.

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58. Mutual inductance is a measure of:

Explanation

Mutual inductance is a measure of the magnetic field coupling between two coils or circuits. It quantifies the ability of one coil or circuit to induce a voltage in the other coil or circuit through the magnetic field they share. This phenomenon is the basis for the operation of transformers and other electromagnetic devices. Therefore, the correct answer is magnetic field coupling.

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59. One of the most common techniques used to maximize the number of communications channels available is to combine multiple digital data streams into one data stream using what?

Explanation

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a technique that combines multiple digital data streams into one data stream. It works by dividing the available time slots into smaller intervals and assigning each data stream a specific time slot. This allows multiple streams to be transmitted simultaneously over a single communication channel, effectively maximizing the number of communications channels available. PCM and DSC are not specifically designed for combining multiple data streams, making TDM the correct answer in this context.

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60. Good internet performance requires a down-to-upstream ratio of at least:

Explanation

A down-to-upstream ratio of at least 10:1 is necessary for good internet performance. This means that the download speed should be at least 10 times faster than the upload speed. This is important because most internet activities, such as browsing websites, streaming videos, and downloading files, require faster download speeds. A higher down-to-upstream ratio ensures that users can access and download content quickly and efficiently.

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61. When converting analog signals to a digital signal the sampling rate must be at least three times the highest frequency.

Explanation

When converting analog signals to a digital signal, the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency according to the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. This theorem states that in order to accurately reconstruct a continuous signal from its samples, the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency component of the signal. Therefore, the statement that the sampling rate must be at least three times the highest frequency is incorrect.

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62. What is the rating for oxidation resistance for aluminum.

Explanation

The rating for oxidation resistance for aluminum is poor. This means that aluminum is not very resistant to oxidation, which is the process of a material reacting with oxygen and forming an oxide layer. This poor rating suggests that aluminum is more likely to corrode or deteriorate when exposed to oxygen or other oxidizing agents.

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63. What is the largest size conductor:

Explanation

The largest size conductor is 4/0. The size of a conductor is determined by its gauge, with a larger gauge indicating a smaller conductor size. In this case, 4/0 is larger than 3/0, 2/0, and 1/0, making it the largest size conductor among the options given.

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64. For optical fiber the maximum splice loss of __________ dB is recommended.

Explanation

The maximum splice loss of 0.3 dB is recommended for optical fiber. This means that when two fiber optic cables are spliced together, the maximum acceptable loss in signal strength is 0.3 dB. This ensures that the splice is of high quality and minimizes the signal loss, allowing for efficient transmission of data through the fiber optic network.

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65. Voice telephone circuits are generally limited to what range?

Explanation

Voice telephone circuits are generally limited to the range of 300 Hz. - 3400 Hz. This range is commonly known as the voice frequency range. It is the range of frequencies that humans can perceive and produce when speaking. By limiting the circuit to this range, telephone systems can effectively transmit and reproduce human speech, while filtering out unnecessary frequencies that are not relevant to voice communication.

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66. What is the best possible shield?

Explanation

The best possible shield is a solid wall metal tube (conduit) because it provides complete protection against electromagnetic interference. The solid wall structure of the conduit prevents any external electromagnetic waves from penetrating and interfering with the signals or devices inside. This makes it an effective shield for sensitive electronic equipment or communication systems that require high levels of protection. Braided wire, reverse spiral-wrapped wire, and metal foils may offer some level of shielding, but they are not as effective as a solid wall metal tube in providing comprehensive protection.

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67. When converting analog signals to digital, if you have a frequency of 4 kHz, what would your sampling rate be:

Explanation

The sampling rate for converting analog signals to digital is typically twice the frequency of the analog signal, according to the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. In this case, the analog signal has a frequency of 4 kHz, so the sampling rate would be 8 kHz, which is equivalent to 8000 samples per second.

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68. ATM (STS-3) and OC3 use what encoding rate?

Explanation

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and OC3 (Optical Carrier 3) both use an encoding rate of 155 Mb/s. This means that data is transmitted at a rate of 155 megabits per second. This high-speed transmission rate allows for efficient and fast data transfer, making it suitable for applications that require high bandwidth, such as video streaming or large file transfers.

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69. A doubling of a signals power will result in an increase of how many dB.

Explanation

When the power of a signal is doubled, it results in an increase of 3 dB. Decibels (dB) is a logarithmic unit used to measure the ratio of two power levels. In this case, a doubling of power corresponds to a ratio of 2:1, which is equivalent to a 3 dB increase. This is because the logarithm of 2 is approximately 0.301, and when multiplied by 10, it gives a value of approximately 3 dB. Therefore, the correct answer is +3 dB.

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70. What is the frequency range for UHF:

Explanation

UHF stands for Ultra High Frequency, and it refers to the frequency range between 300 and 3000 MHz. This range is commonly used for various communication purposes, including television broadcasting, mobile phones, Wi-Fi, and satellite communication. Frequencies within this range are capable of transmitting signals over longer distances and have better penetration through obstacles compared to higher frequencies.

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71. To achieve ethernet (100BASE-T4) rates of 100 Mb/s for 100 m (328 ft) on 24 AWG, balance twisted-pair, how many pairs are needed.

Explanation

To achieve ethernet (100BASE-T4) rates of 100 Mb/s for 100 m (328 ft) on 24 AWG, balanced twisted-pair cables, four pairs are needed. Each pair can transmit data at a rate of 25 Mb/s, and by using all four pairs simultaneously, a total data rate of 100 Mb/s can be achieved.

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72. Tight twisting of conductors is used where?

Explanation

Tight twisting of conductors is used between computers and other data processing equipment. This is done to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and crosstalk, which can negatively impact the performance and reliability of the data transmission. The tight twisting helps to cancel out the electromagnetic fields generated by the adjacent conductors, ensuring a cleaner and more reliable signal transmission.

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73. Which type of conductor sets the standard for comparing conductivity of other metals, and is said to have 100% conductivity.

Explanation

Annealed copper sets the standard for comparing conductivity of other metals and is said to have 100% conductivity. This means that it has the highest level of electrical conductivity among all metals. Annealing is a heat treatment process that increases the ductility and conductivity of copper, making it an ideal conductor for various applications. Copper is widely used in electrical wiring and transmission due to its excellent conductivity properties.

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74. The process of reconstituting the individual channels from the composite signal is called:

Explanation

Demultiplexing is the process of separating a composite signal into its individual channels. In other words, it is the reverse process of multiplexing, where multiple signals are combined into a single composite signal. Demultiplexing is commonly used in telecommunications and data transmission systems to transmit multiple signals over a single transmission medium. By demultiplexing the composite signal at the receiving end, the individual channels can be extracted and processed separately.

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75. To achieve a DS1 rate of 1.544 Mb/s for 1500 m (4920 ft) on  24 AWG, balanced twisted-pair, how many pairs are needed?

Explanation

To achieve a DS1 rate of 1.544 Mb/s for a distance of 1500 m (4920 ft) on 24 AWG, balanced twisted-pair, two pairs are needed. This is because the DS1 rate requires a certain amount of bandwidth and signal quality, which can be achieved by using two pairs of wires in parallel. Using only one pair would not provide enough bandwidth and signal quality to achieve the required rate. Using three or four pairs would be unnecessary and would not provide any additional benefit in this scenario.

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76. What are the main reason for twisting pairs of conductors?

Explanation

Twisting pairs of conductors helps to minimize cross talk, decrease capacitance unbalance, and decrease mutual inductance. By twisting the pairs, the electromagnetic interference between adjacent pairs is reduced, minimizing cross talk. Twisting also helps to balance the capacitance between the conductors, reducing capacitance unbalance. Additionally, the twisting action reduces the magnetic field coupling between the conductors, decreasing mutual inductance. Overall, twisting pairs of conductors helps to improve the performance and reliability of the cable by reducing interference and imbalances.

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77. Capacitance unbalance is a measure of what:

Explanation

Capacitance unbalance is a measure of electric field coupling. Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store electrical energy, and unbalance refers to the difference in capacitance between two or more components. Electric field coupling occurs when there is a transfer of electrical energy between two conductors through their electric fields. Therefore, capacitance unbalance is a measure of the degree to which electric fields are coupled between components, indicating the level of electrical energy transfer.

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78. Analog signals can be converted into digital signals by a multistep process. What are the steps in the process?

Explanation

Analog signals can be converted into digital signals through a multistep process. The first step is filtering, where the analog signal is passed through a filter to remove any unwanted frequencies. Then, the signal is sampled, which involves taking periodic samples of the analog signal at specific intervals. After sampling, the signal is quantized or companded, which involves assigning discrete values to each sample to represent the analog signal accurately. Finally, the digital signal may be amplified to ensure it has sufficient strength for further processing or transmission.

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79. What is the numerical aperture of 62.5/125 fiber

Explanation

The numerical aperture of a fiber optic cable determines its ability to gather and transmit light. In this case, the numerical aperture of the 62.5/125 fiber is 0.275. This means that the fiber optic cable has a relatively high ability to gather and transmit light, making it suitable for applications that require high-speed data transmission over short distances.

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80. What is the rate for ATM (STS-3)

Explanation

The rate for ATM (STS-3) is 155 Mb/s.

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81. In telephony, delays greater than _____ are perceptible if they are of sufficient strenth.

Explanation

Delays greater than 50 milliseconds are perceptible in telephony if they are of sufficient strength. This means that if there is a delay of more than 50 milliseconds in a telephone conversation, it will be noticeable to the person speaking or listening. The strength of the delay refers to how noticeable or significant it is.

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82. EM fields are usually expressed in:

Explanation

EM fields are usually expressed in Volt/meters because the electric field strength (E) is measured in volts per meter. This unit represents the amount of electric potential difference (voltage) per unit distance. It is commonly used to quantify the strength of electric fields in various applications, such as telecommunications, electromagnetic radiation, and electrical engineering.

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83. Crosstalk is signal interference between cable pairs, which may be caused by a pair picking up unwanted signals from either:

Explanation

Crosstalk refers to signal interference between cable pairs. It can occur when a cable pair picks up unwanted signals from either adjacent pairs or nearby cables. This interference can disrupt the quality of the transmitted signals and lead to errors or loss of data. Therefore, both adjacent pairs and nearby cables can cause crosstalk.

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84. Mutual conductance G(line) is expressed in

Explanation

Mutual conductance, also known as transconductance, is a measure of how much the output current of a device changes in response to a change in input voltage. It is expressed in Siemens (S), which is the unit of conductance. Ohms is the unit of resistance, Henrys is the unit of inductance, and Farads is the unit of capacitance, none of which are directly related to mutual conductance. Therefore, the correct answer is Siemens (S).

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85. Both mutual inductance and capacitance unbalance are affected by?

Explanation

The relative length and uniformity of pair twists affect both mutual inductance and capacitance unbalance. Mutual inductance is the phenomenon where the magnetic field of one conductor induces a voltage in another conductor. The length and uniformity of pair twists affect the magnetic coupling between the conductors, thus impacting mutual inductance. Capacitance unbalance refers to the difference in capacitance between two conductors in a cable. The relative length and uniformity of pair twists also affect the distribution of electric fields and, consequently, the capacitance unbalance.

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86. A pulse code modulation is a sampled value that is assigned one of _______ levels, and can be represented by an 8-bit binary number.

Explanation

In pulse code modulation, the sampled value is assigned one of 256 levels. These levels can be represented by an 8-bit binary number, as 8 bits can represent 2^8 = 256 different combinations. This allows for a wide range of values to be accurately represented in the digital signal.

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87. In June 2003 the IEEE approved what standard  that deals with Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Power via Media Dependent Interface (MDI)

Explanation

The correct answer is 802.3af. This standard approved by IEEE in June 2003 deals with Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Power via Media Dependent Interface (MDI).

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88. The process of converting an analog signal to an equivalent sequence of digital data is known as what?

Explanation

Pulse code modulation (PCM) is the correct answer because it refers to the process of converting an analog signal into a digital form by sampling the signal at regular intervals and quantizing each sample into a binary code. PCM is widely used in telecommunications and digital audio applications to accurately represent analog signals in a digital format. Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a different technique used for transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel. Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) and digital subscriber modulation (DSM) are not relevant to the process of converting analog signals to digital data.

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89. Select the correct statements for shield effectiveness ratings.

Explanation

The correct answer is that "Poor means less than 20 dB", "Fair means 20 to 40 dB", and "Excellent means more than 60 dB". This means that a shield with a rating of less than 20 dB is considered poor in effectiveness, a rating of 20 to 40 dB is considered fair, and a rating of more than 60 dB is considered excellent.

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90. What speed do signals travel in a cable

Explanation

Signals travel at speeds ranging from .6c to .8c in a cable. This means that the speed of the signals is between 60% and 80% of the speed of light.

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91. Transmission circuits are generally classified as?

Explanation

Transmission circuits are generally classified based on the direction of data flow. Simplex transmission circuits allow data to flow in only one direction, from the sender to the receiver. Half-duplex transmission circuits allow data to flow in both directions, but only one direction at a time. Full-duplex transmission circuits allow data to flow in both directions simultaneously. Therefore, the correct answer includes all three classifications: Simplex, Half-duplex, and Full-duplex.

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92. What are the two types of loading coils

Explanation

Loading coils are used in telecommunication systems to compensate for the attenuation of signals over long distances. They are placed at regular intervals along the transmission line to boost the signal strength. The two types of loading coils mentioned in the answer, D loading and H loading, refer to different configurations of the coils. Each type is designed to provide specific impedance matching and signal enhancement properties based on the characteristics of the transmission line and the desired signal quality.

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93. For optical fiber the maximum connection loss of ______ dB is recommended.

Explanation

For optical fiber, a maximum connection loss of 0.75 dB is recommended. This means that the total loss in the connection between two fiber optic cables should not exceed 0.75 dB. This loss can occur due to factors such as insertion loss, reflection loss, and bending losses in the fiber. Keeping the connection loss below 0.75 dB ensures efficient transmission of signals through the fiber optic network.

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94. Stranded conductors generally have a slightly smaller outside diameter than the corresponding solid conductor diameter.

Explanation

This statement is false. Stranded conductors actually have a slightly larger outside diameter compared to the corresponding solid conductor diameter. This is because stranded conductors are made up of multiple smaller wires twisted together, which results in a larger overall diameter. This larger diameter allows for better flexibility and resistance to breakage.

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95. What is the Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, and ISND applications should be on seperate binder groups

Explanation

The correct answer is ANSI/TIA/EIA-232-F. This standard defines the interface between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) employing serial binary data interchange. It specifies the electrical and functional characteristics of the interface, including voltage levels, timing, and signal definitions. ISND applications should be on separate binder groups to ensure proper signal integrity and minimize interference.

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96. Select the data rate and number of channels available with a DS-1

Explanation

A DS-1 (Digital Signal 1) has a data rate of 1.544 Mb/s and is capable of carrying 24 channels. This means that it can transmit digital data at a speed of 1.544 million bits per second and can accommodate up to 24 separate channels for data transmission.

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97. The maximum cable attenuation coefficient singlemode inside plant fiber is:

Explanation

The maximum cable attenuation coefficient for singlemode inside plant fiber is 1.0 dB/km at both 1310 nm and 1550 nm. This means that for every kilometer of fiber, the signal strength decreases by 1.0 dB at these wavelengths. Attenuation is an important factor to consider in fiber optic communication as it affects the quality and distance of signal transmission.

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98. ATM (STS-1) and OC1 have what encoding rate?

Explanation

ATM (STS-1) and OC1 have an encoding rate of 51.8 Mb/s.

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99. Since speech does not use much bandwidth, it can tolerate delays or traffic bottlenecks.

Explanation

Speech actually requires a relatively high amount of bandwidth, especially for high-quality audio. This means that it is less tolerant of delays or traffic bottlenecks compared to other forms of communication that require less bandwidth. Therefore, the given statement is false.

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100. Shields are made of what?

Explanation

Shields can be made of various materials, including foil and braided metal strands. Foil is a thin and flexible material that can be easily molded and shaped to create a shield. It is commonly used for lightweight shields that provide protection against heat or electromagnetic interference. On the other hand, braided metal strands are often used for more heavy-duty shields that offer protection against electrical interference or physical impact. These strands are made by intertwining multiple metal wires together, creating a strong and durable shield.

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101. Insulation (also called dielectric) is used to isolate the flow of current by preventing direct contact between:

Explanation

Insulation, also known as dielectric, is used to prevent direct contact between conductors and their environment. It acts as a barrier that isolates the flow of current, ensuring that there is no electrical contact between the conductor and its surroundings. This helps to prevent short circuits and electrical shocks, ensuring the safety and proper functioning of electrical systems.

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102. The bandwidth of a multimode system is a function of:

Explanation

The bandwidth of a multimode system is determined by chromatic dispersion and modal dispersion. Chromatic dispersion occurs when different wavelengths of light travel at different speeds, causing the signal to spread out and degrade over long distances. Modal dispersion, on the other hand, happens when light rays take different paths within a multimode fiber, leading to different arrival times at the receiver and causing signal distortion. Both chromatic dispersion and modal dispersion limit the maximum data rate that can be transmitted over a multimode system.

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103. What is the rate for ATM (STS-1)

Explanation

The rate for ATM (STS-1) is 51.8 Mb/s.

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104. When calculating the "repair margin" as part of the power penalties, if the cable is located where it could be damaged by accident, allow sufficient loss margin in the design to accomodate at least _____ repair splices. If the cable is in a high-risk area or reroutings are anticipated, the designer may decide to allow for more than _____ splices.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that when calculating the "repair margin" for power penalties, the designer should allow for at least 2 repair splices if the cable is located where it could be damaged by accident. Additionally, if the cable is in a high-risk area or reroutings are anticipated, the designer may decide to allow for more than 2 splices.

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105. Data networks must have __________ capabilities to support IP telephony.

Explanation

Quality of Service (QoS) is necessary for data networks to support IP telephony because it ensures that the network can prioritize and deliver voice packets with minimal delay, jitter, and packet loss. QoS allows for the allocation of network resources to prioritize real-time voice traffic over other types of data traffic, ensuring a high-quality and reliable voice communication experience. Without QoS capabilities, IP telephony may suffer from poor call quality, dropped calls, and other issues that can negatively impact communication.

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106. Surface transfer impedence is usually measured in what?

Explanation

Surface transfer impedance is a measure of the electrical resistance encountered when transferring electrical energy across a surface. It is typically measured in milliohm/meter or ohm/foot. This measurement indicates the resistance per unit length, with milliohm/meter being the metric unit and ohm/foot being the imperial unit. Both units express the same concept of electrical resistance over a given distance, but in different measurement systems.

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107.                                 is used to isolate the flow of current by preventing direct contact between conductors and their environment.

Explanation

Insulation is used to isolate the flow of current by preventing direct contact between conductors and their environment. It acts as a barrier between the conductors and any surrounding materials or objects, preventing the current from escaping or coming into contact with anything that could cause a short circuit or electrical shock. Insulation materials have high resistivity, which means they do not conduct electricity easily. This property allows them to effectively contain and control the flow of current within a circuit, ensuring safety and proper functioning.

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108. What are the advantages of solid conductors?

Explanation

Solid conductors have several advantages over other types of conductors. Firstly, they are less costly compared to other options, making them more affordable for various applications. Secondly, solid conductors have less complex terminations, meaning they are easier to install and connect in electrical systems. Lastly, solid conductors offer better transmission performance at higher frequencies, ensuring efficient and reliable signal transmission. These advantages make solid conductors a preferred choice in many electrical and electronic applications.

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109. Wavelength areas that are most suitable for optical communications are called:

Explanation

In optical communications, "windows" refer to specific wavelength ranges in the electromagnetic spectrum that are most suitable for transmitting data. These windows are chosen because they have low signal attenuation and minimal interference from other sources. By using these windows, optical signals can travel long distances without significant loss of signal quality. Therefore, "windows" is the correct term to describe the wavelength areas that are most suitable for optical communications.

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110. What is the center wavelength for a CD laser

Explanation

The center wavelength for a CD laser is 780 nm. This is the specific wavelength at which the laser emits light.

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111. Drain wires are usually?

Explanation

Drain wires are usually applied longitudinally, meaning they are positioned along the length of the cable. This allows for effective grounding and protection against electromagnetic interference. Additionally, drain wires are specified at the time of the cable order, meaning they are determined and included in the cable design based on the specific requirements and applications of the cable.

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112. Name 2 cable insulations which improved the smoke and flame characteristics as well as improved transmission performance.

Explanation

Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) and Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) are two cable insulations that have been shown to improve both smoke and flame characteristics as well as transmission performance. FEP is a thermoplastic material known for its excellent electrical properties and resistance to chemicals and heat. It has low smoke and flame characteristics, making it suitable for applications where fire safety is important. ECTFE is a high-performance fluoropolymer that offers excellent electrical insulation properties and is highly resistant to chemicals, UV radiation, and extreme temperatures. It also has low smoke and flame characteristics, making it a suitable choice for applications where fire safety is a concern.

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113. Similar in nature to digital heirarchy for balanced twisted-pair transmissions, standards have been established for optical fiber carrier transmissions. What are the standards called that are used in North America and internationally.

Explanation

The correct answer is that Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) is the international standard and Synchronous optical network (SONET) is the North American standard. This means that SDH is used globally, while SONET is specifically used in North America.

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114. For singlemode optical fiber cable, the following maximum attenuation values are generally specified:

Explanation

The correct answer is Outside cable-- 0.5 dB/km at 1310 nm and 1550 nm, Inside cable-- 1.0 dB/km at 1310 nm and 1550 nm. This answer is correct because it accurately reflects the maximum attenuation values specified for singlemode optical fiber cable. The outside cable has a maximum attenuation of 0.5 dB/km at both 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths, while the inside cable has a maximum attenuation of 1.0 dB/km at both wavelengths. These values are commonly used to measure the loss of signal strength in the fiber optic cable over distance.

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115. The maximum cable attenuation coefficient for 62.5/125 um multimode fiber is:

Explanation

The correct answer is 1.5 dB/km @ 1300 nm. This is the maximum cable attenuation coefficient for 62.5/125 um multimode fiber at a wavelength of 1300 nm. The other options provided are not the maximum attenuation coefficients for this type of fiber.

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116. Consider the following primary criteria when selecting a cable shield for a given application.

Explanation

The nature of the signal to be transmitted is important to consider when selecting a cable shield because different signals may have different requirements for shielding. For example, a high-frequency signal may require a more robust shield to prevent interference. The magnitude of the EM fields through which the cable will run is also important because stronger fields may require a more effective shield to provide adequate protection. Additionally, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations need to be considered to ensure that the selected cable shield meets the required standards for interference prevention.

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117. The outer most part of a fiber is called the cladding

Explanation

The outer most part of a fiber is not called the cladding. The cladding is actually the layer surrounding the core of the fiber, which helps to confine the light within the core and prevent signal loss. The outermost part of a fiber is typically referred to as the coating, which provides protection to the fiber and may have additional functions such as enhancing flexibility or resistance to environmental factors.

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118. Attenuation to Crosstalk ratio (ACR) is calculated how:

Explanation

The correct answer is "Minimum NEXT loss - maximum attenuation." This calculation is used to determine the Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio (ACR). ACR is a measure of the difference between the minimum NEXT (Near End Crosstalk) loss and the maximum attenuation. NEXT loss refers to the amount of crosstalk between adjacent cables, while attenuation measures the loss of signal strength. By subtracting the maximum attenuation from the minimum NEXT loss, we can determine the ACR, which helps assess the quality and performance of a communication channel.

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119. For power over ethernet, what pins are used to deliver power, select all that apply:

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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120. In the case of speech signals, it is desirable to assign a greater number of levels when the speech signal is weak than when the speech signal is strong. This nonuniform mapping between the analog sampled value to an assigned digital level is called _____________.

Explanation

Companding is a technique used in the digital encoding of speech signals. It involves assigning a greater number of digital levels to weak speech signals and fewer levels to strong speech signals. This nonuniform mapping helps to preserve the quality of weak signals while reducing the quantization error for strong signals. Therefore, companding is the correct term to describe this process.

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121. A sinusoid is an oscillating,periodic signal that is described by what parameters.

Explanation

A sinusoid is a type of waveform that is characterized by three parameters: amplitude, frequency, and phase. The amplitude represents the maximum value or strength of the signal, the frequency determines the number of oscillations per unit of time, and the phase indicates the position of the waveform at a given time. These parameters are essential in fully describing and understanding the behavior of a sinusoidal signal. The size, on the other hand, is not a parameter commonly used to describe a sinusoid.

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122. What is the corrosion resistance of high-strenght alloys?

Explanation

High-strength alloys have poor corrosion resistance. This means that these alloys are more likely to corrode or deteriorate when exposed to corrosive environments such as moisture, chemicals, or high temperatures. The poor corrosion resistance of high-strength alloys can be attributed to factors such as the presence of impurities, the formation of oxide layers that are less protective, or the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking. Therefore, it is important to take appropriate measures such as applying protective coatings or using corrosion inhibitors to prevent or minimize corrosion in high-strength alloys.

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123. Visible light wavelength is:

Explanation

Visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. The wavelength of visible light determines its color. The range of wavelengths that humans can perceive as visible light is approximately 400-700 nm. This range includes colors from violet (shorter wavelength) to red (longer wavelength).

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124. The common distance between D loading points is:

Explanation

The common distance between D loading points is 1.37 km (4500 ft). This means that each loading point is located at a distance of 1.37 km from the other loading points.

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125. The maximum cable attenuation coefficient singlemode outside plant fiber is:

Explanation

The correct answer is 0.5 dB/km @ 1310 nm, 0.5 dB/km @ 1550 nm. This means that the maximum cable attenuation coefficient for singlemode outside plant fiber is 0.5 dB/km at both 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths. Attenuation coefficient refers to the amount of signal loss that occurs as light travels through the fiber optic cable. In this case, the cable has a very low attenuation coefficient, indicating that it is capable of transmitting signals over long distances without significant loss of signal strength.

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126. Multimode optical fiber is best suited for premise applications where links are less than:

Explanation

Multimode optical fiber is best suited for premise applications where links are less than 2000 m (6560 ft) for data rates of 155 Mb/s or less, 550 m (1804 ft) for data rates of 1 Gb/s or less, and 300 m (984 ft) for data rates of 10 Gb/s or less. This is because multimode fiber has a larger core size, allowing multiple modes or rays of light to propagate through it. However, as the data rates increase, the distance over which the signal can be transmitted effectively decreases due to modal dispersion and attenuation. Therefore, for higher data rates, the maximum link length is reduced to ensure reliable transmission.

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127. Primary rate ISDN has an encoding rate of?

Explanation

Primary rate ISDN has an encoding rate of 1.544 Mb/s. This is the correct answer because primary rate ISDN is a telecommunications standard that provides 23 B channels and 1 D channel for a total bandwidth of 1.544 Mb/s. The B channels are used for voice or data transmission, while the D channel is used for signaling and control purposes. Therefore, the encoding rate of primary rate ISDN is 1.544 Mb/s.

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128. Although satelitte signals travel at a velocity of the speed of light (c), geostationary satellites are such a great distance away (36,000 km [22,400 mi.]) the round-trip delay is close to ___________ second?

Explanation

Geostationary satellites are positioned at a distance of 36,000 km from the Earth's surface. This distance causes a round-trip delay in the satellite signals. Since satellite signals travel at the speed of light, which is approximately 300,000 km/s, the time taken for the signal to travel from the Earth to the satellite and back is calculated by dividing the total distance by the speed of light. In this case, the round-trip delay is approximately 1/4 second, as it takes that amount of time for the signal to travel the 36,000 km distance twice.

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129. Devices that convert electrical energy back into sound energy are typically called what?

Explanation

Devices that convert electrical energy back into sound energy are typically called receivers. Receivers are commonly used in various electronic devices such as radios, televisions, and audio systems to receive and convert radio waves or electrical signals into audible sound. They play a crucial role in capturing and amplifying the electrical signals, allowing us to hear the desired audio output.

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130. Multiple-layer braid shield effectiveness for radio frequency is:

Explanation

The multiple-layer braid shield is highly effective for radio frequency because it provides multiple layers of protection against electromagnetic interference. This shield is designed to minimize the amount of external radio frequency signals that can penetrate the cable or wire, ensuring excellent signal quality and reducing the risk of interference. The multiple layers of the braid shield create a strong barrier, making it highly effective in blocking out unwanted radio frequency signals.

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131. When calculating the power penalties for the link loss budget, what is the loss values for LEDs and lasers.

Explanation

The loss values for LEDs and lasers when calculating the power penalties for the link loss budget are 2 dB for LEDs and 3 dB for lasers. This means that when considering the power budget for a link, a 2 dB loss is accounted for when using LEDs and a 3 dB loss is accounted for when using lasers.

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132. The maximum cable attenuation coefficient for 50/125 um multimode fiber is:

Explanation

The correct answer is 3.5 dB/km @ 850 nm. This means that for every kilometer of cable, the signal strength will decrease by 3.5 dB at a wavelength of 850 nm. This attenuation coefficient is specific to 50/125 um multimode fiber, which is commonly used for short-distance data transmission. The other options are incorrect because they either have different attenuation coefficients or are at different wavelengths.

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133. High temperatures can be routinely encountered in?

Explanation

The high temperatures can be routinely encountered in exterior building walls, ceiling spaces (including plenums), and mechanical rooms. This is because these areas are exposed to external heat sources such as sunlight, machinery, or heating systems. The exterior walls can absorb heat from the sun, while ceiling spaces and mechanical rooms may contain equipment or systems that generate heat. Therefore, these locations are more likely to experience high temperatures compared to interior building walls.

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134. The rate at which the digital signal state changes and the bit transmission rate are the same

Explanation

The statement is false because the rate at which the digital signal state changes, known as the baud rate, is not necessarily the same as the bit transmission rate. The baud rate refers to the number of signal changes per second, while the bit transmission rate refers to the number of bits transmitted per second. In some cases, multiple bits can be transmitted per signal change, resulting in a higher bit transmission rate than the baud rate. Therefore, the two rates can be different.

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135. Two key parameters in optical fiber cabling performance that must be verified for compatibility with the proposed electronics are:

Explanation

Bandwidth and attenuation are two key parameters in optical fiber cabling performance that need to be verified for compatibility with the proposed electronics. Bandwidth refers to the capacity of the fiber to carry data, and it is important to ensure that it meets the requirements of the proposed electronics. Attenuation, on the other hand, refers to the loss of signal strength as it travels through the fiber. It is crucial to verify that the attenuation is within acceptable limits to ensure proper transmission of data.

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136. Select the data rate and number of voice channels for STS-3/OC-3

Explanation

The correct answer is 155.52 Mb/s and 2016 channels. This is because STS-3/OC-3 is a synchronous transport signal level 3/optical carrier level 3, which has a data rate of 155.52 Mb/s. It can support multiple voice channels, and in this case, it can accommodate 2016 channels.

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137. Select the data rate and number of channels available with a E2 digital signals

Explanation

The E2 digital signals have a data rate of 8.192 Mb/s and can support up to 120 channels.

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138. Foils shield effectiveness for audio frequencies is:

Explanation

The given answer "Excellent" suggests that foils are highly effective in shielding audio frequencies. This means that foils are able to block or reduce the interference or electromagnetic radiation that can affect audio signals. Foils are likely to provide a high level of protection against external electromagnetic interference, resulting in a clear and undistorted audio signal.

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139. The two common methods of encoding are?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Inverting alternate pulses for ones and using a zero level for zeros" and "Using Manchester (or differential Manchester)". These are the two common methods of encoding. In the first method, alternate pulses are inverted to represent ones and a zero level is used to represent zeros. In the second method, Manchester encoding is used where each bit is represented by a transition from high to low or low to high. Differential Manchester encoding is a variation where the transition represents a zero and no transition represents a one. Both methods are commonly used for encoding signals.

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140. Select the data rate and number of channels available with a E1 digital signals

Explanation

An E1 digital signal has a data rate of 2.048 Mb/s and can accommodate 30 channels. This means that it can transmit 30 different voice or data signals simultaneously. The 2.048 Mb/s data rate allows for efficient transmission of these channels, ensuring high-quality communication.

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141. What is the numerical aperture of 50/125 fiber:

Explanation

The numerical aperture of a fiber optic cable is a measure of the light-gathering capability of the cable. It is determined by the refractive index of the core and the cladding of the fiber. In this case, the given answer of 0.20 suggests that the numerical aperture of the 50/125 fiber is 0.20.

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142. What is the frequency range for LF audio:

Explanation

LF audio refers to low frequency audio. The frequency range for LF audio is typically between 30-300 kHz. This range is considered to be in the lower end of the audio spectrum. Frequencies within this range are often used for various purposes such as audio transmission, communication systems, and scientific research.

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143. identify this signal

Explanation

The given signal is identified as Polar nonreturn to zero level. In this encoding scheme, the signal level remains constant during the entire bit duration for a zero bit, and changes polarity for a one bit. This allows for easy detection of bit transitions and synchronization. The signal does not return to zero between consecutive bits, hence the name "nonreturn to zero".

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144. There is a direct relationship between insulation resistance and cable length.

Explanation

Insulation resistance and cable length do not have a direct relationship. Insulation resistance is a measure of how well the insulation material of a cable can resist the flow of electrical current. It is affected by factors such as the quality and thickness of the insulation material, as well as environmental conditions. Cable length, on the other hand, does not directly impact insulation resistance. The length of a cable may indirectly affect resistance due to the resistance of the conductor material itself, but it does not have a direct relationship with insulation resistance. Therefore, the statement is false.

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145. The loosening of static pressure connectors due to widely varying temperature changes is known as:

Explanation

Thermal shock refers to the loosening of static pressure connectors caused by significant and rapid temperature changes. When materials expand or contract at different rates due to temperature fluctuations, it can create stress and strain on the connectors, leading to their loosening. This phenomenon is commonly observed in situations where there are extreme temperature variations, such as in industrial processes or when hot and cold fluids come into contact.

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146. Basic rate ISDN uses what transmission method?

Explanation

2B1Q is the correct answer because it is the transmission method used in Basic rate ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). 2B1Q stands for 2 Bits per Quadrature, which means that two bits are encoded into each symbol. This encoding method allows for efficient transmission of digital signals over a limited bandwidth. It is commonly used in ISDN systems to transmit voice, data, and video signals.

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147. Select the data rate and number of channels available with a DS-2

Explanation

The DS-2 has a data rate of 6.312 Mb/s and it supports a maximum of 96 channels.

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148. In voice band applications, what is a typical impedence and where is each used?

Explanation

In voice band applications, a typical impedance of 600 ohms is preferred for private line circuits and trunks. This impedance is suitable for long-distance communication and ensures efficient transmission of signals over these circuits. On the other hand, a impedance of 900 ohms is preferred for use in central office switching system line circuits. This higher impedance helps in reducing crosstalk and interference in the switching system, resulting in better overall performance and clarity of voice signals.

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149. Loss variations due to temperature changes can sometimes be as high as

Explanation

Loss variations due to temperature changes can sometimes be as high as 2 dB/km. This means that for every kilometer of distance, the loss can vary by up to 2 decibels due to changes in temperature. This variation is significant and can impact the performance and reliability of the system.

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150. Conductive nonmetallic materials are sometimes used at power and some low audio frequencies. These semiconductive shields are not normally used for applications at frequencies above:

Explanation

Conductive nonmetallic materials are sometimes used as semiconductive shields at power and low audio frequencies. However, they are not typically used for applications at frequencies above 500 kHz. This suggests that conductive nonmetallic materials may not be effective in providing shielding at higher frequencies, potentially due to their limited conductivity or other properties.

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151. Baluns are used to adapt the unbalanced impedence of twisted-pair to the balanced impedence of coaxial cable.

Explanation

Baluns are actually used to adapt the balanced impedance of twisted-pair to the unbalanced impedance of coaxial cable. This is because twisted-pair cables have two conductors that are twisted together, creating a balanced signal, while coaxial cables have a single conductor surrounded by a shield, creating an unbalanced signal. Therefore, baluns are necessary to convert the impedance from one type to another in order to ensure proper signal transmission.

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152. The delay skew between the fastest and slowest pairs in a category 6/class E and category 5e/class D cable shall not exceed ____________ nanoseconds (ns) at 100 m (328 ft)

Explanation

The delay skew refers to the difference in propagation delay between the fastest and slowest pairs in a cable. In this case, for category 6/class E and category 5e/class D cables, the delay skew should not exceed 45 nanoseconds (ns) at a distance of 100 meters (328 feet). This means that the difference in time it takes for signals to travel through the different pairs of the cable should not exceed 45 ns.

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153. NEXT loss is dominated by components in the near zone, what is defined as the near zone:

Explanation

The near zone is defined as the region close to the source where the components of the NEXT loss are dominant. In this region, the effects of coupling, crosstalk, and other factors are more significant compared to the far zone. The near zone is characterized by a higher level of electromagnetic field interactions and shorter distances between the components, leading to increased signal degradation. Therefore, understanding and mitigating the effects in the near zone are crucial for minimizing NEXT loss and maintaining signal integrity.

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154. The common distance between H loading coils is:

Explanation

The common distance between H loading coils is 1.8 km (5900 ft). This means that the distance between each H loading coil is 1.8 km or 5900 ft.

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155. What are 3 practical power source options for VoIP?

Explanation

The three practical power source options for VoIP are a VoIP switch with an integrated power supply installed in the TR, midspan units installed between the active switch and the patch panels, and local power sources. These options provide the necessary power for VoIP systems to function effectively.

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156. When converting digital data to digital signals, what are the two common methods of encoding:

Explanation

The two common methods of encoding when converting digital data to digital signals are Manchester and Alternate mark inversion (AMI). In the Manchester encoding method, the signal transitions in the middle of each bit, with a high-to-low transition representing a 0 and a low-to-high transition representing a 1. This ensures that there is always a transition in the middle of each bit, providing synchronization and reducing the chance of errors. In the AMI encoding method, a zero is represented by no line signal, while a one is represented by alternating positive and negative line signals. This method also helps in synchronization and reduces the chance of errors.

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157. A high dielectric constant is preferred

Explanation

A high dielectric constant is not preferred because it indicates that a material has a higher ability to store electrical energy, which can lead to increased capacitance and decreased efficiency in electronic devices. Therefore, a low dielectric constant is preferred as it allows for better insulation and reduced energy loss.

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158. Select the true statements about Primary rate ISDN North America:

Explanation

Primary rate ISDN North America has a total information capacity of 1.536 Mb/s (line rate= 1.544 Mb/s) because the line rate is slightly higher than the information capacity. It is intended for large business users because it provides a high capacity for data transmission. It uses a digital signal comprising of 23 B channels and one D channel, each operating at 64 kb/s, which allows for multiple simultaneous calls and data transfer.

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159. Select the data rate and number of channels available with a DS-4

Explanation

A DS-4 (Digital Signal level 4) provides a data rate of 274.176 Mb/s and has a total of 4032 channels available.

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160. The effectiveness of single-layer and multiple-layer braids against magnetic fields is:

Explanation

Single-layer and multiple-layer braids are not effective against magnetic fields. They provide poor protection against magnetic interference.

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161. Select the true statements about pair twists:

Explanation

Pair twists can be done in a counterclockwise direction. The length of pair twists is typically between 2-6 inches. Tight twisting lengths for pair twists are usually less than 0.5 inches.

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162.

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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163. Basic rate ISDN has an encoding rate of?

Explanation

Basic rate ISDN has an encoding rate of 160 kb/s. This means that it can transmit data at a rate of 160 kilobits per second. ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network and it is a telecommunications standard that allows for the transmission of voice, video, and data over digital lines. The basic rate ISDN provides two 64 kb/s B (Bearer) channels for voice or data and one 16 kb/s D (Data) channel for signaling and control information, resulting in a total encoding rate of 160 kb/s.

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164. The ANSI/TIA/EIA-232-F standard limits the transmission distance to __________ on metallic cables based on the 2500 picofarad (pF) limit.

Explanation

The ANSI/TIA/EIA-232-F standard sets a limit on the transmission distance on metallic cables based on the 2500 picofarad (pF) limit. The correct answer, 45.8 m (150 ft), indicates that the transmission distance is restricted to this length in order to adhere to the specified pF limit.

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165. Select the data rate and number of channels available with a DS-1C

Explanation

A DS-1C can support up to 48 channels and has a data rate of 3.152 Mb/s. This means that it can transmit data from up to 48 different sources simultaneously at a speed of 3.152 Mb/s.

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166. A temperature coefficient of _________ per degree Celsius is not uncommon for some category 3 cables.

Explanation

A temperature coefficient of 1.5 percent per degree Celsius is not uncommon for some category 3 cables. This means that for every degree Celsius increase in temperature, the resistance of the cable will increase by 1.5 percent. This coefficient is within the normal range for this type of cable and is used to calculate the change in resistance due to temperature variations.

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167. Select the true statements about basic rate ISDN:

Explanation

Basic rate ISDN is designed for residential and small business users. It utilizes a digital signal that consists of two 64 kb/s B channels and one 16 kb/s D channel. The total information capacity of basic rate ISDN is 144 kb/s, although the line rate is slightly higher at 160 kb/s.

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168. Select the true statements about Primary rate ISDN Europe:

Explanation

Primary rate ISDN Europe has a total information capacity of 1.92 Mb/s (line rate=2.048 Mb/s) and uses a digital signal comprised of 30 B channels and one D channel, each operating at 64 kb/s.

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169. The key factors in determining which optical fiber to use in a given application are:

Explanation

The key factors in determining which optical fiber to use in a given application include the active equipment being used, the distance over which the fiber needs to transmit signals, and the required bandwidth or data rate. These factors are crucial in selecting the appropriate fiber that can support the specific requirements of the application.

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170. Select the data rate and number of channels available with a DS-3

Explanation

A DS-3 (Digital Signal Level 3) has a data rate of 44.736 Mb/s and can support 672 channels. This means that it can transmit data at a high speed and accommodate a large number of channels for communication.

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171. The key performance drivers for balanced twisted-pair channels are:

Explanation

The key performance drivers for balanced twisted-pair channels are attenuation, NEXT loss, and return loss for bidirectional applications. Attenuation refers to the reduction in signal strength as it travels through the channel, and it is important to minimize this loss for optimal performance. NEXT loss, or near-end crosstalk, is the interference caused by signals from adjacent pairs, and minimizing this loss is crucial for maintaining signal integrity. Return loss measures the amount of reflected energy back into the source, and it is important for bidirectional applications to minimize this loss to prevent signal degradation. Therefore, the correct answer is attenuation, NEXT loss, and return loss for bidirectional applications.

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172. Primary rate ISDN uses what transmission method?

Explanation

Bipolar is the correct answer because primary rate ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) uses the bipolar transmission method. Bipolar encoding is a line coding technique that uses three voltage levels to represent binary data. It ensures that the signal is balanced and has equal positive and negative values, which helps in reducing the DC component and enhancing transmission reliability.

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173. Select the true statements about HDSL:

Explanation

HDSL (High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line) requires two twisted-pairs for DS-1, as stated in the answer. This means that it needs two separate copper pairs to transmit the DS-1 signal. Additionally, HDSL does not require repeaters for lines less than 3600 m (11,810 ft), meaning that it can transmit data over this distance without the need for signal amplification. Lastly, using advanced modulation techniques, HDSL can transmit at a rate of 1.544 Mb/s (DS-1), which is the standard rate for DS-1 transmission.

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174. Select the data rate and number of voice channels for STS-1/OC-1

Explanation

The correct answer is 51.84 Mb/s and 672 channels. STS-1/OC-1 is a synchronous transport signal level 1/ optical carrier level 1, which has a data rate of 51.84 Mb/s. It can carry multiple voice channels, and in this case, it can support up to 672 channels.

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175. The signal propogation speed in twisted-pair will depend on what factors?

Explanation

The signal propagation speed in twisted-pair will depend on the type and thickness of the insulation used. The insulation material affects the speed at which the signal travels through the conductor, with different materials having different dielectric constants. Thicker insulation can also affect the signal propagation speed by introducing more capacitance and slowing down the signal. The type of conductor or the diameter of the conductor does not directly impact the signal propagation speed in twisted-pair.

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An analog signal is in the form of a wave that uses continuous...
Bandwidth is the information carrying capacity of a system.
The bit is the basic unit of digital data
What does ECTFE stand for:
What does AWG stand for:
Lasers have a high modulation frequency and can support data rates in...
When timing digital signals, what transmission type is performed by...
What term describes the transmission of a signal in only one...
The maximum transmission of electrical power occurs when a...
Balance twisted-pair cables are commonly used for data...
What term describes the transmission of signals in either direction...
WDM uses a series of lenses to refract and direct light pulses into a...
When selecting cable shields, the overall cable size limitations also...
Especially important in aerospace or computer applications, alloys...
EM waves are attenuated and reflected by a shield.
Attenuation of balance twisted pair cables increases at higher cable...
What are the two types of attenuators
The series resistance R(line) is expressed in:
A low dissipation factor is preferred
Light travels at what speed?
A telecommunications transmission system consists of what three basic...
DS-1C systems are no longer being deployed.
A high dielectric strength is preferred
A shield is a metallic covering or envelope enclosing an (a):
PVC-insulated conductors were commonly referred to as inside plant and...
A simple model of a telecommunications system has what three parts?
Which of the following are not common electrical conductors?
The series inductance L(line) is expressed in:
Delay skew is the difference in propogation delay between any pairs...
What describes the rate at which a signal can change state
A digital signal changes from one state to another in discrete steps?
A higher attenuation number is better
Which type of cabling insulation is used outside:
Insulation is also known as dielectric
Which digital timing method is less efficient because it requires the...
What causes a light pulse to broaden in duration as it travels through...
For power over ethernet, power may be delivered on the two unused...
What is the maximum source power output level for power over ethernet
What is the frequency range for VLF audio:
If a shield is not properly grounded, its effectiveness will not be...
Which of the following are types of shields
The ratio of the capacitance of an isulated conductor to the...
The mutual capacitance C(line) is expresssed in
If the signal power has a power ratio of 100, how many dB increase...
One baud is equal to how many state changes per second.
Transmitters have bandwidth limitations because they take time to...
When a signal encounters a discontinuity in the medium carry the...
When timing digital signals which transmission type occurs without a...
The measure of the maximum voltage that an insulation can withstand...
Human beings can hear what frequency range?
What is the most fundamental example of an analog signal.
The relative power loss in the insulation due to molecular excitement...
The size in the AWG system represents the number of steps that were...
What devices convert speech to digital data, and its subsequent...
Phase is a description of the reference:
What is the smallest size conductor:
Typical characteristics of single mode optical fiber are:
Mutual inductance is a measure of:
One of the most common techniques used to maximize the number of...
Good internet performance requires a down-to-upstream ratio of at...
When converting analog signals to a digital signal the sampling rate...
What is the rating for oxidation resistance for aluminum.
What is the largest size conductor:
For optical fiber the maximum splice loss of __________ dB is...
Voice telephone circuits are generally limited to what range?
What is the best possible shield?
When converting analog signals to digital, if you have a frequency of...
ATM (STS-3) and OC3 use what encoding rate?
A doubling of a signals power will result in an increase of how many...
What is the frequency range for UHF:
To achieve ethernet (100BASE-T4) rates of 100 Mb/s for 100 m (328...
Tight twisting of conductors is used where?
Which type of conductor sets the standard for comparing conductivity...
The process of reconstituting the individual channels from the...
To achieve a DS1 rate of 1.544 Mb/s for 1500 m (4920 ft) on ...
What are the main reason for twisting pairs of conductors?
Capacitance unbalance is a measure of what:
Analog signals can be converted into digital signals by a multistep...
What is the numerical aperture of 62.5/125 fiber
What is the rate for ATM (STS-3)
In telephony, delays greater than _____ are perceptible if they are of...
EM fields are usually expressed in:
Crosstalk is signal interference between cable pairs, which may be...
Mutual conductance G(line) is expressed in
Both mutual inductance and capacitance unbalance are affected by?
A pulse code modulation is a sampled value that is assigned one of...
In June 2003 the IEEE approved what standard  that deals with...
The process of converting an analog signal to an equivalent sequence...
Select the correct statements for shield effectiveness ratings.
What speed do signals travel in a cable
Transmission circuits are generally classified as?
What are the two types of loading coils
For optical fiber the maximum connection loss of ______ dB is...
Stranded conductors generally have a slightly smaller outside diameter...
What is the Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data...
Select the data rate and number of channels available with a DS-1
The maximum cable attenuation coefficient singlemode inside plant...
ATM (STS-1) and OC1 have what encoding rate?
Since speech does not use much bandwidth, it can tolerate delays...
Shields are made of what?
Insulation (also called dielectric) is used to isolate the flow of...
The bandwidth of a multimode system is a function of:
What is the rate for ATM (STS-1)
When calculating the "repair margin" as part of the power...
Data networks must have __________ capabilities to support IP...
Surface transfer impedence is usually measured in what?
                               ...
What are the advantages of solid conductors?
Wavelength areas that are most suitable for optical communications are...
What is the center wavelength for a CD laser
Drain wires are usually?
Name 2 cable insulations which improved the smoke and flame...
Similar in nature to digital heirarchy for balanced twisted-pair...
For singlemode optical fiber cable, the following maximum attenuation...
The maximum cable attenuation coefficient for 62.5/125 um multimode...
Consider the following primary criteria when selecting a cable shield...
The outer most part of a fiber is called the cladding
Attenuation to Crosstalk ratio (ACR) is calculated how:
For power over ethernet, what pins are used to deliver power, select...
In the case of speech signals, it is desirable to assign a greater...
A sinusoid is an oscillating,periodic signal that is described by what...
What is the corrosion resistance of high-strenght alloys?
Visible light wavelength is:
The common distance between D loading points is:
The maximum cable attenuation coefficient singlemode outside...
Multimode optical fiber is best suited for premise applications where...
Primary rate ISDN has an encoding rate of?
Although satelitte signals travel at a velocity of the speed of light...
Devices that convert electrical energy back into sound energy are...
Multiple-layer braid shield effectiveness for radio frequency is:
When calculating the power penalties for the link loss budget, what is...
The maximum cable attenuation coefficient for 50/125 um multimode...
High temperatures can be routinely encountered in?
The rate at which the digital signal state changes and the bit...
Two key parameters in optical fiber cabling performance that must be...
Select the data rate and number of voice channels for STS-3/OC-3
Select the data rate and number of channels available with a E2...
Foils shield effectiveness for audio frequencies is:
The two common methods of encoding are?
Select the data rate and number of channels available with a E1...
What is the numerical aperture of 50/125 fiber:
What is the frequency range for LF audio:
Identify this signal
There is a direct relationship between insulation resistance and cable...
The loosening of static pressure connectors due to widely varying...
Basic rate ISDN uses what transmission method?
Select the data rate and number of channels available with a DS-2
In voice band applications, what is a typical impedence and where is...
Loss variations due to temperature changes can sometimes be as high as
Conductive nonmetallic materials are sometimes used at power and some...
Baluns are used to adapt the unbalanced impedence of twisted-pair to...
The delay skew between the fastest and slowest pairs in a category...
NEXT loss is dominated by components in the near zone, what is defined...
The common distance between H loading coils is:
What are 3 practical power source options for VoIP?
When converting digital data to digital signals, what are the two...
A high dielectric constant is preferred
Select the true statements about Primary rate ISDN North America:
Select the data rate and number of channels available with a DS-4
The effectiveness of single-layer and multiple-layer braids against...
Select the true statements about pair twists:
Basic rate ISDN has an encoding rate of?
The ANSI/TIA/EIA-232-F standard limits the transmission distance to...
Select the data rate and number of channels available with a DS-1C
A temperature coefficient of _________ per degree Celsius is not...
Select the true statements about basic rate ISDN:
Select the true statements about Primary rate ISDN Europe:
The key factors in determining which optical fiber to use in a given...
Select the data rate and number of channels available with a DS-3
The key performance drivers for balanced twisted-pair channels are:
Primary rate ISDN uses what transmission method?
Select the true statements about HDSL:
Select the data rate and number of voice channels for STS-1/OC-1
The signal propogation speed in twisted-pair will depend on what...
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