Quiz On Sedimentology And Stratigraphy Book By Gary Nichols! Trivia Questions

1. ……………………………… are made up of suspended material that was floating the ocean, away from shorelines and has settled on the sea floor.

Hemi-pelagic

Carbonate

Fluvial

Pelagic sediments

Pelagic sediments are formed from suspended material that was floating in the ocean and has settled on the sea floor. This material can include particles such as clay, silt, and organic matter that have been transported by ocean currents and eventually deposited in deeper parts of the ocean. Pelagic sediments can accumulate over long periods of time and can provide valuable information about past environmental conditions and the history of the ocean.

Explanation

Pelagic sediments are formed from suspended material that was floating in the ocean and has settled on the sea floor. This material can include particles such as clay, silt, and organic matter that have been transported by ocean currents and eventually deposited in deeper parts of the ocean. Pelagic sediments can accumulate over long periods of time and can provide valuable information about past environmental conditions and the history of the ocean.

2. Offshore from most coastlines, there is a region of shallow water, the continental shelf, which may stretch tens to hundreds of ………………… out to sea before the water deepens down to the abyssal depths of ocean basins.

Decameters

Meters

Kilometres

Miles

Offshore from most coastlines, there is a region of shallow water called the continental shelf. This region extends from the coast and can stretch for tens to hundreds of kilometers out to sea before the water gets deeper. The continental shelf is an important area for marine life and is often used for activities such as fishing and oil exploration. The correct answer, "Kilometres," accurately describes the unit of measurement used to determine the distance of the continental shelf from the coastline.

Explanation

Offshore from most coastlines, there is a region of shallow water called the continental shelf. This region extends from the coast and can stretch for tens to hundreds of kilometers out to sea before the water gets deeper. The continental shelf is an important area for marine life and is often used for activities such as fishing and oil exploration. The correct answer, "Kilometres," accurately describes the unit of measurement used to determine the distance of the continental shelf from the coastline.

3. The patterns and characteristics of deposition on shelves and epicontinental seas with abundant terrigenous clastic supply are controlled by the relative importance of wave, storm and ………………. processes.

Glacial

Fluvial

Tidal

Aeolian

The patterns and characteristics of deposition on shelves and epicontinental seas with abundant terrigenous clastic supply are controlled by the relative importance of wave, storm, and tidal processes. Tidal processes refer to the movement of tides, which can cause sediment to be transported and deposited in specific areas. Tides can create distinct depositional patterns and influence the distribution of sediment on shelves and epicontinental seas. Therefore, the answer "Tidal" is correct as it accurately describes one of the key processes controlling deposition in these environments.

Explanation

The patterns and characteristics of deposition on shelves and epicontinental seas with abundant terrigenous clastic supply are controlled by the relative importance of wave, storm, and tidal processes. Tidal processes refer to the movement of tides, which can cause sediment to be transported and deposited in specific areas. Tides can create distinct depositional patterns and influence the distribution of sediment on shelves and epicontinental seas. Therefore, the answer "Tidal" is correct as it accurately describes one of the key processes controlling deposition in these environments.

4. The outer shelf area below storm wave base, the offshore zone, is predominantly a region of …………………… deposition.

Gravel

Sand

Mud

Silt

The outer shelf area below storm wave base, the offshore zone, is predominantly a region of mud deposition. This is because mud particles are very fine and can be easily transported by water currents over long distances. In the offshore zone, the energy of the waves is reduced, allowing the fine mud particles to settle and accumulate on the seafloor. Gravel and sand particles are generally too large and heavy to be transported to the offshore zone, while silt particles are slightly larger than mud particles and may settle closer to the shore in the nearshore zone.

Explanation

The outer shelf area below storm wave base, the offshore zone, is predominantly a region of mud deposition. This is because mud particles are very fine and can be easily transported by water currents over long distances. In the offshore zone, the energy of the waves is reduced, allowing the fine mud particles to settle and accumulate on the seafloor. Gravel and sand particles are generally too large and heavy to be transported to the offshore zone, while silt particles are slightly larger than mud particles and may settle closer to the shore in the nearshore zone.

5. Hummocky cross-stratification (often abbreviated to HCS) is distinctive in form, consisting of rounded mounds of sand on the sea floor a few ............................... high and tens of .............................. across.

Meters, Kilometers

Centimetres, Meters

Meters, Inches

Centimetres, Centimetres

Hummocky cross-stratification consists of rounded mounds of sand on the sea floor that are a few centimeters high and tens of centimeters across.

Explanation

Hummocky cross-stratification consists of rounded mounds of sand on the sea floor that are a few centimeters high and tens of centimeters across.

6. . …………………………… are the products of storms that produce waves and currents that extend to and just below waves base in shallow shelf settings.

Concentrated Density Flow

Debris Flow

Turbidites

Tempestites

Tempestites are the products of storms that produce waves and currents that extend to and just below the wave base in shallow shelf settings. Tempestites are sedimentary deposits that are formed during storm events and are characterized by the presence of storm-generated features such as wave ripples, storm beds, and reworked fossils. These deposits are typically found in shallow marine environments and provide valuable information about past storm events and the dynamics of ancient shorelines.

Explanation

Tempestites are the products of storms that produce waves and currents that extend to and just below the wave base in shallow shelf settings. Tempestites are sedimentary deposits that are formed during storm events and are characterized by the presence of storm-generated features such as wave ripples, storm beds, and reworked fossils. These deposits are typically found in shallow marine environments and provide valuable information about past storm events and the dynamics of ancient shorelines.