RCDD Chapter 9 Power Distribution

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1. Load characteristics are:

Explanation

The load characteristics refer to the properties or behaviors exhibited by a load in an electrical circuit. Resistance is a measure of how much a load opposes the flow of current, inductance is the ability of a load to store energy in a magnetic field, and capacitance is the ability of a load to store energy in an electric field. Therefore, all of these options are correct as they represent different load characteristics.

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About This Quiz
RCDD Quizzes & Trivia

This RCDD Chapter 9 Power Distribution quiz assesses knowledge on DC power systems, including characteristics of direct current and power distribution types. It evaluates understanding of system redundancy,... see moreunidirectional current flow, and power conditioning. see less

2. For Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) power distribution over balanced twisted pair, what are the three main factors to consider for distance limitations:

Explanation

The three main factors to consider for distance limitations in ISDN power distribution over balanced twisted pair are the allowable voltage drop between the power source and the terminal, the size (wire gauge) of the pair, and the amount of power required by the terminal. All of these factors play a crucial role in determining the maximum distance over which power can be distributed effectively.

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3. Electrical shock can cause:

Explanation

Electrical shock can cause injury and death. When a person comes into contact with an electrical current, it can disrupt the normal functioning of the body's electrical system, leading to various injuries. The severity of the injuries depends on factors such as the voltage and duration of the shock. Electrical shock can cause burns, muscle contractions, cardiac arrest, and damage to internal organs. In some cases, the shock can be fatal, resulting in death. It is important to take precautions and avoid contact with electrical sources to prevent such injuries.

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4. One kWh is equal to:

Explanation

One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is equal to 1000 watt-hours. This is because the prefix "kilo" represents a factor of 1000. Therefore, multiplying 1 kilowatt by 1 hour gives us 1000 watt-hours.

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5. The most common single-phase service is:

Explanation

The most common single-phase service is 120/240 volts. This is because it is the standard voltage used in residential homes in many countries, including the United States. It provides a balance between sufficient power for household appliances and safety for everyday use. The 120 volts is used for lighting and smaller appliances, while the 240 volts is used for larger appliances such as air conditioners, ovens, and dryers.

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6. For Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) power distribution over balanced twisted pair, Which power method is most suitable for a campus-type installation or where there is a concentration of terminals to be powered in certain locations

Explanation

The distributed power method is most suitable for a campus-type installation or where there is a concentration of terminals to be powered in certain locations. This method involves distributing power from a central power source to multiple locations, allowing for efficient power distribution and reducing the need for long power cables. It is particularly beneficial in situations where there are multiple terminals in close proximity to each other, as it eliminates the need for individual power sources at each terminal.

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7. Utility companies charge for power in ___________.

Explanation

Utility companies charge for power in kilowatt hours (kWh) because it is a commonly used unit to measure electricity consumption. A kilowatt hour represents the amount of energy consumed by using one kilowatt of power for one hour. This unit is practical for billing purposes as it accurately reflects the amount of electricity used by the consumer.

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8. Frequency (e.g. number of sine wave cycles in one second) is typically ________ depending on the country.

Explanation

The frequency of sine wave cycles in one second is typically 50 to 60 Hz depending on the country. This range is commonly used for alternating current (AC) power systems in many countries around the world. Different countries may have slight variations in their frequency standards, but most fall within this range.

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9. What is a unit of mechanical power

Explanation

A unit of mechanical power is a measure of the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred in a mechanical system. The decibel (dB) is a unit used to measure the intensity of sound, not mechanical power. The watt (W) is the SI unit of power, but it is a general unit used for all types of power, not specifically mechanical power. The ohm (Ω) is a unit of electrical resistance, not power. Horsepower (hp) is a unit commonly used to measure mechanical power, especially in the context of engines and motors.

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10. For Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) power distribution over balanced twisted pair, what are three power methods:

Explanation

The correct answer is "All of the above". This means that all three power methods - bulk power, distributed power, and local or desktop power - are used for Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) power distribution over balanced twisted pair. This indicates that ISDN can be powered using any of these methods depending on the specific requirements and circumstances.

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11. With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is a short duration (usually subcycle) rapid increase in voltage or current that can often be up to thousands of volts in amplitude. The duration is less than half cycle (8.3 milliseconds) of the normal voltage waveform.

Explanation

A transient/surge refers to a short duration rapid increase in voltage or current that can reach amplitudes of thousands of volts. It occurs within a duration of less than half a cycle of the normal voltage waveform, which is typically less than 8.3 milliseconds. This sudden increase in voltage or current can cause damage to electrical equipment if not properly protected against.

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12. Stranded conductors generally have a slightly ___________ outside diameter than the corresponding solid conductor diameter due to the additional cross-sectional area between the strands.

Explanation

Stranded conductors have a larger outside diameter than the corresponding solid conductor diameter because the strands create additional cross-sectional area. This means that more material is used in the construction of the stranded conductor, resulting in a larger overall diameter.

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13. Direct current (DC) is ___________, and unlike AC current does not change polarity.

Explanation

Direct current (DC) refers to the flow of electric charge in one direction only. Unlike alternating current (AC), which periodically changes direction, DC maintains a constant polarity. Therefore, the correct answer is "Unidirectional."

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14. If the voltage sine wave starts before the current sine wave (inductive circuit) then the current wave is said to:

Explanation

When the voltage sine wave starts before the current sine wave in an inductive circuit, the current wave is said to "Lage" the voltage sine wave. This means that the current lags behind the voltage waveform in time. This behavior is typical in inductive circuits where the flow of current is delayed due to the presence of inductance.

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15. The electrical system between the serving utility and the customer's site is known as the ________ system.

Explanation

The electrical system between the serving utility and the customer's site is known as the distribution system. This system is responsible for delivering electricity from the utility to the end-users, such as residential, commercial, and industrial customers. It includes transformers, power lines, substations, and other infrastructure necessary to distribute electricity safely and efficiently. The distribution system plays a crucial role in ensuring that electricity reaches the customers reliably and at the desired voltage levels.

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16. DC systems have to include an additional rectifier/charger if redundancy is required.

Explanation

In DC systems, redundancy refers to having a backup or duplicate component in case of failure. In order to achieve redundancy, an additional rectifier/charger is required. This additional component ensures that there is a backup power source available in case the primary rectifier/charger fails. Therefore, the statement is true.

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17. Direct current is:

Explanation

Direct current refers to the flow of electric charge in one direction only. Unlike alternating current, which constantly changes direction, direct current flows steadily and consistently in a single direction. Therefore, the correct answer is "Unidirectional."

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18. Direct current changes polarity

Explanation

does not change polarity

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19. What are the two types of power board distribution

Explanation

The two types of power board distribution are centralized distribution and decentralized distribution. Centralized distribution refers to a system where power is distributed from a central location to multiple points. Decentralized distribution, on the other hand, involves distributing power from multiple sources to different locations. Both types of distribution have their own advantages and disadvantages depending on the specific needs and requirements of the situation.

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20. What type of transformer has no electrical connection between the primary and secondary.

Explanation

An isolation transformer is a type of transformer that has no electrical connection between the primary and secondary windings. It is designed to provide electrical isolation between the input and output, thereby preventing the transfer of electrical noise or voltage spikes from one circuit to another. This makes it useful in applications where safety or signal integrity is important, such as in medical equipment or audio systems.

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21. What equipment along with electronic ballasts generally cause harmonics?

Explanation

Solid-state equipment is the correct answer because it generally causes harmonics when used along with electronic ballasts. Solid-state equipment, such as computers, televisions, and electronic devices, use semiconductor components that can generate harmonics when operated. These harmonics can distort the power waveform and cause issues in the electrical system, leading to potential problems in other equipment connected to the same power supply. Therefore, solid-state equipment is known to be a common source of harmonics in electrical systems.

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22. When using the American Wire Gauge (AWG) numbering system, smaller numbers denote _______ wires.

Explanation

In the American Wire Gauge (AWG) numbering system, smaller numbers are used to denote larger wires. This means that as the AWG number increases, the wire size decreases. Therefore, larger numbers in AWG indicate smaller wires.

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23. What type of circuit do you have is current leads voltage

Explanation

A capacitive circuit is one where the current leads the voltage. In a capacitive circuit, the current flow is ahead of the voltage waveform, meaning that the current reaches its peak before the voltage does. This is because in a capacitive circuit, the capacitor stores energy in an electric field and releases it back into the circuit, causing the current to lead the voltage.

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24. Do not mix aluminum terminating devices with copper cables.

Explanation

Mixing aluminum terminating devices with copper cables can lead to compatibility issues and potential hazards. Aluminum and copper have different electrical properties and can cause galvanic corrosion when they come into contact with each other. This corrosion can weaken the connection and increase resistance, leading to overheating and potential fire hazards. Therefore, it is important to use compatible materials when terminating aluminum or copper cables to ensure safe and efficient electrical connections.

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25. A method of connection for primary or secondary windings of a three-phase tranformer bank in which similar ends of each phase windings are connected together at a common point is known as:

Explanation

The method of connection described in the question is known as the Wye connection. In a Wye connection, the similar ends of each phase winding are connected together at a common point, forming a Y-shaped configuration. This type of connection is commonly used in three-phase transformer banks and allows for a balanced distribution of power between the phases.

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26. The harmonics of the sine wave are multiples of the basic __________. (e.g. the third harmonic of 60 Hz power is 180 Hz)

Explanation

The harmonics of a sine wave are multiples of the basic frequency. This means that if the basic frequency is 60 Hz, the harmonics would be at 120 Hz, 180 Hz, 240 Hz, and so on. Harmonics are additional frequencies that are present in a waveform and are caused by distortions or interference. In this case, the harmonics are related to the frequency of the sine wave, not the voltage, amplitude, or current.

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27. With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is an increase in the nominal voltage or current lasting from 0.5 cycles to one minute?

Explanation

An increase in the nominal voltage or current lasting from 0.5 cycles to one minute is referred to as a "swell." Swells are temporary increases in voltage or current that can occur due to various reasons such as sudden changes in load or faults in the power system. Swells can potentially damage electrical equipment and appliances if they exceed the operating limits.

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28. The average current that is required to fully recharge a discharged battery depends upon the amount of:

Explanation

The average current required to fully recharge a discharged battery depends on the amount of load current that is removed from the battery, the time the battery is discharged, and the recharge time required. All of these factors affect the overall energy that needs to be restored to the battery, thus influencing the average current needed for recharging.

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29. One watt equals how many Btu.

Explanation

One watt is equal to 3.413 Btu. This conversion factor is used to convert between the units of power (watt) and energy (Btu). The Btu (British thermal unit) is a unit of energy commonly used in the United States, while the watt is the SI unit of power. Therefore, to convert from watt to Btu, we multiply the value in watt by 3.413.

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30. What adjusts the line voltage to the load up or down, as necessary.

Explanation

A voltage regulator is a device that adjusts the line voltage to the load up or down as necessary. It ensures that the voltage supplied to the load remains constant despite any fluctuations in the input voltage. This is achieved by using electronic circuits that monitor the input voltage and make the necessary adjustments to maintain a stable output voltage.

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31. If tow waveforms match each other in electrical degrees, they are said to be:

Explanation

When two waveforms match each other in electrical degrees, it means that their peaks and troughs align perfectly. This indicates that they are synchronized and have the same frequency. Therefore, they are said to be "in phase."

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32. Which of the following information is required for battery cell sizing, regardless of method chosen:

Explanation

Battery cell sizing requires all of the above information because each piece of information is crucial for determining the appropriate size and capacity of the battery. The direct current required in amperes or load in volt-amperes helps in calculating the power requirements of the load. The direct current input window of the load helps in determining the range of current that the battery needs to provide. The operating temperature of the battery is important as it affects the battery's performance and lifespan. Lastly, the battery backup time required helps in determining the capacity and energy storage needed in the battery to meet the desired backup duration.

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33. The optimum temperature that a battery should be maintained at is typically:

Explanation

Batteries should be maintained at an optimum temperature of 77 degrees F. This temperature provides the ideal balance between performance and longevity for most types of batteries. Higher temperatures can lead to faster degradation and shorter lifespan, while lower temperatures can reduce the battery's capacity and ability to deliver power. Therefore, 77 degrees F is the recommended temperature for maximizing the efficiency and lifespan of batteries.

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34. In DC calculations, you must use a power factor

Explanation

dc calculations there is no concern about power factor

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35. The rms value is __________ times the zero-to-peak value of the sine wave

Explanation

The root mean square (rms) value of a sine wave is equal to 0.7071 times its zero-to-peak value. This is a known relationship in electrical engineering and is derived from the mathematical properties of sine waves. The rms value represents the effective value of the sine wave and is commonly used to calculate power or voltage in electrical systems.

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36. The efficiency of a circuit (or load) is the amount of input power required to provide a predetermined output power, expressed as a:

Explanation

The efficiency of a circuit or load is commonly expressed as a percentage. This percentage represents the ratio of the output power to the input power, indicating how effectively the circuit or load converts the input power into useful output power. A higher percentage indicates a more efficient circuit or load, as it requires less input power to provide the desired output power.

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37. When using ohms law V, I, and R respresent what:

Explanation

The given answer correctly identifies the variables in Ohm's Law. V represents voltage in volts, R represents resistance in ohms, and I represents current in amperes.

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38. A method of connection for primary or secondary windings of a three-phase transformer bank in which the windings are connected in series to form a closed circuit is known as:

Explanation

The correct answer is Delta. Delta connection is a method of connecting the primary or secondary windings of a three-phase transformer bank in which the windings are connected in series to form a closed circuit. In this configuration, the end of one winding is connected to the start of the next winding, forming a triangular or delta shape. This type of connection is commonly used in high-voltage power distribution systems.

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39. Capacitive reactance (XC) is the portion of impedance that opposes a change in ______ due to electrical field coupling.

Explanation

Capacitive reactance (XC) is the portion of impedance that opposes a change in voltage due to electrical field coupling. In a capacitive circuit, the capacitive reactance increases as the frequency of the electrical signal increases. This means that as the voltage changes, the capacitive reactance opposes the change, resulting in a delay in the response of the circuit. Therefore, the correct answer is voltage.

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40. Electrical power provided to commercial buildings and residences is in the form of:

Explanation

The electrical power provided to commercial buildings and residences is in the form of AC (alternating current). AC is the most common form of electrical power used in these settings because it is more efficient for long-distance transmission and can easily be converted to different voltages. Unlike DC (direct current), which flows in only one direction, AC constantly changes direction, allowing for easier voltage regulation and reduced power loss. AC power is also compatible with most electrical devices and appliances used in commercial and residential settings.

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41. What tells the tranformers ability to dissipate heat.

Explanation

The K-rating of a transformer indicates its ability to dissipate heat. A higher K-rating means that the transformer is designed to handle higher levels of heat and can effectively dissipate it. This is important because transformers generate heat during operation, and if not properly dissipated, it can lead to overheating and damage to the transformer. Therefore, the K-rating is a crucial factor in determining the transformer's thermal performance and ensuring its safe and efficient operation.

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42. Conductor sizes larger than 4/0 are specified in terms of the total cross-sectional area of the copper measured in what:

Explanation

Conductor sizes larger than 4/0 are specified in terms of the total cross-sectional area of the copper measured in circular mills. Circular mills is a unit of measurement commonly used in the electrical industry to express the size of large conductors. It represents the area of a circle with a diameter of one mil (1/1000th of an inch). This unit allows for a more precise measurement of conductor size, especially for larger conductors where millimeters or other units may not be practical.

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43. Wye is a method of connection that uses a:

Explanation

The correct answer is "common point" because in a Wye connection, all three phases of the circuit are connected to a common point, known as the neutral point. This allows for the sharing of a common reference point for voltage and current measurements. It is commonly used in three-phase electrical systems to distribute power to various loads.

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44. How many Btu equal one ton of air conditioning to adequetely cool an area

Explanation

One ton of air conditioning is equal to 12,000 Btu. Btu (British thermal unit) is a unit of measurement for energy. In the context of air conditioning, Btu is used to measure the cooling capacity of an air conditioner. One ton of air conditioning refers to the amount of cooling capacity needed to cool an area effectively. Therefore, the correct answer is 12,000 Btu.

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45. The ratio of real power to apparent power is a percentage and is called the ________.

Explanation

The ratio of real power to apparent power is called the power factor. It is expressed as a percentage and represents the efficiency of an electrical system. A higher power factor indicates a more efficient system, while a lower power factor indicates a less efficient system. It is an important parameter in electrical engineering as it affects the overall performance and cost of electricity usage.

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46. What provides electrical isolation from the utility line by using the utility to drive a motor, which in turn drives a generator, producing an AC waveform at the desired voltage

Explanation

A motor generator provides electrical isolation from the utility line by using the utility to drive a motor, which in turn drives a generator, producing an AC waveform at the desired voltage. This setup allows for the generation of electricity independent of the utility line, providing a level of isolation and protection from power fluctuations or disturbances in the utility line.

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47. Batteries store energy in:

Explanation

Batteries store energy in chemical form. When a battery is charged, a chemical reaction occurs that converts electrical energy into chemical potential energy. This energy is stored in the battery until it is needed. When the battery is connected to a device, a chemical reaction is again triggered, converting the stored chemical energy back into electrical energy, which powers the device. This chemical reaction is what allows batteries to store and release energy efficiently.

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48. What is a device that is used to disconnect the battery at a preset voltage during battery discharge and allow reconnection only when utility power has been restored.

Explanation

A low-voltage disconnect (LVD) is a device that is used to disconnect the battery at a preset voltage during battery discharge and allow reconnection only when utility power has been restored. This device helps to protect the battery from being completely discharged, which can damage the battery and reduce its lifespan. By disconnecting the battery at a certain voltage, the LVD ensures that there is enough charge remaining to start the battery when utility power is restored.

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49. What is an equipment grounding (earthing) topology that was theorized to reduce the effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) on the equipment grounding system.

Explanation

Isolated ground (IG) is an equipment grounding topology that was theorized to reduce the effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) on the equipment grounding system. This method involves isolating the ground circuit of sensitive equipment from the general building ground, using a separate grounding conductor. By doing so, it aims to minimize the introduction of unwanted electrical noise into the equipment, providing a cleaner and more stable grounding system.

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50. The ________ of a conductor is related to the conductor size, temperature, and means of insulation.

Explanation

Ampacity refers to the maximum amount of current that a conductor can carry without exceeding its temperature rating. The ampacity of a conductor is influenced by factors such as its size, temperature, and the type of insulation used. By considering these factors, the appropriate ampacity rating can be determined to ensure safe and efficient operation of the conductor.

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51. Inductive X is the portion of impedance that opposes a change in ________ flow due to magnetic field coupling

Explanation

Inductive impedance is the opposition to the change in current flow caused by the magnetic field coupling. As the magnetic field changes, it induces a voltage in the circuit, which in turn opposes the change in current flow. Therefore, the correct answer is current.

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52. With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is a total absence of voltage on one or more phase conductors for a period of time?

Explanation

An interruption refers to a total absence of voltage on one or more phase conductors for a period of time. This means that there is a complete break in the electrical supply, causing a loss of power. Interruptions can be caused by various factors such as faults in the electrical system, equipment failure, or external factors like storms or accidents. During an interruption, there is no voltage flowing through the conductors, resulting in a complete loss of electrical power.

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53. What is the product of the measured voltage and measured amperage called?

Explanation

The product of the measured voltage and measured amperage is called apparent power. It is measured on the line side and expressed in VA (volt-amperes).

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54. The optimum temperature that a battery should be maintained at is typically:

Explanation

The optimum temperature for a battery is typically 25 degrees C (77 degrees F). This temperature provides the best balance between performance and longevity for the battery. Operating a battery at higher temperatures can cause it to degrade faster and reduce its overall lifespan. On the other hand, operating a battery at lower temperatures can decrease its performance and efficiency. Therefore, maintaining a battery at 25 degrees C (77 degrees F) is considered the ideal temperature for its optimal functioning.

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55. Batteries store electricity.

Explanation

Batteries do not actually store electricity, but rather they store chemical energy which is then converted into electrical energy when needed. When a battery is connected to a circuit, a chemical reaction occurs within the battery, causing a flow of electrons and generating an electric current. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that batteries store electricity directly.

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56. Power line conditioners are units that:

Explanation

Power line conditioners are units that incorporate two or more conditioning and protection methods. These units are designed to improve the quality of electrical power by reducing electrical noise, voltage fluctuations, and power surges. Additionally, power line conditioners sometimes have a power distribution means complete with main and branch circuit breakers. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as both statements are true.

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57. Wet cells should be placed only on open racks

Explanation

Wet cells should be placed only on open racks because they can release harmful gases, such as hydrogen, during the charging process. Placing them on open racks allows for proper ventilation and dispersal of these gases, reducing the risk of explosion or other safety hazards. Closed racks could trap the gases, leading to a buildup of pressure and potential dangers. Therefore, it is important to follow this guideline to ensure the safe operation of wet cells.

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58. If a flooded cell battery is used, the location should have:

Explanation

The presence of an eye wash facility is necessary in a location where a flooded cell battery is used because flooded cell batteries contain corrosive chemicals that can cause harm if they come into contact with the eyes. An eye wash facility provides immediate access to water for rinsing the eyes in case of any accidental exposure or injury. This helps to minimize the potential damage and provide quick relief to the affected person.

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59. With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is a decrease in the nominal voltage or current lasting 0.5 cycles up to one minute?

Explanation

Sag refers to a decrease in the nominal voltage or current lasting for a short duration of 0.5 cycles up to one minute. This means that there is a temporary drop in the voltage or current levels, which can affect the functioning of electrical devices. Sag is usually caused by sudden changes in the load, such as when a large appliance is turned on, or due to faults in the power distribution system.

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60. A lower K rating is better.

Explanation

Higher K ratings are better

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61. With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is an increase in the nominal voltage for more than 3600 cycles (one minute)

Explanation

An increase in the nominal voltage for more than 3600 cycles (one minute) refers to overvoltage. Overvoltage occurs when there is a temporary increase in voltage levels above the normal operating range. This can be caused by various factors such as lightning strikes, power grid issues, or equipment malfunctions. Overvoltage can potentially damage electrical equipment and appliances, leading to failures or reduced lifespan.

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62. To help identify conductors in the U.S. they are color coded. What color is typically assigned to 208Y/120 Phase A conductors:

Explanation

In the U.S., the color coding system is used to identify conductors. The color typically assigned to 208Y/120 Phase A conductors is black. This means that when you see a black conductor, you can expect it to be a Phase A conductor with a voltage of 208Y/120.

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63. What is the most common type of alkaline cell:

Explanation

NiCd cell refers to Nickel-Cadmium cell, which is the most common type of alkaline cell. This type of cell uses nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes, along with potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. NiCd cells are known for their high energy density, long cycle life, and ability to provide a consistent voltage output. They are commonly used in portable electronic devices, such as cameras, cordless phones, and power tools.

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64. To help identify conductors in the U.S. they are color coded. What color is typically assigned to 208Y/120 Phase B conductors:

Explanation

In the U.S., conductors are color coded to help identify them. The color typically assigned to 208Y/120 Phase B conductors is red.

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65. A room that contains charging batteries must be vented to the outside atmosphere. A minimum of ____ changes of room air volume per hour is recommended.

Explanation

A room that contains charging batteries must be vented to the outside atmosphere to prevent the buildup of potentially harmful gases. A minimum of 4 changes of room air volume per hour is recommended to ensure proper ventilation and maintain a safe environment. This frequent exchange of air helps to remove any gases or fumes emitted by the charging batteries and maintain a fresh and clean atmosphere in the room.

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66. For cellular radio, the nominal operating voltage is:

Explanation

The nominal operating voltage for cellular radio is +24 volts. This means that the radio operates at a voltage of 24 volts, which is the standard voltage level for its functioning.

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67. What uses a fuel-powered engine to drive a rotary generator?

Explanation

An engine generator uses a fuel-powered engine to drive a rotary generator. This type of generator combines an internal combustion engine with an electrical generator to produce electricity. The engine burns fuel, such as gasoline or diesel, to generate mechanical energy, which is then converted into electrical energy by the generator. Engine generators are commonly used as backup power sources in situations where a stable and reliable power supply is needed, such as during power outages or in remote locations without access to the electrical grid.

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68. Harmonic filters are used to reduce voltage waveform distortion that affects what:

Explanation

Harmonic filters are used to reduce voltage waveform distortion that affects sensitive electronic equipment. Harmonic distortion can cause problems such as overheating, malfunctioning, and premature failure in sensitive electronic devices. By installing harmonic filters, the unwanted harmonics in the voltage waveform can be eliminated or reduced, ensuring a cleaner and more stable power supply for sensitive electronic equipment.

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69. Power is an important characteristic of ac circuits. In AC circuits that are purely _______, the current and voltage sine waves are in phase.

Explanation

In AC circuits that are purely resistive, the current and voltage sine waves are in phase. This means that the current and voltage reach their maximum and minimum values at the same time, resulting in a power factor of 1. In a purely resistive circuit, there is no reactive component such as capacitance or inductance, which would cause a phase shift between the current and voltage waveforms. Therefore, the current and voltage remain in sync, leading to a resistive AC circuit having power in phase.

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70. Ohm's law states that:

Explanation

Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a conductor is equal to the current (I) flowing through it multiplied by the resistance (R) of the conductor. This can be mathematically represented as V=IR. Similarly, the resistance (R) can be calculated by dividing the voltage (V) across the conductor by the current (I), giving the equation R=V/I. Therefore, the given answer V=IR and R=V/I align with Ohm's law and correctly represent the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.

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71. What generally causes harmonics

Explanation

Solid state devices, such as transistors and diodes, can generate harmonics in electrical systems. This is because these devices switch on and off rapidly, creating sudden changes in current flow. These rapid changes in current can produce high-frequency harmonics, which are multiples of the fundamental frequency. Harmonics can cause issues in power systems, such as overheating of equipment, interference with communication systems, and increased energy losses. Therefore, solid state devices are a common source of harmonics in electrical systems.

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72. The neutral conductor should be sized to carry ______ percent of the rated load

Explanation

The neutral conductor should be sized to carry 200% of the rated load. This means that the neutral conductor should have a capacity twice the size of the rated load. This is necessary to ensure that the neutral conductor can handle any imbalances in the load and prevent overloading. By sizing the neutral conductor at 200% of the rated load, it provides a safety margin and helps maintain the balance of the electrical system.

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73.  For telecommunications, the nominal operating voltage in the U.S. is:

Explanation

The correct answer is -48 volts. In telecommunications, the nominal operating voltage in the U.S. is typically -48 volts. This voltage is used to power various equipment and devices in the telecommunication network, such as switches, routers, and telephone lines. The negative polarity is used to ensure proper functioning and compatibility with the telecommunications infrastructure.

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74. If the voltage sine wave starts after the current sine wave (capacitive load) then the current wave is said to:

Explanation

When the voltage sine wave starts after the current sine wave, it means that the current wave reaches its peak before the voltage wave. This indicates a capacitive load, where the current leads the voltage. In a capacitive load, the current flows ahead of the voltage due to the presence of a capacitor, which stores energy and releases it earlier in the cycle.

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75. What is used to reduce the voltage waveform distortion

Explanation

A harmonic filter is used to reduce voltage waveform distortion caused by harmonics. Harmonics are unwanted frequencies that can distort the shape of the voltage waveform, leading to issues such as overheating of equipment, interference with communication systems, and reduced power quality. A harmonic filter is designed to eliminate or reduce these harmonics, ensuring a cleaner and more stable voltage waveform. This helps to improve the overall efficiency and reliability of the electrical system.

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76. Delta is a method of connection for primary or secondary windings of a three-phase transformer bank in which the windings are connected in series to form a:

Explanation

The correct answer is closed circuit. In a delta connection, the primary or secondary windings of a three-phase transformer bank are connected in a closed circuit, forming a triangular shape. This configuration allows for a balanced load distribution and efficient power transmission.

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77. How can cells be connected to increase battery capacity.

Explanation

Connecting cells in parallel increases battery capacity by maintaining the same voltage while increasing the total current capacity. In parallel connection, the positive terminals of all cells are connected together, and the negative terminals are connected together. This allows the cells to share the load, resulting in a higher total current capacity. As a result, the battery can deliver more power and last longer.

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78. When specifying a UPS unit, the UPS should have a sine wave output with a total harmonic distortion of _________ or less.

Explanation

When specifying a UPS unit, it is important to consider the total harmonic distortion (THD) of its sine wave output. THD refers to the measure of distortion in the waveform, with lower values indicating a cleaner and more stable power output. A THD of 5% or less is considered acceptable for most applications, as it ensures minimal distortion and reliable power delivery to connected devices. Therefore, selecting a UPS with a THD of 5% or less is recommended to maintain the integrity of sensitive electronic equipment.

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79. What devices incorporate two or more conditioning and protection methods

Explanation

Power line conditioners are devices that incorporate two or more conditioning and protection methods. They are designed to improve the quality of electrical power by regulating voltage levels, filtering out harmonics, and protecting against power surges and fluctuations. These devices are commonly used in industrial and commercial settings to ensure stable and reliable power supply to sensitive equipment and machinery.

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80. As part of a DC system, a rectifier/charger does what:

Explanation

A rectifier/charger in a DC system is responsible for converting the alternating current (AC) input to direct current (DC). This is done by rectifying the AC input, which means converting it into a DC output. Additionally, the rectifier/charger also has the function of charging the battery in the system. Therefore, it plays a dual role of converting the AC input to DC and ensuring that the battery is charged properly.

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81. Valve regulated cells must not be housed within cabinets

Explanation

May be housed in cabinets

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82. With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is a decrease in the nominal voltage for more than 3600 cycles (one minute)

Explanation

Undervoltage refers to a decrease in the nominal voltage for more than 3600 cycles (one minute). This means that the voltage level is lower than the standard or expected value, which can lead to issues with electrical equipment and appliances. Undervoltage can cause devices to malfunction or not operate at their full capacity. It is important to monitor and address undervoltage situations to prevent damage to electrical systems.

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83. The life of a battery can be decreased by as much as ____ percent for each 10 degrees C (50 degrees F) above the optimum operating temperature.

Explanation

The life of a battery can be decreased by as much as 50% for each 10 degrees C (50 degrees F) above the optimum operating temperature. This means that for every 10 degrees increase in temperature, the battery's lifespan is reduced by half. Higher temperatures can lead to increased chemical reactions within the battery, causing it to degrade more quickly and lose its ability to hold a charge effectively. Therefore, it is important to keep batteries within their recommended temperature range to maximize their lifespan.

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84. When connecting batteries in parallel the maximum number of cells that can be connected are:

Explanation

When connecting batteries in parallel, the maximum number of cells that can be connected is 5. This means that you can connect up to 5 batteries together in a parallel circuit. Connecting more than 5 batteries in parallel can lead to issues such as unequal charging and discharging rates, which can reduce the overall performance and lifespan of the batteries. Therefore, 5 is the correct answer.

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85. The amplitude of a sine wave is expressed as either:

Explanation

The amplitude of a sine wave is a measure of its maximum displacement from the equilibrium position. It represents the maximum value of the waveform and is typically expressed in terms of voltage or current. In electrical circuits, voltage represents the potential difference between two points, while current represents the flow of electric charge. Therefore, it is appropriate to express the amplitude of a sine wave in terms of voltage or current. Resistance and power are not directly related to the amplitude of a sine wave.

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86. What type of circuit do you have if voltage leads current.

Explanation

If voltage leads current in a circuit, it means that the voltage waveform reaches its peak before the current waveform. This is a characteristic of an inductive circuit. Inductive circuits contain inductors, which store energy in a magnetic field. When the current changes, the magnetic field induces a voltage that opposes the change in current. As a result, the voltage leads the current in an inductive circuit.

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87. For Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) power distribution over balanced twisted pair, Which power method is suitable for residential and other low-quantity terminal users.

Explanation

Local or desktop power is suitable for residential and other low-quantity terminal users when it comes to power distribution over balanced twisted pair in Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). This method involves providing power directly from a local or desktop power source to the terminal device, which is convenient and efficient for individual users. It eliminates the need for bulk power distribution, which is more suitable for larger scale deployments. Distributed power may also not be necessary for low-quantity terminal users as it involves distributing power from a centralized source to multiple devices, which may not be required in this scenario.

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88. When designing the layout of a battery room you should avoid:

Explanation

Exposing the battery plant to direct sunlight can cause the batteries to overheat and potentially explode. Placing the battery adjacent to heating or cooling sources can also cause temperature fluctuations that can negatively affect the battery's performance and lifespan. Therefore, it is important to avoid both of these situations when designing the layout of a battery room.

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89. What is used to reduce voltage waveform distortion.

Explanation

Harmonic filters are used to reduce voltage waveform distortion. Voltage waveform distortion can occur due to the presence of harmonics in the electrical system, which are unwanted frequencies that can cause issues such as overheating of equipment and interference with other devices. Harmonic filters are designed to filter out these harmonics and provide a cleaner and more stable voltage waveform, thereby reducing distortion and improving the overall quality of the electrical power. Power line conditioners and voltage regulators may also help in improving voltage quality, but they do not specifically target the reduction of waveform distortion caused by harmonics.

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90. The authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) generally covers installations of communications equipment that is controlled exclusively by communications utilitites.

Explanation

general does not cover

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91. To help identify conductors in the U.S. they are color coded. What color is typically assigned to 208Y/120 Phase C conductors:

Explanation

In the U.S., conductors are color coded to help identify them. The color typically assigned to 208Y/120 Phase C conductors is blue.

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92. For DC power system alarms, what are the two types of remote alarms:

Explanation

The correct answer for this question is Cabled remote and Dial-up remote. These are the two types of remote alarms for DC power systems. A cabled remote alarm refers to an alarm system that is connected to the main system through cables. It allows for a direct and physical connection between the alarm and the main system. On the other hand, a dial-up remote alarm refers to an alarm system that uses a dial-up connection to communicate with the main system. It allows for remote monitoring and control of the alarm system through a telephone line.

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93. The formula for Ohm's law always applies to ____ circuits.

Explanation

The formula for Ohm's law, which states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it and inversely proportional to its resistance, applies to DC circuits. In DC circuits, the current flows in only one direction, whereas in AC circuits, the current constantly changes direction. Therefore, Ohm's law is specifically applicable to DC circuits.

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94. What is typically fitted with transfer circuits to transfer ac loads to utility ac power if there is a failure.

Explanation

Inverters are typically fitted with transfer circuits to transfer AC loads to utility AC power if there is a failure. Inverters convert DC power from a battery or other power source into AC power, allowing for the smooth transition of power supply in the event of a failure. By automatically switching to the utility AC power, the inverter ensures that critical loads are continuously powered, providing a reliable backup power solution.

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95. It is recommend that voice and data equipment utilize isolated ground (IG) systems.

Explanation

It is not recommended for voice and data equipment to utilize isolated ground (IG) systems. This is because IG systems are typically used for sensitive electronic equipment that requires a separate grounding path to minimize electrical noise and interference. Voice and data equipment typically do not require this level of isolation and can be adequately grounded using a standard grounding system. Therefore, it is not necessary for voice and data equipment to utilize isolated ground systems.

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96. The capacity of a cell depends on what two factors

Explanation

The capacity of a cell depends on the size and quantity of its cell plates. The size of the cell plates determines the surface area available for chemical reactions to occur, which affects the amount of charge the cell can hold. The quantity of cell plates also plays a role as more plates increase the overall surface area and hence the capacity of the cell. The charge time and type of cell plates are not mentioned as factors affecting the capacity of a cell.

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97. The formula for Ohms law only applies to _____ circuits that are purely resistive.

Explanation

The formula for Ohm's law, V = IR, only applies to AC circuits that are purely resistive. In AC circuits, the voltage and current continuously change direction, and the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance is described by Ohm's law. However, in DC circuits, where the current flows in only one direction, Ohm's law still holds true, but it is not limited to purely resistive circuits. In DC circuits, the presence of capacitors and inductors can affect the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, making the formula for Ohm's law not applicable in all cases.

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98. When designing DC cable routes the bending radius must not be less than ____ times the overal diameter for unshielded power cables.

Explanation

When designing DC cable routes, it is important to consider the bending radius to ensure the cables are not damaged or stressed. The bending radius refers to the minimum radius that the cable can be bent without causing any harm. In the case of unshielded power cables, the bending radius should not be less than 8 times the overall diameter. This means that the cable should be bent in a way that the radius of the curve is at least 8 times larger than the diameter of the cable. This requirement ensures the longevity and effectiveness of the cables in transmitting power.

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99. What is determined by incorporating the effects of the inductive and capacitive reactance into the calculation of the product of measured voltage and measured amperage.

Explanation

The correct answer is Real power (measured on the load side and expressed in W). When the effects of inductive and capacitive reactance are incorporated into the calculation of the product of measured voltage and measured amperage, it gives the real power. Real power is the actual power consumed by an electrical load and is measured in watts (W). It represents the power that is converted into useful work, such as heat, light, or mechanical energy.

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100. The most common three-phase services are:

Explanation

The most common three-phase services are 208 wye (Y)/120 volts, 240 volts, and 480 Y/277 volts. These voltage ratings are commonly used in commercial and industrial settings to power various equipment and machinery. The 208 wye (Y)/120 volts service is often used for smaller loads, while the 240 volts service is commonly found in residential and small commercial applications. The 480 Y/277 volts service is typically used for larger industrial loads. These voltage ratings allow for efficient and reliable distribution of electrical power in three-phase systems.

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101. For Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) power distribution over balanced twisted pair, Which power method is most suitable for a single-building situation or whre there is an existing dc power plant.

Explanation

Bulk power is the most suitable power method for a single-building situation or where there is an existing DC power plant. Bulk power refers to the centralized distribution of power from a main power source to multiple devices or locations. In this case, it would involve distributing power from the existing DC power plant to the various devices and equipment within the single building. This method allows for efficient power distribution and management, as well as easier maintenance and troubleshooting.

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102. Because the lead in a lead-acid battery is soft, a hardening agent is usually added to the lead, what type of hardening agents are mainly used

Explanation

The correct answer is Calcium and Antimony. In a lead-acid battery, the lead is soft and therefore a hardening agent is added to improve its strength and durability. Calcium and Antimony are the main hardening agents used in lead-acid batteries. Calcium helps to improve the mechanical strength of the lead, while Antimony improves the battery's performance and prevents self-discharge.

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103. When installing a DC system, what are the two most important aspects of planning:

Explanation

When installing a DC system, power flow and clearances are the two most important aspects of planning. Power flow refers to the direction and amount of electrical power that will be transferred within the system. It is crucial to ensure that the power flow is properly managed and distributed to avoid any overloading or underutilization of the system. Clearances, on the other hand, refer to the physical space and distance requirements between different components of the system. Proper clearances are necessary to prevent any potential accidents or damage caused by inadequate spacing between components.

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104. ISDN power pins are:

Explanation

The ISDN power pins are Pin 8 positive and Pin 7 negative. This means that Pin 8 carries a positive electrical charge, while Pin 7 carries a negative charge. This configuration is commonly used in ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) systems to provide power to the network devices.

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105. The ampacity of a conductor is related to the conductors:

Explanation

The ampacity of a conductor refers to its ability to carry electrical current. The size of the conductor is an important factor in determining its ampacity, as larger conductors have more surface area for current to flow through. Temperature also affects the ampacity, as higher temperatures can cause the conductor to have a reduced carrying capacity. Additionally, the type and quality of insulation surrounding the conductor can impact its ampacity, as insulation helps to protect the conductor from overheating and potential damage. Therefore, the correct factors related to the ampacity of a conductor are size, temperature, and insulation.

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106. What is the cell of choice for communications applications

Explanation

Lead-calcium cells are the cell of choice for communications applications because they have a high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate. These cells are also known for their reliability and ability to provide a consistent power supply, making them ideal for communication devices that require a continuous and stable source of energy. Additionally, lead-calcium cells have a low maintenance requirement and are cost-effective, further contributing to their suitability for communications applications.

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107. What are the three main types of battery cells used in telecommunications applications:

Explanation

The three main types of battery cells used in telecommunications applications are alkaline, flooded lead-acid (FLA), and valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA). These types of batteries are commonly used in telecommunications due to their reliability and ability to provide a consistent power supply. Alkaline batteries are known for their long-lasting power and are often used in portable devices. Flooded lead-acid batteries are a traditional type of battery that requires regular maintenance and refilling of electrolyte fluid. VRLA batteries, on the other hand, are sealed and maintenance-free, making them a popular choice for telecommunications applications.

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Load characteristics are:
For Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) power distribution over...
Electrical shock can cause:
One kWh is equal to:
The most common single-phase service is:
For Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) power distribution over...
Utility companies charge for power in ___________.
Frequency (e.g. number of sine wave cycles in one second) is typically...
What is a unit of mechanical power
For Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) power distribution over...
With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is...
Stranded conductors generally have a slightly ___________ outside...
Direct current (DC) is ___________, and unlike AC current does...
If the voltage sine wave starts before the current sine...
The electrical system between the serving utility and the...
DC systems have to include an additional rectifier/charger if...
Direct current is:
Direct current changes polarity
What are the two types of power board distribution
What type of transformer has no electrical connection between the...
What equipment along with electronic ballasts generally cause...
When using the American Wire Gauge (AWG) numbering system, smaller...
What type of circuit do you have is current leads voltage
Do not mix aluminum terminating devices with copper cables.
A method of connection for primary or secondary windings of a...
The harmonics of the sine wave are multiples of the basic __________....
With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is...
The average current that is required to fully recharge a discharged...
One watt equals how many Btu.
What adjusts the line voltage to the load up or down, as necessary.
If tow waveforms match each other in electrical degrees, they are said...
Which of the following information is required for battery cell...
The optimum temperature that a battery should be maintained at is...
In DC calculations, you must use a power factor
The rms value is __________ times the zero-to-peak value of the sine...
The efficiency of a circuit (or load) is the amount of input power...
When using ohms law V, I, and R respresent what:
A method of connection for primary or secondary windings of a...
Capacitive reactance (XC) is the portion of impedance that opposes a...
Electrical power provided to commercial buildings and residences is in...
What tells the tranformers ability to dissipate heat.
Conductor sizes larger than 4/0 are specified in terms of the total...
Wye is a method of connection that uses a:
How many Btu equal one ton of air conditioning to adequetely cool an...
The ratio of real power to apparent power is a percentage and is...
What provides electrical isolation from the utility line by using the...
Batteries store energy in:
What is a device that is used to disconnect the battery at a preset...
What is an equipment grounding (earthing) topology that was theorized...
The ________ of a conductor is related to the conductor size,...
Inductive X is the portion of impedance that opposes a change in...
With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is a...
What is the product of the measured voltage and measured amperage...
The optimum temperature that a battery should be maintained at is...
Batteries store electricity.
Power line conditioners are units that:
Wet cells should be placed only on open racks
If a flooded cell battery is used, the location should have:
With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is a...
A lower K rating is better.
With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is an...
To help identify conductors in the U.S. they are color coded. What...
What is the most common type of alkaline cell:
To help identify conductors in the U.S. they are color coded. What...
A room that contains charging batteries must be vented to the outside...
For cellular radio, the nominal operating voltage is:
What uses a fuel-powered engine to drive a rotary generator?
Harmonic filters are used to reduce voltage waveform distortion that...
Power is an important characteristic of ac circuits. In AC circuits...
Ohm's law states that:
What generally causes harmonics
The neutral conductor should be sized to carry ______ percent of the...
 For telecommunications, the nominal operating voltage in the...
If the voltage sine wave starts after the current sine...
What is used to reduce the voltage waveform distortion
Delta is a method of connection for primary or secondary windings of a...
How can cells be connected to increase battery capacity.
When specifying a UPS unit, the UPS should have a sine wave output...
What devices incorporate two or more conditioning and protection...
As part of a DC system, a rectifier/charger does what:
Valve regulated cells must not be housed within cabinets
With reference to voltage and current fluctuations, what is a...
The life of a battery can be decreased by as much as ____ percent for...
When connecting batteries in parallel the maximum number of cells that...
The amplitude of a sine wave is expressed as either:
What type of circuit do you have if voltage leads current.
For Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) power distribution over...
When designing the layout of a battery room you should avoid:
What is used to reduce voltage waveform distortion.
The authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) generally covers installations...
To help identify conductors in the U.S. they are color coded. What...
For DC power system alarms, what are the two types of remote alarms:
The formula for Ohm's law always applies to ____ circuits.
What is typically fitted with transfer circuits to transfer ac loads...
It is recommend that voice and data equipment utilize isolated ground...
The capacity of a cell depends on what two factors
The formula for Ohms law only applies to _____ circuits that are...
When designing DC cable routes the bending radius must not be less...
What is determined by incorporating the effects of the inductive and...
The most common three-phase services are:
For Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) power distribution over...
Because the lead in a lead-acid battery is soft, a hardening agent is...
When installing a DC system, what are the two most important aspects...
ISDN power pins are:
The ampacity of a conductor is related to the conductors:
What is the cell of choice for communications applications
What are the three main types of battery cells used in...
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