Quiz About Applied Electronics & Instrumentation

Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They have a charge of +1 and a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit. Electrons, on the other hand, are negatively charged particles and are found outside the nucleus. Neutrons are neutral particles with no charge. While the term "nucleus" refers to the central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons, it does not specifically refer to a positively charged particle. Therefore, the correct answer is proton.

Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit around the nucleus of an atom. They have a small mass compared to protons and neutrons, and they are responsible for the majority of the atom's volume. Electrons play a crucial role in chemical reactions and the formation of chemical bonds. Their negative charge balances out the positive charge of protons in the nucleus, creating a stable atom.

Neutrons are electrically neutral or uncharged particles. Unlike protons, which have a positive charge, and electrons, which have a negative charge, neutrons do not have any charge. They are found in the nucleus of an atom along with protons, and their main role is to contribute to the mass of the atom without affecting its overall charge.

Alternating current (AC) is the correct answer because it is the form of electricity commonly used in homes, industries, hospitals, and laboratories. AC involves a frequency of 60 Hz, which means that the direction of the current periodically changes, allowing for efficient transmission of electricity over long distances and easy voltage regulation. In contrast, direct current (DC) flows in only one direction and is typically used for low-voltage applications or specific devices like batteries. Static and magnetic are not forms of electricity but rather related concepts or phenomena.

If I1 is more negative than I2, it means that the potential difference across I1 is greater than the potential difference across I2. Since a more negative potential difference indicates a lower voltage, this means that I1 has a lower voltage than I2. In a circuit, the current flows from higher voltage to lower voltage. Therefore, if I1 has a lower voltage than I2, the current will flow from I2 to I1. This will cause the signal to deflect upward. Hence, the statement is true.

A notch filter is a type of filter that attenuates a specific frequency or range of frequencies while allowing other frequencies to pass through. It is commonly used to eliminate unwanted interference or noise from a signal. By using a notch filter before attempting to eradicate the cause of interference, it helps to specifically target and remove the unwanted frequencies, improving the effectiveness of the interference removal process. Therefore, the statement is true.

An open circuit does not allow for current to flow in an electric circuit. In an open circuit, there is a break or disconnect in the path of the circuit, preventing the flow of electrons. Without a complete path for the current to travel, no current can flow through the circuit.

The correct answer is "Nano" because the prefix "nano" represents one billionth (10^-9) of a unit. In this case, it refers to one billionth of a meter.

A high frequency filter is designed to allow only high-frequency signals to pass through, while attenuating or blocking low-frequency signals. Therefore, the greatest number of cycles per second that a channel will display would be determined by the high frequency filter. It allows higher frequency signals to be displayed, while filtering out lower frequency signals.

The longest time constant corresponds with the lowest LFF setting because the time constant is a measure of how long it takes for a system to respond to changes. A longer time constant means that the system takes more time to respond to changes, while a shorter time constant means that the system responds more quickly. Therefore, the lowest LFF setting, which corresponds to the longest time constant, indicates that the system will take the most time to respond to changes.

Display time is typically expressed in millimeters per second. This unit of measurement is commonly used to indicate the speed at which an object or information is displayed on a screen. It represents the distance traveled by the displayed content in millimeters over a period of one second.

A low frequency filter is designed to allow only low-frequency signals to pass through while attenuating or blocking higher frequency signals. This means that it will display the lowest number of cycles per second (or hertz) that can be transmitted through the channel. In other words, it filters out higher frequency components, allowing only low-frequency signals to be displayed.

A referential montage refers to a specific method of electrode placement in electroencephalography (EEG) where the electrical activity of the brain is recorded from two or more electrodes. This statement suggests that a referential montage does not eliminate or exclude widespread potential signals that have similar amplitudes and phases. In other words, using a referential montage does not automatically remove or filter out similar brain activity patterns, which makes the statement true.

According to the ACNS Guidelines, the digital signal display should have a horizontal scaling of 25-35mm. This means that the width of the display should be between 25 and 35 millimeters. Additionally, the display should have a minimum of 128 data points, which refers to the number of individual measurements or data samples that are plotted on the display. Therefore, the correct answer is 25-35mm with a minimum of 128 data points, as it aligns with the guidelines provided by ACNS.

The answer is "Milli" because the given numbers, 10 and -3, are both positive integers. The prefix "Milli" represents one thousandth of a unit, which is smaller than the other prefixes listed. Therefore, "Milli" is the correct answer.

The formula for calculating sensitivity is S= V/A. This formula represents the ratio of the change in output (V) to the change in input (A). In other words, sensitivity measures how much the output changes in response to a change in the input. By dividing the change in output (V) by the change in input (A), we can determine the sensitivity of the system.

According to the ACNS Guidelines, the minimum sampling rate in an Analog to Digital Converter must be 256 samples per second. This means that the ADC should take at least 256 measurements of the analog signal per second in order to accurately convert it into a digital representation. A higher sampling rate ensures that the digital signal captures the necessary details and accurately represents the original analog signal.

A 30Hz high-frequency filter (HFF) will cause a roll-off effect on a 15Hz wave, reducing its amplitude by 50%. This means that the 15Hz wave will be attenuated or decreased by half when passed through the 30Hz HFF. The roll-off effect refers to the gradual decrease in amplitude or filtering of frequencies above a certain cutoff point, in this case, 30Hz. Therefore, the correct answer is "Roll off, 50%".

The given answer "10,-12" represents the coordinates of a point on a graph. The first value, 10, indicates the position of the point on the x-axis, while the second value, -12, indicates the position on the y-axis. Therefore, the point is located at the coordinates (10,-12) on the graph.

Impedance is a measure of the opposition to the flow of alternating current in a circuit. When the impedance is below 100 Ohms, it means that the circuit is not providing enough resistance to the current, which can result in a signal shunt or a short circuit. This can lead to various issues such as signal distortion, excessive current flow, and potential damage to the circuit components. Therefore, it is important to ensure that impedances are not below 100 Ohms to maintain proper circuit functioning and prevent any potential damage.

The recommended amplitude resolution according to ACNS Guidelines is 16 bits or higher. This means that the measurement system should be able to accurately measure and represent amplitudes with a resolution of at least 16 bits. A higher resolution allows for more precise and accurate measurements, which is important in various applications such as signal processing, data acquisition, and scientific research.

The sign of potential difference between two electrodes is affected by a potential change. Polarity refers to the positive or negative nature of the potential difference. A potential change can cause a shift in the polarity, resulting in a different sign of the potential difference between the electrodes. Therefore, polarity is the correct answer as it accurately describes the effect of a potential change on the sign of the potential difference.

Electromotive force (EMF) is the correct answer because it refers to the strength of the interaction between positive and negative electrical charges. EMF is responsible for causing electrons to move in a circuit, creating an electric current. Voltage is a measure of the potential difference between two points in a circuit, which is directly related to EMF. Current refers to the flow of electric charge in a circuit, which is caused by EMF. Resistance, on the other hand, is a property that opposes the flow of current in a circuit.

Current is the correct answer because it refers to the flow of electric charge in a circuit. When free electrons move in one direction, it constitutes an electric current. Electrons are negatively charged particles that move from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of a power source, such as a battery or generator. The rate at which these electrons flow is measured in amperes (A). Therefore, current is the appropriate term to describe the movement of free electrons in one direction.

The correct answer is "Ensure patient is connected when powering off machine." This is not a step in electrical safety because it is important to disconnect the patient from the machine before powering it off to prevent any potential harm or injury.

According to the ACNS Guidelines, the recommended minimum pixel resolution for a digital signal display is 1280. This means that the display should have at least 1280 pixels horizontally and vertically in order to provide clear and detailed images. A higher pixel resolution generally results in better image quality, so it is important to meet or exceed this recommended minimum to ensure optimal display performance.

The unit of voltage in an EKG is millivolts. EKG, also known as electrocardiogram, is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. It records the electrical signals generated by the heart as it beats. The voltage produced by these signals is typically measured in millivolts, which is one thousandth of a volt. This unit of measurement is commonly used in medical devices and tests to accurately assess the electrical activity of the heart.

When the inputs are the same or close to the same, the output may be 0 or minimal. This is because when two inputs are similar, they tend to cancel each other out, resulting in a smaller or zero output. This concept is known as cancellation, where the effects of similar inputs negate each other, leading to a minimal or zero overall impact.

The correct answer is Intensity x Resistance because voltage is equal to the product of current (intensity) and resistance. This relationship is described by Ohm's law, which states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it and the resistance of the conductor. Therefore, multiplying the intensity and resistance gives the voltage.

Coulomb's law states that like charges repel each other, meaning that two positively charged objects or two negatively charged objects will push each other away. On the other hand, opposite charges attract, which means that a positively charged object will be attracted to a negatively charged object, and vice versa. This law is used to calculate the force between two charged objects based on their charges and the distance between them.

The correct answer is Montage reformatting because it suggests that the display montage is being changed or altered in some way after the completion of the test. This could involve rearranging or restructuring the elements within the montage to present the information in a different format or layout.

When the input 1 is equal to input 2, there is no potential difference between the two inputs. Therefore, there is no voltage gradient to cause any deflection.

The let-go current is the correct answer because it refers to the current level at which a person's muscles contract so forcefully that they are unable to release their grip. This is due to persistent stimulation caused by the electric shock. The let-go current typically ranges from 10-20 mA.

Microshock refers to a low-level electrical shock that is applied directly to the myocardium, which is the muscular tissue of the heart. Even a small current of 10uA can cause ventricular fibrillation, a potentially life-threatening condition where the heart's electrical signals become chaotic. Therefore, microshocks can be dangerous or even lethal if they directly affect the heart.

The correct answer is 1-70Hz because the activity of interest in an EEG, or electroencephalogram, typically falls within this frequency range. EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain, and different frequency bands correspond to different brain states. The delta (1-4Hz) and theta (4-8Hz) bands are associated with deep sleep and relaxation, while the alpha (8-12Hz) and beta (12-30Hz) bands are related to awake and alert states. Gamma waves (30-70Hz) are associated with higher cognitive processes and attention. Therefore, the activity of interest in an EEG is captured within the range of 1-70Hz.

Common Mode Rejection refers to the ability of an amplifier to distinguish and amplify the differences in electrical potential between two input electrodes while effectively rejecting any common potentials that may be present. This means that the amplifier is able to amplify the desired signal while minimizing any interference or noise that is present in both input signals. Common Mode Rejection is an important characteristic of amplifiers, especially in applications where there is a need to accurately amplify small differential signals in the presence of common noise or interference.

According to the ACNS Guidelines, impedances up to 10 Ohms are considered acceptable. This means that any impedance value below or equal to 10 Ohms is within the acceptable range as per the guidelines.

In the Nyquist theory, the sampling rate must be at least twice the frequencies to be resolved. This is because of the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, which states that in order to accurately reconstruct a signal, the sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest frequency present in the signal. By sampling at a rate that is at least 2X the frequencies to be resolved, we can avoid aliasing and accurately represent the original signal.

Localization refers to the process of determining the specific area or source of a particular wave or rhythm. It involves identifying the region where the wave or rhythm has its maximum amplitude. This term is commonly used in various fields, such as physics, neuroscience, and signal processing, to describe the spatial or temporal distribution of a phenomenon. By localizing the source or area of a wave or rhythm, researchers can gain insights into its characteristics and behavior.

Impedance is the opposition to alternating current flow, measured after an electrode is applied. It is a combination of resistance and reactance, which represents the resistance to the flow of current and the reactance caused by the capacitance or inductance of the circuit. Impedance is measured in ohms and is used to determine the effectiveness of an electrical circuit in allowing current to flow.

The standard EEG paper speed is 30 mm/sec. This refers to the speed at which the paper moves through the EEG machine during recording. A higher paper speed means that the EEG waves will be spread out over a larger distance on the paper, making it easier to analyze individual waveforms. However, a slower paper speed allows for more detail to be captured, as the waves are compressed into a smaller space. 30 mm/sec is a commonly used speed that strikes a balance between capturing detail and allowing for easy analysis.

The term "focus" refers to a limited region of the scalp or cerebral cortex that displays a specific EEG activity. In other words, it is a specific area where brain activity is concentrated or focused. This term is commonly used in the field of neuroscience to describe the specific location or area of brain activity that researchers or clinicians are interested in studying or analyzing.

The standard setting for sensitivity is 7 uV/mm. This means that the equipment or device being referred to is set to detect electrical signals with a sensitivity of 7 microvolts per millimeter. This setting determines the level of sensitivity at which the device can detect and measure electrical activity.

Macroshock refers to an electrical shock that occurs when a person comes into contact with a high current, typically ranging from 100-300 mA. This type of shock can cause severe burns, damage to local tissues, and can even lead to ventricular fibrillation, a life-threatening condition where the heart's rhythm becomes irregular. Unlike microshock, which involves much lower currents, macroshock poses a greater risk to the individual's health and safety. Therefore, the given answer "Macroshock" is correct in relation to the described effects and current range.

The ground to chassis resistance must be a very low value of less than 0.5 Ohms. This is important because a low resistance ensures a good electrical connection between the ground and the chassis of a device or system. A high resistance can lead to poor grounding, which can result in electrical noise, voltage fluctuations, or even safety hazards. Therefore, it is crucial to have a low resistance value to ensure effective grounding and proper functioning of the equipment.

Montage reformatting refers to the process in which the computer recognizes each electrode and allows the user to create montages. This involves rearranging or reformatting the electrode positions to create different montages for analysis or visualization purposes.

The Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is the correct answer because it is responsible for converting the amplified EEG signal, which is an analog signal, into a digital signal that can be processed by a computer. The ADC takes continuous voltage values from the amplifier and converts them into discrete digital values that can be stored, analyzed, and manipulated by digital systems. This conversion is necessary in order to interface the analog EEG signal with the digital components of the computer chips mounted on the circuit board.

Bipolar montages are best used in the analysis of low to medium amplitude waveforms because they provide a more detailed and accurate representation of the electrical activity in the brain. This type of montage involves using two electrodes, with one acting as the positive and the other as the negative, to record the voltage difference between them. By focusing on lower to medium amplitude waveforms, bipolar montages can enhance the visibility of subtle changes in electrical activity and help identify abnormalities or patterns in the brain's signals.

The term "sensitivity" refers to the ratio of input voltage to the signal deflection it produces. In other words, it measures how responsive a system or device is to changes in input voltage. A higher sensitivity means that even small changes in input voltage will result in a larger signal deflection, while a lower sensitivity means that larger changes in input voltage are required to produce a noticeable signal deflection. Therefore, sensitivity is the correct answer in this context.

The statement is false because EEG waveforms do not appear slower when viewed with a slower timescale. In fact, when the timescale is slower, the waveforms appear to be stretched out and take up more space on the screen, making them appear faster. This is because a slower timescale allows for more data points to be displayed within a given time frame, resulting in a more detailed view of the waveforms.