Psychology 101 Exam 2 Study Guide

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1. What are some of the different sleep disorders?

Explanation

The correct answer is Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnea, Night Terrors. These are examples of different sleep disorders. Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep. Sleep Apnea is a condition where a person's breathing is interrupted during sleep, leading to poor sleep quality. Night Terrors are episodes of intense fear and panic during sleep, often accompanied by screaming and flailing. These disorders can disrupt normal sleep patterns and cause various symptoms and health issues.

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Psychology 101 Exam 2 Study Guide - Quiz

This study guide for 'PSYCHOLOGY 101 EXAM 2' covers key concepts in learning and conditioning. It assesses understanding of behavioral responses, sleep cycles, habituation, punishment strategies, reinforcement schedules, and REM rebound, helping learners grasp foundational psychological principles.

2. What kind of learning requires engagement?

Explanation

Active learning requires engagement because it involves the learner actively participating and interacting with the learning material. This type of learning requires the learner to think critically, ask questions, and apply what they have learned. It often involves hands-on activities, discussions, problem-solving, and collaboration with others. Active learning promotes a deeper understanding of the subject matter and helps learners develop important skills such as critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills.

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3. What kind of learning is low active and/or unconcious learning?

Explanation

Passive learning refers to a type of learning where the individual is not actively engaged or participating in the learning process. It involves acquiring knowledge or skills through observation, listening, or reading without actively interacting or applying the information. In passive learning, the learner is more of a recipient of information rather than an active participant. This type of learning is often associated with traditional classroom lectures or watching educational videos, where the learner absorbs information without actively engaging in discussions or hands-on activities.

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4. What are the three tasks of Memory?

Explanation

The three tasks of memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding refers to the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory. Storage involves the retention of encoded information over time. Retrieval is the process of accessing and recalling stored information when needed. This answer accurately identifies and lists all three tasks of memory.

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5. What drugs are considered stimualnts?

Explanation

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6. Which of the following is considered a hallucinogen?

Explanation

Marijuana is considered a hallucinogen because it contains a psychoactive compound called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which can alter perception, mood, and cognition. When consumed, THC binds to specific receptors in the brain, leading to hallucinatory effects such as distorted perception of time, heightened sensory experiences, and changes in mood and thinking. While marijuana also has other effects, such as relaxation and pain relief, its hallucinogenic properties make it distinct from substances like valium, GHB, and Rohypnol, which belong to different drug classifications.

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7. Each time the owner of an aquarium turns on the aquarium light, the fish gather in the corner in which he routinely places food. Because he always turns the light on before feeding the fish, their actions demonstrate:

Explanation

The fish gathering in the corner where food is routinely placed demonstrates stimulus control. This means that the fish have associated the turning on of the aquarium light with the presence of food, and they have learned to respond to this specific stimulus. The presence of the light serves as a cue for the fish to gather in the corner, as they have learned that food is likely to be placed there. This behavior shows that the fish's actions are under the control of the stimulus (the light) and the learned association with food.

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8. What drugs are considered depressants?

Explanation

Depressants are drugs that slow down the central nervous system, resulting in relaxation, sedation, and reduced brain activity. The drugs listed in the answer (Alcohol, Barbiturates, Tranquilizers, and Opiates) are all examples of depressants. Alcohol is a commonly used depressant that can cause relaxation and impaired judgment. Barbiturates are prescription drugs used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders, but they can also be abused for their sedative effects. Tranquilizers, such as morphine, are used to relieve pain and induce relaxation. Opiates, like heroin and prescription painkillers, are highly addictive and also have depressant effects on the body.

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9. What drugs are considered hallucinogens?

Explanation

LSD and marijuana are considered hallucinogens because they alter a person's perception, thoughts, and feelings. LSD, also known as acid, is a powerful hallucinogenic drug that can cause visual and auditory hallucinations. Marijuana, on the other hand, contains THC, which can also produce hallucinogenic effects, although they are generally milder compared to LSD. Both drugs are commonly used recreationally for their hallucinogenic properties.

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10. You are taking a psychology test and are trying to remember what you studied. The memory process being used when you try to remember the psychology material is:

Explanation

When you try to remember the psychology material that you studied, the memory process being used is retrieval. Retrieval refers to the process of accessing and recalling information from long-term memory. In this case, you are actively trying to retrieve and recall the information that you have previously encoded and stored in your memory. This process involves searching for and bringing forth the relevant information from your memory stores.

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11. In a classic experiment, Little Albert, a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat. He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example of:

Explanation

In this classic experiment, Little Albert was initially conditioned to be afraid of a white rat. However, he also developed fear responses to other similar stimuli, including white furry rabbits and bearded men. This demonstrates stimulus generalization, as Little Albert generalized his fear response to stimuli that were similar to the original conditioned stimulus (the white rat).

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12. What is controlled by our biologic clocks and causes interference like jet lag or insomnia?

Explanation

Circadian rhythms are controlled by our biological clocks and can cause interference like jet lag or insomnia. These rhythms are the natural, internal processes that regulate our sleep-wake cycle and other physiological functions over a 24-hour period. They are influenced by external cues such as light and darkness, and disruptions to these rhythms can lead to sleep disturbances and other health issues. Therefore, circadian rhythms are the correct answer to the question.

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13. Because of the difference in the images that reach each eye, we receive two slightly different views of the world. This phenomenon is known as:

Explanation

Retinal disparity refers to the difference in the images that each eye receives, resulting in slightly different views of the world. This difference in perspective allows us to perceive depth and three-dimensional objects. Accommodation refers to the adjustment of the lens in the eye to focus on objects at different distances. Interposition refers to the overlap of objects, where one object appears to be in front of another. Convergence refers to the inward movement of the eyes when focusing on nearby objects.

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14. Which dream theorist believed that dreams are based on wish fulfillment with these unconscious desires and conflicts being disguised as dream symbols?

Explanation

Sigmund Freud believed that dreams are based on wish fulfillment, where unconscious desires and conflicts are disguised as dream symbols. According to Freud, dreams serve as a way for the unconscious mind to express repressed desires and wishes that are not acceptable to the conscious mind. Through dream analysis, Freud believed that these hidden meanings and symbols could be uncovered, providing insight into the individual's unconscious desires and conflicts.

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15. Children tend to act as if parents give them the message, aDo as I do, not as I say.a This is because of the powerful effect of:

Explanation

Children tend to act as if parents give them the message, "Do as I do, not as I say," because of the powerful effect of modeling. Modeling refers to the process in which children learn and imitate behaviors by observing others, particularly their parents or caregivers. Children are more likely to replicate behaviors they observe in their immediate environment, rather than simply following verbal instructions. Therefore, the influence of modeling plays a significant role in shaping children's behavior and attitudes.

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16. What is the meaning of Transduction?

Explanation

Transduction refers to the process of transforming physical energy into electrochemical energy, specifically in the form of action potentials. This process occurs in sensory systems, where sensory receptors convert various forms of energy (such as light, sound, or pressure) into electrical signals that can be transmitted and interpreted by the nervous system. By undergoing transduction, the physical energy is converted into a language that the brain can understand, allowing us to perceive and make sense of our environment.

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17. What is a Neutral stimulas? (NS)

Explanation

A neutral stimulus (NS) refers to an occurrence that currently does not produce a response when it is presented. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to eventually elicit a conditioned response (CR). Initially, the neutral stimulus does not elicit any response, but through repeated pairing with the UCS, it becomes associated with the UCS and eventually elicits a response on its own, becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS). Therefore, the correct answer explains that a neutral stimulus is an occurrence that does not currently produce a response when presented.

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18. What is the trichromatic theory?

Explanation

The trichromatic theory is a theory of color vision that states that there are three types of cones in the human eye that are responsible for perceiving color: red, green, and blue. These cones are sensitive to different wavelengths of light and work together to allow us to see a wide range of colors. According to this theory, our perception of color is based on the relative activation of these three types of cones in response to different wavelengths of light.

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19. The ________ theory of color vision applies to the retina, while the ________ theory of color vision explains what happens in the optic pathways and the brain after information leaves the eye.

Explanation

The trichromatic theory of color vision applies to the retina, explaining how cones in the eye respond to different wavelengths of light and enable us to perceive color. On the other hand, the opponent-process theory of color vision explains what happens in the optic pathways and the brain after the information leaves the eye. It suggests that color perception is based on opposing pairs of colors, such as red-green and blue-yellow.

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20. Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding short-term memory?

Explanation

Short-term memory (STM) is a type of memory that has a limited capacity and duration. It is responsible for temporarily holding and processing information. The statement "Once information is placed in STM, it is permanently stored" is false. In STM, information is only held for a short period of time, typically around 30 seconds, unless it is actively rehearsed or transferred to long-term memory. If the information is not rehearsed or transferred, it will be forgotten. Therefore, STM does not permanently store information.

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21. ________ involves learning through an association of stimuli, while ________ involves a learning by consequences.

Explanation

Classical conditioning involves learning through an association of stimuli, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a specific response. On the other hand, operant conditioning involves learning by consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the positive or negative consequences they produce. Therefore, the given answer correctly identifies classical conditioning as learning through an association of stimuli and operant conditioning as learning by consequences.

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22. What is the Uncoditioned Response?  (UR)

Explanation

The unconditioned response (UR) refers to the response that is naturally and automatically triggered by an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). This means that the UR is not learned or conditioned, but rather it occurs instinctively. For example, if a person smells food (UCS), their mouth may start to water (UR) without any prior conditioning.

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23. Let's say you have a friend, Hannah, who is having trouble memorizing information for an anatomy class. The simplest and most helpful thing you could do would be to explain the use of ________ to her.

Explanation

One way to help Hannah with her memorization difficulties for her anatomy class is to explain the use of mnemonics to her. Mnemonics are techniques or strategies that aid in memory retrieval by associating information with easier-to-remember cues or patterns. By using mnemonic devices, such as acronyms, visualization, or rhymes, Hannah can create mental shortcuts that make it easier for her to recall and retain the information she needs for her anatomy class.

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24. What is Conditioned Stimulas? (CS)

Explanation

A conditioned stimulus (CS) refers to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a response. Through repeated association with the UCS, the CS acquires the ability to produce the same response as the UCS. This process is known as classical conditioning and is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology.

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25. A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus is known as:

Explanation

Habituation refers to a decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus. This means that over time, an individual becomes less responsive or attentive to a stimulus that they have encountered repeatedly. This process allows the individual to filter out irrelevant or unimportant stimuli and focus on more relevant or novel ones. Habituation is a common phenomenon observed in both humans and animals and plays an important role in the efficient allocation of attention and cognitive resources.

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26. Memories of historical facts are to ________ memory as memories of your breakfast this morning are to ________ memory.

Explanation

The given answer is semantic; episodic. Semantic memory refers to the memory of general knowledge and facts, such as historical events. Episodic memory, on the other hand, refers to the memory of specific personal experiences, such as what you had for breakfast this morning. Therefore, the analogy suggests that memories of historical facts are to semantic memory as memories of breakfast are to episodic memory.

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27. On a TV game show, you are asked which way Lincoln's head faces on a penny. You are unable to answer correctly, and you lose a large prize. Your memory failure is most likely a result of:

Explanation

Encoding failure refers to the inability to properly store or retrieve information in memory due to a failure in the initial encoding process. In this case, the person was unable to encode the information about which way Lincoln's head faces on a penny, leading to a memory failure and the inability to answer the question correctly.

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28. Which psychologist developed a conditioning apparatus for animals and provided various practical applications of operant conditioning?

Explanation

B.F. Skinner developed a conditioning apparatus for animals and provided various practical applications of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow it. Skinner's apparatus, known as the Skinner box, allowed him to study and manipulate the behavior of animals, particularly rats and pigeons. His work demonstrated the principles of reinforcement and punishment, and he applied these principles to practical situations such as education, therapy, and even animal training. Skinner's contributions to the field of psychology revolutionized the understanding of behavior and learning.

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29. A receiver runs down field, turns, and focuses on the tiny amissilea spiraling down to him. This receiver's ability to see the football emphasizes his excellent visual acuity due to the large concentration of ________ in the fovea of his eyes.

Explanation

The correct answer is cones. Cones are photoreceptor cells located in the fovea of the eye, which is responsible for sharp central vision. Cones are specialized for color vision and high visual acuity, allowing the receiver to see the football clearly as it spirals down towards him. The concentration of cones in the fovea enhances his ability to perceive fine details and colors accurately.

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30. Recall, recognition, and the tests you take in school rely on ________ memories.

Explanation

Explicit memories are conscious memories that can be intentionally recalled or recognized. These memories are formed through conscious effort and are usually associated with facts, events, and personal experiences. In contrast, implicit memories are unconscious memories that are formed without conscious awareness and are often related to skills, habits, and conditioned responses. Primed memories refer to the activation of specific information or concepts in memory, which can influence subsequent thoughts and behaviors. Eidetic memories, also known as photographic memories, involve the ability to vividly recall visual information. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is explicit, as recall, recognition, and tests in school rely on conscious and intentional retrieval of information.

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31. What is a Conditional Response?  (CR)

Explanation

A conditional response (CR) refers to the response that is made to the conditioned stimulus. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Over time, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, and the response it elicits is known as the conditional response. This response is learned and is not naturally produced by the conditioned stimulus alone.

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32. What is considered stage 1 in sleep cycles?

Explanation

Stage 1 in sleep cycles is considered to be characterized by theta waves with slower frequency and greater amplitude. Theta waves are brain waves that are present during light sleep and are associated with drowsiness and relaxation. In stage 1, the brain transitions from being awake to falling asleep, and theta waves become more prominent. The slower frequency and greater amplitude of theta waves indicate a deeper state of relaxation and a transition towards deeper stages of sleep.

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33. Agricultural workers are paid according to the number of barrels of apples they pick. They are on which schedule of reinforcement?

Explanation

Agricultural workers being paid according to the number of barrels of apples they pick suggests that their pay is based on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. This means that they receive a specific amount of payment for each unit of work completed (in this case, each barrel of apples picked). The more barrels they pick, the more they get paid, creating a direct relationship between their behavior (picking apples) and the reinforcement (payment).

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34. What is considered stage 2 in sleep cycles?

Explanation

Stage 2 in sleep cycles is characterized by theta waves, which are slower in frequency but have greater amplitude. Additionally, during this stage, there is a sudden increase in wave frequency known as sleep spindles. This stage also involves 50% less delta waves, which have the slowest frequency and highest amplitude. Furthermore, sleepers in stage 2 are difficult to wake up due to the presence of 50% more delta waves.

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35. What is Top-Down Processing?

Explanation

Top-down processing refers to the cognitive process in which our prior knowledge, expectations, and experiences influence our perception of sensory information. In this process, perception is initiated by cognitive processing, meaning that our brain uses existing knowledge and expectations to interpret and make sense of sensory input. This differs from bottom-up processing, where perception is initiated by sensory input itself. Therefore, the answer "Initiated by cognitive processing, perception -> sensation" correctly explains the concept of top-down processing.

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36. A child learns to be afraid of spiders by observing his parents' highly emotional and negative response to them. This demonstrates:

Explanation

This scenario describes vicarious classical conditioning, as the child learns to be afraid of spiders by observing his parents' highly emotional and negative response to them. Vicarious conditioning involves learning through observation of others' experiences, rather than through direct personal experiences. The child is acquiring a fear response to spiders by witnessing the negative emotions displayed by his parents, which is a form of vicarious learning.

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37. College students have learned that if they flush a toilet while someone is taking a shower, it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot. Naturally, the shower victim screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain. After this had occurred on several occasions, college students began to twitch involuntarily whenever they heard a toilet flush. In this example, the sound of the flushing toilet would be the:

Explanation

In this example, the sound of the flushing toilet has become associated with the scalding hot water in the shower through repeated experiences. As a result, the college students have developed an involuntary twitch whenever they hear the sound of a flushing toilet. This twitch is a learned response that is triggered by the conditioned stimulus, which is the sound of the flushing toilet. Therefore, the correct answer is conditioned stimulus (CS).

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38. Praise, approval, affection, and money are considered ________ reinforcers.

Explanation

Praise, approval, affection, and money are considered secondary reinforcers because they acquire their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers. Unlike primary reinforcers such as food or water, which have innate value, secondary reinforcers gain their value through learned associations. For example, money becomes reinforcing because it is associated with obtaining primary reinforcers such as food or shelter. Similarly, praise, approval, and affection become reinforcing because they are associated with positive social interactions and feelings of acceptance.

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39. What type of processing is when the stimulus is recognized and labeled?

Explanation

Intermediate processing refers to the stage in information processing where the stimulus is recognized and labeled. This type of processing involves analyzing and categorizing the incoming information based on its meaning and relevance. It is considered a higher level of processing compared to shallow or low-level processing, which involve more basic and superficial analysis of the stimulus. Intermediate processing is crucial for understanding and interpreting the stimulus in a meaningful way.

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40. Alcoholics may have terrible nightmares for a while after they stop drinking because of:

Explanation

After quitting alcohol, alcoholics may experience REM rebound, which refers to an increase in the amount and intensity of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Alcohol suppresses REM sleep, so when alcoholics stop drinking, their brain tries to compensate for the lost REM sleep by increasing its duration and intensity. This can lead to vivid and intense dreams, which may be perceived as terrible nightmares.

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41. Which one is NOT a level of awareness?

Explanation

The correct answer is "inconscious." This is because "inconscious" is not a recognized level of awareness. The other options, such as "higher level," "subconscious," and "no awareness," are all valid levels of awareness that can be experienced by an individual.

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42. Research on the effectiveness of hypnosis in solving crimes found that:

Explanation

Research on the effectiveness of hypnosis in solving crimes has shown that hypnosis can lead to an increase in pseudo-memories. This occurs when the person undergoing hypnosis fills in memory gaps with their imagination, creating false or distorted memories. This suggests that hypnosis may not be a reliable method for retrieving accurate information in criminal investigations.

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43. What is negative reinforcement?

Explanation

Negative reinforcement refers to the process of removing or avoiding an aversive or unpleasant stimulus in order to increase the likelihood of a certain behavior being repeated in the future. In this context, the correct answer suggests that negative reinforcement involves avoiding an aversive stimulus. This means that when a behavior is followed by the removal or avoidance of something unpleasant, it is more likely to be repeated in the future.

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44. You are a very good skater now, but you did not start out that way. Your mother reinforced you for each small improvement you made over several months. This process is known as:

Explanation

Shaping is the correct answer because it refers to the process of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior. In this scenario, the mother reinforced the skater for each small improvement made over time, which is an example of shaping. Intermittent conditioning refers to reinforcement that is delivered intermittently, rather than consistently, which does not fit the situation described. Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement, which is not the case here. Vicarious classical conditioning involves learning through observation, which is not mentioned in the scenario.

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45. Who was the originator of behaviorism?

Explanation

John B. Watson is considered the originator of behaviorism. He was a psychologist who believed that psychology should focus on observable behavior rather than internal mental processes. Watson conducted the famous "Little Albert" experiment, which demonstrated how phobias can be learned through conditioning. He emphasized the importance of environmental factors in shaping behavior and believed that behavior could be predicted and controlled through conditioning techniques. Watson's ideas had a significant impact on the field of psychology and laid the foundation for the development of behaviorism as a major school of thought.

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46. Melzack and Wall's theory believe that ________ explains the painkilling effects of acupuncture.

Explanation

Melzack and Wall's theory, known as the gate control theory, suggests that painkilling effects of acupuncture can be explained through this theory. The gate control theory proposes that pain signals are regulated by a "gate" mechanism in the spinal cord, which can be opened or closed to control the transmission of pain signals to the brain. According to this theory, acupuncture may stimulate the nerve fibers that close the gate, thereby reducing the perception of pain. This theory provides a plausible explanation for the pain-relieving effects of acupuncture.

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47. Peter is 12-years-old and is about to be punished by his parents. According to the guidelines for punishment in the textbook, the parents should use:

Explanation

The correct answer is response cost, since this strategy is usually best for older children. Response cost is a form of punishment where a child loses a privilege or reward as a consequence of their behavior. This technique is typically more effective for older children who can understand the concept of losing something valuable. Delayed punishment or frequent punishment may not be as effective in this situation.

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48. What level of processing is when semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics are used?

Explanation

Deep processing refers to the level of processing where semantic, meaningful, and symbolic characteristics are used. It involves encoding information in a way that connects it to existing knowledge and understanding, making it easier to remember and retrieve. This type of processing requires a more thorough engagement with the material and a deeper level of understanding. It is in contrast to low level processing, which involves shallow encoding of surface-level features such as physical appearance or sound. Meaningful processing and mindful processing are not specific terms used to describe levels of processing, so they are not the correct answers.

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49. Justin became fearful of doctors and nurses because doctors and nurses were paired with painful shots. Justin's doctor has his office in a round brick building. Now any round brick building will elicit fear and crying from Justin. Becoming fearful of round buildings because they were associated with his doctor is an example of:

Explanation

Higher order conditioning refers to the process in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a new neutral stimulus (NS), resulting in the NS becoming a second conditioned stimulus (CS2) that elicits a conditioned response (CR). In this case, Justin initially associated doctors and nurses with painful shots, leading to fear. However, he then generalized this fear to round brick buildings, which were associated with his doctor. This demonstrates a higher order conditioning, as the fear response was transferred from the original CS (doctors and nurses) to a new CS2 (round brick buildings).

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50. The more information you learn, the easier it becomes:

Explanation

The statement suggests that as you learn more information, it becomes easier to add new information to memory. This implies that the more you learn, the more efficient your memory becomes in encoding and storing new information. It does not mention anything about forgetting previously learned information, interference and retrieval failure, or the development of Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia. Therefore, the correct answer is to add new information to memory.

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51. What is sensation?

Explanation

Sensation refers to the process of detecting physical energies with the sensory organs. It is the immediate response in the brain caused by excitation of a sensory organ. Therefore, the correct answer is Both A & C.

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52. If you stand in the middle of a cobblestone street, the street will look coarse near your feet and finer if you look into the distance. This is called...

Explanation

Texture gradient refers to the visual effect where the texture of an object appears to change as it moves further away from the viewer. In the given scenario, standing in the middle of a cobblestone street, the texture of the street will appear coarse near the feet due to the close proximity, but it will appear finer and less detailed as it extends into the distance. This change in texture creates the visual effect known as texture gradient.

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53. 1.     In order to take you psychology quiz, you must read and process the information.  Detecting the black marks on a page depends on the process of ______________.  The ability to organize these black lines into meaningful patterns involves the process of _________.

Explanation

The process of detecting the black marks on a page is referred to as sensation. This involves the activation of sensory receptors in the eyes that respond to the physical stimulus of the black lines. Once the sensory information is received, it is then organized and interpreted into meaningful patterns, which is known as perception. Therefore, the ability to organize the black lines into meaningful patterns involves the process of perception.

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54. Casey finds Dr. Madison's psychology lecture to be boring and uninteresting. Gradually, his muscles relax and his thoughts begin to drift. This very relaxed but wakeful state is associated with ________ brain waves.

Explanation

When Casey finds Dr. Madison's psychology lecture boring and uninteresting, his muscles relax and his thoughts start to drift. This relaxed yet wakeful state is associated with alpha brain waves. Alpha waves are typically present when a person is awake but in a relaxed state, such as during meditation or daydreaming. They are slower in frequency compared to beta waves, which are associated with active thinking and concentration.

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55. Sleepwalking and night terrors both occur during:

Explanation

Sleepwalking and night terrors both occur during Stage 4 NREM sleep. Stage 4 NREM sleep is the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep. During this stage, the brain waves slow down significantly, and it is during this deep sleep that sleepwalking and night terrors can occur. Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder where a person walks or performs other complex behaviors while still asleep, while night terrors are episodes of intense fear and panic that occur during sleep. Both of these sleep disorders are more common in children and tend to happen during the deeper stages of sleep, such as Stage 4 NREM.

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56. The formation of long-term memories in the brain is known as:

Explanation

Consolidation refers to the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain. During consolidation, the information is stabilized and strengthened, making it easier to retrieve later. This process involves the reorganization and strengthening of neural connections in the brain. Priming refers to the activation of previously stored information, memory localization is not a term related to the formation of long-term memories, and mnemonic processing refers to the use of memory techniques to enhance memory performance.

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57. The somesthetic senses include:

Explanation

The somesthetic senses refer to the senses that are related to the body's perception of touch and movement. The correct answer includes touch, which is the sense of physical contact and pressure on the skin. The vestibular sense is responsible for detecting the body's position and movement in space, including balance and spatial orientation. The kinesthetic sense, also known as proprioception, involves the awareness of the body's position and movement of its limbs and muscles. Therefore, the correct answer includes touch, the vestibular sense, and the kinesthetic sense as the somesthetic senses.

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58. What is Bottom-Up processing?

Explanation

Bottom-Up processing refers to the cognitive process where perception is initiated by sensory input. In this process, sensory information from the environment is first received, and then perception and understanding of this information occur. This is in contrast to Top-Down processing, where perception is guided by pre-existing knowledge and expectations. Therefore, the correct answer is "Initiated by sensory input, sensation -> perception."

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59. What is Uncoditioned Stimulas? (US)

Explanation

An unconditioned stimulus (US) refers to any stimulus that automatically produces a response without any prior learning or conditioning. This means that the response occurs naturally and does not require any conditioning or association with other stimuli. The other options in the question do not accurately define an unconditioned stimulus.

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60. What is presbyopia?

Explanation

Presbyopia is a condition that commonly occurs with age and is characterized by the loss of ability to focus on close objects. This is due to the natural aging process of the eye, which causes the lens to become less flexible and unable to adjust its shape for near vision. As a result, individuals with presbyopia may have difficulty reading or performing tasks that require close vision, but may still have clear distance vision. Therefore, the correct answer is farsightedness caused by aging.

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61. Which of the following is NOT a good strategy to improve memory?

Explanation

Massed practice refers to cramming or studying for long periods of time without breaks. This strategy is not effective for improving memory because it does not allow for proper encoding and consolidation of information. Research has shown that spaced practice, where studying is spread out over time with breaks in between, is more beneficial for memory retention. Therefore, massed practice is not a good strategy to improve memory.

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62. What is the gate control theory?

Explanation

The gate control theory proposes that pain messages pass through neural "gates" in the spinal cord. This theory suggests that these gates can either open or close, allowing pain signals to be transmitted to the brain or blocked from reaching the brain. The opening or closing of these gates can be influenced by various factors such as physical activity, emotions, and attention. By understanding this theory, researchers and medical professionals can develop strategies to manage and control pain.

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63. Interest in hypnosis stems from the work of ________, who believed he could cure diseases with magnets.

Explanation

Franz Mesmer is the correct answer because he is known for his work in hypnosis and magnetism. Mesmer believed that he could cure diseases by using magnets to manipulate the body's magnetic forces. His theories and practices laid the foundation for the development of hypnosis as a therapeutic technique. Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, and James Braid were all influential figures in psychology, but they did not specifically focus on hypnosis or magnetism in their work.

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64. The Ames distorted room is a powerful illusory situation. It works because:

Explanation

The correct answer is "it capitalizes on perceptual habits." This is because the Ames distorted room illusion takes advantage of our perceptual tendencies and habits. Our brains are wired to make assumptions and fill in missing information based on our previous experiences and knowledge. In the case of the Ames room, our brain automatically assumes that the room is rectangular, even though it is actually distorted. This illusion works because it plays with our perceptual habits and tricks us into perceiving the room in a certain way.

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65. What is sensory adaptation?

Explanation

Sensory adaptation refers to a decrease in sensory response to an unchanging stimulus. This means that over time, our sensory receptors become less responsive to a constant stimulus that is present in our environment. This adaptation allows us to focus on new or changing stimuli that may be more important for our survival or well-being. For example, if we are exposed to a constant noise, our ears will gradually become less sensitive to it, allowing us to pay attention to other sounds in our environment.

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66. Even though it will be four years before you graduate, you study and work hard because you know that having the degree will help you obtain a good job. Looking toward this degree helps maintain your hard work through a series of courses even though the reinforcement is delayed for several years. This illustrates:

Explanation

The given scenario describes the motivation to study and work hard in anticipation of obtaining a degree, which will eventually lead to a good job. This motivation can be seen as a series of actions or responses (studying, working hard) that are linked together in a chain, with the ultimate goal being the degree and job. Therefore, the concept of response chaining best illustrates this scenario.

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67. Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding alcohol?

Explanation

Alcohol is actually a depressant, not a stimulant. It slows down the central nervous system, leading to sedation and relaxation rather than increased energy or talkativeness. This is why alcohol impairs coordination, judgment, and reaction time.

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68. What is considered stage 3 in sleep cycles?

Explanation

Stage 3 in sleep cycles is characterized by 50% more delta waves, which are slow brain waves with high amplitude. This stage is also known as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep. During this stage, it is difficult to wake sleepers as they are in a deep and restorative sleep.

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69. It has been found that what you eat can affect how easily you go to sleep. For example, eating starchy foods increases the amount of ________ reaching the brain.

Explanation

Tryptophan is an amino acid that is found in certain foods such as turkey, chicken, and cheese. When consumed, tryptophan is converted into serotonin, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep and mood. Serotonin is then further converted into melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Therefore, eating foods rich in tryptophan can increase the amount of serotonin reaching the brain, promoting better sleep.

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70. What is Just Noticeable Difference? (JND)

Explanation

Just Noticeable Difference (JND) refers to the smallest detectable change in a stimulus that a person can perceive. In the given options, wearing glasses requires a slight stimulus change for detection. This implies that without glasses, the person may have difficulty seeing clearly, but with glasses, their vision improves due to the slight change in the stimulus (in this case, the glasses acting as a corrective lens). Therefore, wearing glasses represents a situation where a slight stimulus change is necessary for detection.

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71. What is the Opponent-process theory?

Explanation

The Opponent-process theory suggests that strong emotions tend to be followed by opposite emotional states and that the strength of both emotional states changes over time. This means that after experiencing a strong emotion, such as fear or excitement, individuals are likely to experience an opposite emotion, such as calmness or sadness. Additionally, the theory proposes that the intensity of both the initial emotion and its opposite gradually diminish over time.

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72. In analyzing dreams, Calvin Hall tended to:

Explanation

Calvin Hall tended to think of dreams as plays and the dreamer as a playwright. This suggests that he viewed dreams as a form of storytelling, where the dreamer takes on the role of a playwright who creates and directs the dream. This perspective implies that dreams have a narrative structure and can be interpreted as symbolic representations of the dreamer's thoughts, emotions, and experiences. By viewing dreams in this way, Hall likely believed that analyzing the content and symbolism of dreams could provide insights into the dreamer's subconscious mind and their psychological well-being.

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73. Forty-two-year-old Debbie can clearly read the highway signs as she drives, but for the first time in her life, she is having trouble reading the words and numbers in the phone book. Debbie most likely has which vision problem?

Explanation

Presbyopia is the most likely vision problem for Debbie because it commonly occurs around the age of 40 and is characterized by difficulty in focusing on close objects. This aligns with her ability to read highway signs (which are farther away) but struggling with reading the phone book (which requires close-up focus). Hyperopia, astigmatism, and myopia are less likely because they do not specifically involve difficulty in near vision.

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74. What is considered stage 3 in sleep cycles?

Explanation

Stage 3 in sleep cycles is considered to have 50% less delta waves, which are the slowest frequency and have the highest amplitude. Delta waves are associated with deep sleep, so having less of them indicates a lighter stage of sleep. This stage is also known as slow-wave sleep and is characterized by a decrease in brain activity and relaxation of the muscles.

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75. Whenever Marian listens to the oldies radio channel, memories of her high school dances and riding around with friends on Saturday night with the aradio blastinga come flooding back in detail. Marian is experiencing:

Explanation

Redintegrative memories refer to the phenomenon where memories of past events are triggered by a current sensory experience. In this case, Marian's memories of high school dances and riding around with friends are being triggered by listening to the oldies radio channel. This suggests that the music on the radio is acting as a cue to retrieve these specific memories from Marian's past.

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76. The ________ theory also explains why hunters sometimes lose hearing in a narrow pitch range, known as the aHunter's notch.a

Explanation

The correct answer is "place". The place theory of hearing explains that different frequencies of sound stimulate different areas along the cochlea, or inner ear. This theory suggests that the perception of pitch is determined by the specific location of the stimulated area. The "Hunter's notch" refers to a specific region in the cochlea that is commonly damaged in hunters due to exposure to loud gunshot sounds. This damage leads to a loss of hearing in a narrow pitch range, which aligns with the concept of the place theory.

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77. What level of processing is when physical and perceptual features are analyzed?

Explanation

Shallow processing refers to the level of processing where only the physical and perceptual features of information are analyzed. This means that the focus is on the superficial characteristics of the information rather than its deeper meaning or understanding. Shallow processing involves processing information at a surface level and is typically associated with less effort and deeper processing.

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A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus is known as:
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What is considered stage 2 in sleep cycles?
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What is Uncoditioned Stimulas? (US)
What is presbyopia?
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What is the gate control theory?
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The Ames distorted room is a powerful illusory situation. It works...
What is sensory adaptation?
Even though it will be four years before you graduate, you study and...
Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding alcohol?
What is considered stage 3 in sleep cycles?
It has been found that what you eat can affect how easily you go to...
What is Just Noticeable Difference? (JND)
What is the Opponent-process theory?
In analyzing dreams, Calvin Hall tended to:
Forty-two-year-old Debbie can clearly read the highway signs as she...
What is considered stage 3 in sleep cycles?
Whenever Marian listens to the oldies radio channel, memories of her...
The ________ theory also explains why hunters sometimes lose hearing...
What level of processing is when physical and perceptual features are...
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