Principles And Concepts Quiz

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  • 1/88 Questions

    What is operant conditioning?

    • Pairing stimuli 
    • Any behaviour whose future frequency is determined by consequences
    • Witholding reinforcement for a behaviour 
    • None of the above
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About This Quiz

Explore key behavioral concepts in the 'Principles and Concepts Quiz'. This quiz covers operant conditioning, the role of operants, phylogeny, ontogeny, and the mechanisms of positive reinforcement, enhancing understanding of behavior modification and development.

Principles And Concepts Quiz - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    What is an Operant?

    • A behaviour that operates on the environment through obtaining consequences

    • A stimulus that has been paired with a conditioned stimulus 

    • An unconditioned stimulus that is paired with a neutral stimulus 

    • A behaviour determined by an antecedent event 

    Correct Answer
    A. A behaviour that operates on the environment through obtaining consequences
    Explanation
    An operant is a behavior that operates on the environment through obtaining consequences. This means that the behavior is influenced by the outcomes or consequences it produces. If a behavior leads to a positive consequence, it is more likely to be repeated in the future, while if it leads to a negative consequence, it is less likely to be repeated. In other words, operant behaviors are shaped by the consequences they produce in the environment.

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  • 3. 

    What is phylogeny?

    • Evolution of behaviour through natural selection

    • Selection of behaviour through consequences

    • A type of verbal behaviour 

    • Respondent conditioning 

    Correct Answer
    A. Evolution of behaviour through natural selection
    Explanation
    Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships between different species or groups of organisms. It involves the study of how traits and behaviors have evolved over time through natural selection. This process leads to the development of specific behaviors that are advantageous for survival and reproduction in a particular environment. Therefore, the correct answer is "Evolution of behavior through natural selection."

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  • 4. 

    What is ontongeny? 

    • The evolutionary history of a species 

    • The development of an organism during its lifetime 

    • Another term for operant conditioning 

    • A form of extinction 

    Correct Answer
    A. The development of an organism during its lifetime 
    Explanation
    Ontogeny refers to the development of an organism during its lifetime. It encompasses the various stages of growth and maturation that an organism goes through, from conception to death. This includes processes such as cell division, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Ontogeny is distinct from phylogeny, which is the evolutionary history of a species.

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  • 5. 

    What is positive reinforcement 

    • The addition of a stimulus, after a behaviour, resulting in a change in behaviour 

    • The addition of a stimulus, at the same time as the behaviour, resulting in an increase in behaviour 

    • The addition of a stimulus, after a behaviour, resulting in an increase of behaviour 

    •  The addition of a stimulus, after a behaviour, resulting in a decrease in behaviour 

    Correct Answer
    A. The addition of a stimulus, after a behaviour, resulting in an increase of behaviour 
    Explanation
    Positive reinforcement is the addition of a stimulus after a behavior, resulting in an increase in that behavior. This means that when a desired behavior is exhibited, a positive stimulus is introduced to encourage the repetition of that behavior in the future. It is a form of reward that strengthens the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.

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  • 6. 

    When can it be said that positive reinforcement has occurred?

    • When a response produces a stimulus 

    • The response occurs more often 

    • The response occurs more often because of the response-consequence relationship 

    • All of the above 

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above 
    Explanation
    Positive reinforcement can be said to have occurred when a response produces a stimulus, when the response occurs more often, and when the response occurs more often because of the response-consequence relationship. In other words, all three conditions must be met for positive reinforcement to be considered to have taken place.

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  • 7. 

    What is the law of threshold?

    • Very weak intensities of a stimulus elicit a response, but as intensity increases there is a point at which the response is elicited 

    • As the intensity of a US increases, so does the magnitude of the elicited UR

    • As the intensity of the US increases, the latency of the appearance of the elicited UR decreases

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. Very weak intensities of a stimulus elicit a response, but as intensity increases there is a point at which the response is elicited 
    Explanation
    The law of threshold states that very weak intensities of a stimulus can still elicit a response. However, as the intensity of the stimulus increases, there is a point at which the response is elicited. This means that there is a minimum level of intensity required for a stimulus to produce a response.

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  • 8. 

    What is the law of intensity?

    • Very weak intensities of a stimulus elicit a response, but as intensity increases there is a point at which the response is elicited 

    • As the intensity of the US decreases, so does the magnitude of the elicited UR

    • As the intensity of the US increases, the latency of the appearance of the elicited UR decreases

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. As the intensity of the US decreases, so does the magnitude of the elicited UR
    Explanation
    The law of intensity states that as the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus (US) decreases, the magnitude of the elicited unconditioned response (UR) also decreases. This means that when the intensity of the US is weaker, the response that is elicited in response to it will also be weaker. This relationship between intensity and response magnitude is a fundamental principle in the field of psychology.

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  • 9. 

    What is the law of latency?

    • Very weak intensities of a stimulus elicit a response, but as intensity increases there is a point at which the response is elicited 

    • As intensity of the US increases so does the magnitude of the elicited UR 

    • As the intensity of the US increases, the latency of the appearance of the elicited UR decreases

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. As the intensity of the US increases, the latency of the appearance of the elicited UR decreases
    Explanation
    The law of latency states that as the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus (US) increases, the latency of the appearance of the elicited unconditioned response (UR) decreases. This means that when a stronger stimulus is presented, the response occurs more quickly.

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  • 10. 

    What is the process of respondent conditioning?

    • An NS is repeatedly paired with a US 

    • The new stimulus comes to produce the response when presented on its own

    • The new stimulus then becomes a CS

    • All of the above 

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above 
    Explanation
    The process of respondent conditioning involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US). This association leads to the NS becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) that can produce the response on its own. Therefore, all of the given options accurately describe the process of respondent conditioning.

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  • 11. 

    What is higher order conditioning?

    • A neutral stimulus is paired with a well established CS and the effect is similar to if the stimulus had been paired with a US

    • Pairing two neutral stimuli with a well established CS

    • Pairing two neutral stimuli with a US

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. A neutral stimulus is paired with a well established CS and the effect is similar to if the stimulus had been paired with a US
    Explanation
    Higher order conditioning refers to the process in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a well-established conditioned stimulus (CS). This results in the neutral stimulus acquiring the ability to elicit a conditioned response (CR) similar to the original CS. In other words, the effect of pairing the neutral stimulus with the CS is similar to if the neutral stimulus had been paired directly with an unconditioned stimulus (US). This type of conditioning demonstrates how previously conditioned stimuli can serve as a basis for further learning and can influence the response to new stimuli.

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  • 12. 

    What is negative reinforcement?

    • The removal of a stimulus, after behaviour, results in an increase in behaviour 

    • The removal of a stimulus, before a behaviour, results in an increase in behaviour 

    • The removal of a stimulus, whilst behaviour is occuring, results in an increase in behaviour 

    • The removal of a stimulus, after a behaviour, results in a decrease in behaviour 

    Correct Answer
    A. The removal of a stimulus, after behaviour, results in an increase in behaviour 
    Explanation
    Negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after behavior, which leads to an increase in that behavior. This means that when a certain behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive or unwanted stimulus, the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future is increased. The removal of the stimulus serves as a reward, reinforcing the behavior and making it more likely to happen again.

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  • 13. 

    Escape and avoidance are both forms of negative reinforcement, but what is the difference between them?

    • In an escape contingency, the behaviour terminates a stimulus that is present whereas in an avoidance contingency, a behaviour prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus 

    • In an escape contingency, the behaviour avoids presentation of a stimulus, whereas in an avoidance contingency, the behaviour terminates the stimulus that is present 

    • In an escape contingency, an EO is not present prior to the occurence of a behaviour, whereas an EO is present before behaviour in an avoidance contingency 

    • In an escape contingency, an EO is present prior to behaviour, whereas in an avoidance contingency an EO is not present 

    • Answers 1 and 3 

    • Answers 2 and 4 

    Correct Answer
    A. Answers 1 and 3 
  • 14. 

    When does extinction occur?

    • When a behaviour that has been reinforced no longer results in reinforcing consequences and therefore the behaviour stops occuring 

    • When a behaviour that has been reinforced momentarily results in reinforcing consequence and therefore stops occuring in the future 

    • When a behaviour that has been reinforced continues to result in the reinforcing consequence and therefore the behaviour stops occuring in the future

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. When a behaviour that has been reinforced no longer results in reinforcing consequences and therefore the behaviour stops occuring 
    Explanation
    Extinction occurs when a behavior that has been reinforced no longer results in reinforcing consequences and therefore the behavior stops occurring. This means that if a behavior is no longer followed by a reward or reinforcement, it will eventually fade away and stop occurring in the future.

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  • 15. 

    What is an extinction burst?

    • The increased intensity, frequency and variability of a behaviour at the beginning of extinction 

    • The decreased intensity, frequency and variability of a behaviour at the beginning of extinction 

    • The decreased intensity, frequency and variability of a behaviour at the end of extinction 

    • The increased intensity, frequency and variability of a behaviour at the end of extinction 

    Correct Answer
    A. The increased intensity, frequency and variability of a behaviour at the beginning of extinction 
    Explanation
    An extinction burst refers to the increased intensity, frequency, and variability of a behavior at the beginning of extinction. This occurs because when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer rewarded, the individual may engage in an initial burst of the behavior in an attempt to obtain the previously received reinforcement. This burst is a natural response to the removal of reinforcement and can be seen as a last-ditch effort to obtain the desired outcome.

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  • 16. 

    What is spontaneous recovery? 

    • The rate at the beginning of the next extinction session is usually higher than it was at the end of the last one 

    • The rate at the beginning of the next extinction session is usually lower than it was at the end of the last session 

    • A new behaviour starts to appear 

    • An old extinguished behaviour reappears 

    Correct Answer
    A. The rate at the beginning of the next extinction session is usually higher than it was at the end of the last one 
    Explanation
    Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of an extinguished behavior after a period of rest or inactivity. It occurs when the rate at the beginning of the next extinction session is usually higher than it was at the end of the last one. This suggests that even though the behavior was previously suppressed or eliminated, it can resurface temporarily without any additional training or reinforcement. Spontaneous recovery is an important phenomenon in the study of behavior and learning as it demonstrates the persistence of learned behaviors despite periods of extinction.

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  • 17. 

    Which of the following is a procedural variation of extinction?

    • The positive reinforcer is no longer delivered after the behaviour 

    • The aversive stimulus is no longer removed after the behaviour

    • Neither 

    • Both 

    Correct Answer
    A. Both 
    Explanation
    Both options are examples of procedural variations of extinction. In the first option, the positive reinforcer is no longer delivered after the behavior, which means that the behavior will eventually decrease or extinguish. In the second option, the aversive stimulus is no longer removed after the behavior, which also leads to a decrease or extinction of the behavior. Both options involve removing the consequence that was reinforcing the behavior, resulting in a decrease in the behavior over time.

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  • 18. 

    Which of the following variables effect extinction?

    • Schedule 

    • Baseline length 

    • Delay to reinforcement 

    • Magnitude of reinforcement 

    • All of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above 
    Explanation
    All of the variables mentioned in the question - schedule, baseline length, delay to reinforcement, and magnitude of reinforcement - can affect extinction. The schedule refers to the pattern or frequency of reinforcement, and different schedules can have different effects on extinction. Baseline length refers to the duration of the behavior before extinction is introduced, and longer baselines can make extinction more difficult. Delay to reinforcement refers to the time between the behavior and the delivery of reinforcement, and longer delays can make extinction more difficult. Lastly, the magnitude of reinforcement refers to the size or intensity of the reinforcement, and larger magnitudes can make extinction more difficult.

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  • 19. 

    Which of the following statements are false about extinction?

    • Extinction and forgetting are the same 

    • Extinction and noncontingent reinforcement are the same 

    • Response blocking and sensory extinction are the same 

    • All of the above 

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above 
    Explanation
    The statement "All of the above" is the correct answer because all three statements mentioned in the options are false. Extinction and forgetting are not the same; extinction refers to the decrease in the frequency of a behavior due to the lack of reinforcement, while forgetting refers to the inability to recall information. Similarly, extinction and noncontingent reinforcement are not the same; noncontingent reinforcement involves providing reinforcement regardless of the individual's behavior, whereas extinction involves withholding reinforcement for a specific behavior. Lastly, response blocking and sensory extinction are not the same; response blocking refers to physically preventing a behavior from occurring, while sensory extinction involves removing the reinforcing properties of a stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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  • 20. 

    Which of the following are schedule effects of a fixed ratio schedule?

    • Typical pattern of responding 

    • Post reinforcement pause follows reinforcement 

    • High rates of responding 

    • All of the above 

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above 
    Explanation
    A fixed ratio schedule is a type of reinforcement schedule where a behavior is reinforced after a fixed number of responses. The schedule effects of a fixed ratio schedule include a typical pattern of responding, where the behavior occurs in a consistent and predictable manner. Additionally, a post-reinforcement pause often follows reinforcement on a fixed ratio schedule, as the individual takes a short break before engaging in the behavior again. Finally, a fixed ratio schedule also tends to result in high rates of responding, as the individual quickly performs the behavior to receive the reinforcement. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

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  • 21. 

    Which of the following are schedule effects of a variable ratio schedule?

    • Consistent steady rates of behaviour 

    • No post reinforcement pauses 

    • Quick rate of response 

    • All of the above 

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above 
    Explanation
    A variable ratio schedule is a type of reinforcement schedule where the reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses. This type of schedule is known to produce consistent steady rates of behavior because the individual does not know when the next reinforcement will occur, so they continue to engage in the behavior at a steady pace. Additionally, because the reinforcement is not tied to a specific number of responses, there are no post-reinforcement pauses, meaning that the individual does not take breaks or pauses after receiving reinforcement. Finally, the unpredictable nature of the reinforcement schedule leads to a quick rate of response, as the individual is motivated to continue engaging in the behavior in order to receive reinforcement. Therefore, all of the given options are schedule effects of a variable ratio schedule.

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  • 22. 

    Which of the following are effects of a fixed interval schedule?

    • Post reinforcement pauses 

    • Scallop effect caused by an accelerating response rate at the end of intervals 

    • Constant, stable rate of responding 

    • Few hesitations between responses 

    • Options 1 and 2 

    • Options 3 and 4 

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. Options 1 and 2 
    Explanation
    A fixed interval schedule is a schedule of reinforcement where the reinforcer is delivered after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. The effects of a fixed interval schedule include post-reinforcement pauses, which refers to a decrease in response rate immediately after reinforcement, and the scallop effect, which is an accelerating response rate towards the end of the interval. Therefore, the correct answer is Options 1 and 2.

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  • 23. 

    Which of the following are effects of a variable interval schedule?

    • Constant stable rates of responding 

    • Few hesitations between responses 

    • Scallop effect caused by accelerating rate of response towards the end of the interval 

    • Post reinforcement pauses 

    • Options 1 and 2

    • Options 3 and 4 

    Correct Answer
    A. Options 1 and 2
    Explanation
    A variable interval schedule is a type of reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered after a variable amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. This schedule produces constant stable rates of responding because the participants do not know exactly when the reinforcement will occur, so they maintain a consistent level of responding in order to maximize their chances of receiving reinforcement. Additionally, because the interval between reinforcements is variable, there are usually few hesitations between responses as participants are motivated to respond continuously in order to increase their chances of reinforcement. Therefore, options 1 and 2 are effects of a variable interval schedule.

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  • 24. 

    What is the difference in the response rate between fixed ratio and variable ratio schedules?

    • Fixed ratio produce high rates whereas variable ratio produce quick response rates 

    • Fixed ratio produce quick rates of response whereas variable ratio produce high rates 

    • There is no difference 

    • Both produce high rates of behaviour 

    Correct Answer
    A. Fixed ratio produce high rates whereas variable ratio produce quick response rates 
    Explanation
    Fixed ratio schedules produce high rates of behavior, meaning that the response rate is consistently high and predictable. On the other hand, variable ratio schedules produce quick response rates, meaning that the response rate is fast but unpredictable. In other words, in fixed ratio schedules, the behavior is reinforced after a fixed number of responses, leading to a high and steady response rate. In variable ratio schedules, the behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses, resulting in a fast but variable response rate.

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  • 25. 

    What is the difference in response rate between fixed interval and variable interval schedules? 

    • Fixed interval produce slow moderate response rates whereas variable interval produce low to moderate response rates 

    • Fixed interval produce low to moderate rates whereas variable interval produce slow moderate response rates 

    • There is no difference

    • Both produce high rates of behaviour 

    Correct Answer
    A. Fixed interval produce slow moderate response rates whereas variable interval produce low to moderate response rates 
    Explanation
    Fixed interval schedules produce slow moderate response rates, meaning that the response rate increases gradually as the time for reinforcement approaches and then decreases after reinforcement is delivered. On the other hand, variable interval schedules produce low to moderate response rates, meaning that the response rate is more consistent and less affected by the timing of reinforcement. Therefore, the correct answer is "Fixed interval produce slow moderate response rates whereas variable interval produce low to moderate response rates."

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  • 26. 

    Ratio strain refers to 

    • Abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving to a thin schedule from a dense one 

    • Increases in response ratio or interval duration 

    • Reinforcement remaining in place for a finite time following elapse of an FI or VI schedule 

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. Abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving to a thin schedule from a dense one 
  • 27. 

    Schedule thinning refers to 

    • Abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from a dense schedule to a thinner one 

    • Gradually increasing the ratio requirement or interval duration 

    • Reinforcement remaining in place for a finite period of time following the elapse of an FI or VI schedule 

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. Gradually increasing the ratio requirement or interval duration 
    Explanation
    Schedule thinning refers to gradually increasing the ratio requirement or interval duration. This means that as the schedule progresses, the reinforcement is given after a longer period of time or after completing a higher number of responses. This is done to gradually increase the difficulty of the schedule and maintain the desired behavior without abruptly changing the requirements.

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  • 28. 

    Limited hold refers to 

    • Gradually increasing the ratio requirement of interval duration 

    • Reinforcement remaining in place for a finite period of time following the elapse of an FI or VI schedule 

    • Abrupt increases in ratio requirement when moving from a dense schedule to a thinner schedule 

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. Reinforcement remaining in place for a finite period of time following the elapse of an FI or VI schedule 
    Explanation
    Limited hold refers to reinforcement remaining in place for a finite period of time following the elapse of an FI or VI schedule. This means that after a fixed or variable interval schedule has been completed, the reinforcement will still be available for a certain amount of time. This allows the organism to continue responding and receive reinforcement even after the initial schedule has ended.

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  • 29. 

    What schedule is in place when two or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviours 

    • Multiple 

    • Chain

    • Concurrent 

    • Mixed 

    Correct Answer
    A. Concurrent 
    Explanation
    Concurrent schedule is the correct answer because it refers to a situation where two or more contingencies of reinforcement are in place simultaneously for two or more behaviors. In this schedule, each behavior is reinforced independently, and the individual can choose which behavior to engage in at any given time. This type of schedule allows for the simultaneous reinforcement of multiple behaviors and is commonly used in situations where multiple behaviors need to be reinforced concurrently.

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  • 30. 

    Which schedule is used to investigate the Matching Law?

    • Concurrent 

    • Chain

    • Multiple 

    • Tandem 

    Correct Answer
    A. Concurrent 
    Explanation
    The schedule used to investigate the Matching Law is Concurrent. The Matching Law states that the relative rate of responding to two or more available reinforcement options is equal to the relative rate of reinforcement obtained from each option. In a concurrent schedule, multiple reinforcement options are available simultaneously, allowing researchers to measure and compare the rates of responding and reinforcement for each option. This helps to determine if the behavior of an organism follows the principles of the Matching Law.

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  • 31. 

    Which schedule presents two or more schedules in an alternating, usually random sequence?

    • Mixed

    • Multiple 

    • Tandem 

    • Concurrent 

    Correct Answer
    A. Multiple 
    Explanation
    Multiple schedules present two or more schedules in an alternating, usually random sequence. This means that different schedules are interchanged or mixed together in a random order. Therefore, the correct answer is Multiple.

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  • 32. 

    Which schedule presents two or more basic schedules in a specific order and where reinforcement for the first behaviour is the presentation of the second element etc

    • Tandem 

    • Mixed 

    • Chain 

    • Alternative  

    Correct Answer
    A. Chain 
    Explanation
    A chain schedule presents two or more basic schedules in a specific order, where the reinforcement for the first behavior is the presentation of the second element. In other words, the completion of one behavior leads to the opportunity to engage in the next behavior, and reinforcement is contingent on completing the entire chain of behaviors in the correct order.

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  • 33. 

    Which schedule presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement in an alternating, usually random sequence but without discriminative stimuli 

    • Multiple 

    • Tandem 

    • Alternative 

    • Mixed

    Correct Answer
    A. Mixed
    Explanation
    A mixed schedule presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement in an alternating, usually random sequence but without discriminative stimuli. This means that the reinforcement is delivered at different times and in different patterns, without any specific cues or signals to indicate when it will occur. This type of schedule is often used to maintain high rates of responding and can be effective in shaping and maintaining behavior.

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  • 34. 

    Which schedule presents two or more schedules in a specific order but does not use discriminative stimuli? 

    • Chain

    • Conjunctive 

    • Tandem 

    • Mixed

    Correct Answer
    A. Tandem 
    Explanation
    Tandem schedule presents two or more schedules in a specific order without using discriminative stimuli. In a tandem schedule, the reinforcer for the first schedule serves as the discriminative stimulus for the second schedule. This means that the behavior required in the first schedule must be completed before the second schedule can be accessed. Tandem schedules are often used to train complex behaviors by breaking them down into smaller, more manageable steps.

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  • 35. 

    Which schedule provides reinforcement whenever the requirement of a ratio or interval schedule is met, regardless of which is met first? 

    • Tandem 

    • Alternative 

    • Mixed

    • Multiple 

    Correct Answer
    A. Alternative 
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Alternative". In an alternative schedule, reinforcement is provided whenever either the ratio or interval requirement is met, regardless of which one is met first. This means that the individual can receive reinforcement for meeting either the ratio or interval schedule, providing flexibility in the timing of reinforcement delivery.

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  • 36. 

    Which schedule provides reinforcement whenever the requirement of both a ratio and interval are met? 

    • Alternative

    • Tandem 

    • Conjunctive

    • Concurrent 

    Correct Answer
    A. Conjunctive
    Explanation
    The schedule that provides reinforcement whenever the requirement of both a ratio and interval are met is the conjunctive schedule. This schedule requires both a specific number of responses (ratio) and a specific amount of time (interval) to pass before reinforcement is given. It is a more stringent schedule compared to the alternative and tandem schedules, which only require one of the two criteria to be met for reinforcement. The concurrent schedule, on the other hand, provides reinforcement for responses on two or more different schedules that are available simultaneously.

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  • 37. 

    When does stimulus control occur? 

    • When latency, duration or amplitude of a response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus 

    • When latency, duration or amplitude of a response is altered in the presence of a consequence

    • When latency, duration or amplitude of a response is unaltered by the presence of an antecedent stimulus 

    • When latency, duration or amplitude of a response is unaltered by a consequence

    Correct Answer
    A. When latency, duration or amplitude of a response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus 
    Explanation
    Stimulus control occurs when the latency, duration, or amplitude of a response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus. This means that the behavior of an individual changes based on the presence of a specific stimulus. The individual may respond more quickly or slowly, for a longer or shorter duration, or with a higher or lower intensity depending on the stimulus that is present. This demonstrates that the stimulus has control over the individual's behavior and can influence how they respond.

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  • 38. 

    How is stimulus control acquired? 

    • Responses are reinforced in the presence of a discriminative stimulus and not in the presence of a stimulus delta 

    • Responses are reinforced in the presence of a stimulus delta and not in the presence of a discriminative stimulus 

    • Responses are reinforced in the presence of both a discriminative stimulus and a stimulus delta 

    • None of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. Responses are reinforced in the presence of a discriminative stimulus and not in the presence of a stimulus delta 
    Explanation
    Stimulus control is acquired when responses are reinforced in the presence of a discriminative stimulus and not in the presence of a stimulus delta. This means that a specific stimulus signals the availability of reinforcement, while another stimulus indicates the absence of reinforcement. This differential reinforcement helps individuals learn to respond appropriately to specific stimuli and not to others.

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  • 39. 

    What is a discriminated operant? 

    • A consequence of behaviour 

    • A class of behaviour created through differential reinforcement with respect to stimulus properties

    • An event that precedes operants and sets the occasion for the behaviour to occur 

    • A behaviour as a result of a consequence 

    Correct Answer
    A. A class of behaviour created through differential reinforcement with respect to stimulus properties
    Explanation
    A discriminated operant is a class of behavior that is created through differential reinforcement with respect to stimulus properties. This means that the behavior is reinforced or punished depending on the presence or absence of specific stimuli. In other words, the behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of certain stimuli and less likely to occur in the absence of those stimuli. This type of conditioning helps to shape and control behavior based on the discriminative stimuli present in the environment.

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  • 40. 

    What is the process of discrimination training?

    • Presenting two antecedent stimulus conditions

    • Reinforcement provided for the behaviours that occur in the presence of an SD

    • Reinforcement withheld for behaviours that occurs in the presence of the Sdeltas

    • All of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above 
    Explanation
    The process of discrimination training involves presenting two antecedent stimulus conditions, providing reinforcement for the behaviors that occur in the presence of an SD, and withholding reinforcement for behaviors that occur in the presence of the Sdeltas.

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  • 41. 

    Which of the following are discrimination training procedures?

    • Successive procedure - where the antecedent conditions alternate 

    • Simultaneous procedure - both antecedent conditions are presented at the same time 

    • Matching to sample - where two or more alternatives (including an SD and Sdelta) are selected from which match a sample 

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the given options are discrimination training procedures. In the successive procedure, the antecedent conditions alternate, meaning that one condition is presented after the other. In the simultaneous procedure, both antecedent conditions are presented at the same time. Matching to sample involves selecting two or more alternatives, including an SD (discriminative stimulus) and Sdelta, that match a sample. Therefore, all of these procedures involve discrimination training.

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  • 42. 

    What is an example of an unconditioned punisher?

    • Pain

    • Physical restraint

    • Extreme muscular effort

    • Particular smells and tastes

    • All of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above 
    Explanation
    An unconditioned punisher refers to a stimulus or event that naturally elicits a negative response or discomfort without any prior conditioning. Pain, physical restraint, extreme muscular effort, and particular smells and tastes can all be considered examples of unconditioned punishers as they inherently produce aversive experiences or sensations without any need for prior learning or association.

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  • 43. 

    Which of the following factors affect punishment?

    • Immediacy 

    • Intensity and magnitude 

    • Schedule

    • Reinforcement for the target behaviour 

    • Reinforcement of alternative behaviours 

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the factors mentioned in the options affect punishment. Immediacy refers to how quickly the punishment is delivered after the behavior, intensity and magnitude refer to the strength or severity of the punishment, schedule refers to the consistency or frequency of the punishment, reinforcement for the target behavior refers to any rewards or positive consequences that may be associated with the behavior being punished, and reinforcement of alternative behaviors refers to providing rewards or positive consequences for engaging in alternative, desired behaviors. Therefore, all of these factors play a role in determining the effectiveness and impact of punishment.

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  • 44. 

    Which of the following are side effects of punishment?

    • Emotional and aggressive behaviours

    • Escape and avoidance 

    • Undesirable modelling 

    • Negative reinforcement of the punishing agent's behaviour

    • All of the above 

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above 
    Explanation
    The side effects of punishment include emotional and aggressive behaviors, escape and avoidance, undesirable modeling, and negative reinforcement of the punishing agent's behavior. This means that when punishment is used, it can lead to the individual displaying emotional and aggressive behaviors, trying to escape or avoid the punishment, imitating undesirable behaviors, and reinforcing the punishing agent's behavior in a negative way.

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  • 45. 

    The formal properties of verbal behaviour involve

    • The causes of verbal behaviour

    • The topography of verbal behaviour 

    • Properties of verbal behaviour are not formal 

    • Unseen forces of verbal behaviour

    Correct Answer
    A. The topography of verbal behaviour 
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "The topography of verbal behaviour". The term "topography" refers to the physical characteristics or form of something. In the context of verbal behaviour, it refers to the observable aspects of verbal communication, such as the sounds, words, gestures, and facial expressions used. This answer suggests that the formal properties of verbal behaviour involve studying and analyzing the visible and measurable aspects of verbal communication. The other options mentioned, such as the causes or unseen forces of verbal behaviour, are not specifically related to the physical form or structure of verbal behaviour.

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  • 46. 

    The functional properties of verbal behaviour include

    • The topography of verbal behaviour

    • Unseen forces of verbal behaviour

    • The causes of verbal behaviour 

    • Verbal behaviour does not have functional properties 

    Correct Answer
    A. The causes of verbal behaviour 
    Explanation
    Verbal behavior is influenced by various factors that can be considered as the causes of verbal behavior. These causes can include environmental factors, social reinforcement, and individual motivations. Understanding the causes of verbal behavior is important in analyzing and modifying communication patterns and promoting effective communication.

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  • 47. 

    What is a mand?

    • A speaker differentially responding to the verbal behaviours of others

    • A speaker asking for what they want

    • A speaker repeating the verbal behaviour of another speaker

    • A speaker naming objects that they have direct contact with through their senses

    Correct Answer
    A. A speaker asking for what they want
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "A speaker asking for what they want". This answer suggests that a mand is a type of verbal behavior where a speaker expresses their desires or requests. It implies that a mand involves a speaker using language to communicate their needs or wants to others.

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  • 48. 

    What is a tact?

    • A speaker naming objects they have direct contact with through their senses

    • A speaker asking for what they want

    • A speaker differentially responding to the verbal behaviour of others

    • A speaker repeating the verbal behaviour of another speaker 

    Correct Answer
    A. A speaker naming objects they have direct contact with through their senses
    Explanation
    The correct answer is a speaker naming objects they have direct contact with through their senses. This means that a tact is a verbal behavior where a speaker labels or names objects that they can directly perceive through their senses, such as seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, or smelling.

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  • 49. 

    What is an instance of echoic verbal behaviour? 

    • A speaker differentially responding to the verbal behaviour of another speaker

    • A speaker asking for what they want

    • A speaker repeating the verbal behaviour of another speaker

    • A speaker naming objects they have direct contact with through their senses 

    Correct Answer
    A. A speaker repeating the verbal behaviour of another speaker
    Explanation
    An instance of echoic verbal behavior refers to a speaker repeating the verbal behavior of another speaker. This means that the speaker imitates or mimics the words or phrases spoken by another person. It is a form of imitation where the speaker reproduces the exact words or sounds they hear from someone else. This type of behavior is often observed in language acquisition and learning, as individuals imitate and repeat the words and phrases they hear in order to acquire and develop their own language skills.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 20, 2023 +

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 20, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Jan 03, 2020
    Quiz Created by
    Jess_lambo

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