PTCB Practice Exam Quiz #2

Omeprazole, lansoprazole, and Nexium are all proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. PPIs work by reducing the production of stomach acid, providing relief from GERD symptoms and promoting healing of the esophagus. Therefore, the correct answer is GERD.

Statins are a class of medications that are primarily used to lower high cholesterol levels in patients. They work by inhibiting an enzyme involved in cholesterol production, thereby reducing the amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream. Statins are commonly prescribed to individuals with high cholesterol levels as a way to manage and reduce their risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke.

Metformin is used to treat diabetes. It is an oral medication that helps to control blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. It works by reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver and improving the body's response to insulin. Metformin is not used to treat high cholesterol, hypertension, or depression. It is specifically prescribed for managing diabetes and is often used alongside lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise to help control blood sugar levels.

The generic for Vicoin is hydrocodone/APAP because Vicoin is a combination medication that contains hydrocodone, an opioid pain reliever, and APAP (acetaminophen), a non-opioid pain reliever. Therefore, hydrocodone/APAP is the correct generic name for Vicoin.

ACE inhibitors are a class of medications that are commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, and kidney disease. The correct answer, "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors," accurately describes the mechanism of action of these medications. ACE inhibitors work by blocking the enzyme responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict and promotes the release of aldosterone, a hormone that increases salt and water retention. By inhibiting this enzyme, ACE inhibitors help to relax blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, and decrease the workload on the heart.

Doxycycline is the generic name for Vibramycin, which is a medication used to treat infections. It belongs to the class of antibiotics known as tetracyclines and is effective against a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted infections. It works by inhibiting the growth and spread of bacteria in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is doxycycline/infection.

The meniscus is the curved surface of a liquid in a container, caused by the adhesive forces between the liquid molecules and the container. It is typically concave, meaning it dips down in the center, and it is the lowest level of the liquid. When measuring the volume of a liquid, it is important to use the meniscus as the reference point because it provides a more accurate measurement.

SSRIs, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin within the neuronal transmission. This means that they prevent the serotonin from being taken back up into the nerve cells, allowing it to accumulate in the synaptic cleft and increase the levels of serotonin. Therefore, the correct answer is serotonin.

The name, address, and phone number of the prescriber are not required on a prescription label. The prescription label typically includes the name, address, and phone number of the pharmacy where the prescription was filled, as well as the date it was filled. The prescriber's information is typically included in the patient's medical records and not on the label itself.

SSRIs, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are a class of antidepressant medications that are commonly used to treat depression. They are known to have milder side effects compared to other classes of antidepressants such as MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) and TCAs (tricyclic antidepressants). SSRIs work by increasing the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood regulation, in the brain. This class of medication is generally well-tolerated and has a lower risk of serious side effects, making it a preferred choice for treating depression. Benzodiazepines, on the other hand, are not typically used for depression but rather for anxiety disorders.

The Durham-Humphrey Amendment is the correct answer because it required the labeling "Caution: Federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription." This amendment, passed in 1951, amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and established two categories of drugs: prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs. It allowed for certain drugs to be dispensed only with a prescription, and required them to be labeled accordingly to ensure that they were not dispensed without medical supervision.

Glimepiride is the generic name for Amaryl, which is an oral medication used to control blood sugar levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. It belongs to a class of drugs called sulfonylureas, which stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin and help the body use insulin more effectively. Glimepiride works by lowering blood sugar levels by increasing the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is important to note that glimepiride should be used in combination with a healthy diet and regular exercise to effectively manage diabetes.

Topamax (topiramate) is a medication commonly used to treat seizures. It belongs to a class of drugs called anticonvulsants, which work by reducing abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can lead to seizures. Topamax is effective in preventing and controlling seizures in patients with epilepsy and other seizure disorders. It is not used to treat anxiety, depression, or hypertension.

A prescription can be written by a psychiatrist because they are medical doctors who specialize in mental health. They have the authority to diagnose and treat mental illnesses, and prescribing medication is one of the treatment options they can provide to their patients. Psychologists and family counselors, on the other hand, do not have medical degrees and cannot prescribe medication. They focus more on therapy and counseling rather than medication management. Therefore, the correct answer is a psychiatrist.

Taking oral nitroglycerin medications with food is not necessary patient information. Nitroglycerin is commonly taken sublingually (under the tongue) for immediate relief of chest pain, and taking it with food may delay its absorption and effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to take nitroglycerin on an empty stomach for faster action.

The generic of Glucotrol is glipizide. Glucotrol is a brand name for the medication glipizide, which is used to treat type 2 diabetes by helping to control blood sugar levels. Glipizide belongs to a class of drugs called sulfonylureas, which stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin and help the body use insulin more effectively. Therefore, glipizide is the correct answer as it is the specific generic name for Glucotrol.

The best description of the guidelines for assigning an expiration date of a repackaged drug is to use one fourth of the manufacturer's expiration date or 6 months, whichever is less. This means that if the manufacturer's expiration date is less than 24 months, the repackaged drug should have an expiration date that is one fourth of the manufacturer's expiration date. However, if the manufacturer's expiration date is more than 24 months, the repackaged drug should have an expiration date of 6 months.

An IV should hang for a maximum of 24 hours because after that period, the risk of bacterial growth and contamination increases significantly. The longer an IV hangs, the higher the chance of introducing harmful bacteria into the bloodstream, which can lead to infections and other complications. Therefore, it is crucial to change the IV bag and tubing every 24 hours to ensure patient safety and prevent potential infections.

Loop diuretics and thiazides are both types of diuretic medications that work by increasing urine production. One of the side effects of these medications is the loss of potassium from the body. This happens because as more urine is produced, more potassium is excreted along with it. Therefore, loop diuretics and thiazides can cause a loss of potassium. It is important for patients taking these medications to monitor their potassium levels and, in some cases, take a potassium-sparing agent to prevent potassium depletion.

The size of syringe that is not commonly used in an intravenous room is 4 mL. This can be inferred from the fact that the other options (3 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL) are commonly used in an intravenous room, while 4 mL is not mentioned as a commonly used size.

Emulsification is a process that binds hydrophobic additives into solutes. Hydrophobic substances are not soluble in water, so emulsification is necessary to disperse them evenly in a liquid solution. Alcohol is not necessarily hydrophobic, and hydrophilic substances are already soluble in water, so they do not require emulsification. Therefore, the correct answer is hydrophobic.

The given answer, "size of hood," is the correct answer because the differences between intravenous therapy and chemotherapy parenteral preparation include the type of flow hood used, hand placement, and aseptic technique. However, the size of the hood is not a factor that distinguishes between these two types of preparations.

Levodopa is the correct answer because it is a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease that can pass the blood-brain barrier. This is important because the blood-brain barrier is a protective barrier that prevents many substances, including medications, from entering the brain. Levodopa is able to cross this barrier and reach the brain where it can be converted into dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is deficient in Parkinson's disease. This helps to alleviate the symptoms of the condition. Dopamine, on the other hand, cannot pass the blood-brain barrier, and carbidopa is often used in combination with levodopa to enhance its effectiveness.