100 Test 2-asepsis, Sterilization, Emergencies & Instrumentation

Intermediate-level disinfection takes 10-15 minutes. This duration allows enough time for the disinfectant to effectively kill most microorganisms on surfaces. It strikes a balance between the shorter time required for low-level disinfection and the longer time needed for high-level disinfection, which is more thorough and eliminates a wider range of pathogens. The 10-15 minutes timeframe ensures efficient disinfection while also being practical for routine cleaning and maintenance purposes.

An antiseptic is a substance commonly used on living tissue to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microbes to prevent infection. Unlike disinfectants, which are used on inanimate objects, antiseptics are specifically designed for use on living tissue. They are used to cleanse wounds, cuts, and other injuries to prevent the entry of harmful microorganisms and reduce the risk of infection. Antiseptics are typically less harsh and less toxic than disinfectants, making them suitable for use on the skin and mucous membranes. They work by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms on the surface of the skin.

The overhead surgical lights should be dusted before the first case of the day to ensure a clean and sterile environment. Dust can accumulate on the lights and potentially contaminate the surgical area, posing a risk to the patient's health. Regularly dusting the lights helps maintain a hygienic operating room and reduces the chances of infection or complications during surgery.

Visible puncture wounds, inability to move an extremity, body parts misaligned, loss of consciousness (LOC), or disorientation or confusion are all indications that the patient is in an emergent condition (emergency). These symptoms suggest that the patient may be experiencing a severe injury or medical emergency that requires immediate attention and intervention. It is important for healthcare providers to recognize these signs and prioritize the patient's care accordingly to ensure their safety and well-being.

The sterile field is the specified area, usually the area immediately around the patient, that is considered free of microorganisms. This area is carefully maintained and protected during surgical procedures to prevent contamination and reduce the risk of surgical site infections. It is important for the surgeon and other sterile team members to adhere to strict protocols and maintain aseptic techniques within the sterile field to ensure patient safety.

A hemostat is a surgical tool commonly used to clamp blood vessels and control bleeding during surgical procedures. It is designed to provide strong and precise compression, allowing for effective hemostasis. The other options mentioned, such as kelly and mosquito clamp, are also surgical instruments, but they may not be as commonly used for achieving hemostasis as the hemostat. Therefore, the correct answer is hemostat.

After a surgical procedure, lumens and suction devices need to be flushed until clear prior to sterilization. This is important to remove any debris, blood, or other contaminants that may be present in the lumens or suction devices. Flushing until clear ensures that the instruments are thoroughly cleaned before they undergo the sterilization process, which helps to prevent the transmission of infections or other complications during future use.

The correct answer is "states of matter". This refers to the three basic forms of matter, which are solids, liquids, and gases. These states describe the physical properties and behavior of matter based on factors such as temperature and pressure.

Cidex is a noxious high-level disinfectant that can be used as a sterilant if instruments are soaked for 10 hours. It is not a sterility monitoring device, nor is it used in steam sterilizers in the rinse cycle. It is also not a commonplace enzymatic cleaner prior to steam sterilization. Cidex's main use is as a high-level disinfectant for medical instruments, but it can also be used as a sterilant if the instruments are soaked for a longer period of time.

Collagen is a protein found in the body that plays a crucial role in blood clotting. It helps in the formation of a stable blood clot, preventing excessive bleeding. In pharmacology, collagen can be used as a form of coagulation (clotting) agent to promote blood clot formation in certain medical procedures or conditions. Therefore, it is a pharmacological form of coagulation.

Bacillus stearothermophilus is commonly used as a biological sterility monitor. This means that it is used to test the effectiveness of sterilization processes in medical and laboratory settings. It is not the most common cause of surgical site infections or diarrhea in pediatric patients, and it is not commonly used as a chemical sterility monitor.

A natural disaster refers to a catastrophic event caused by natural forces, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, or wildfires. These events often result in widespread destruction and can affect a large number of people, causing significant casualties. In the given context, the statement "effects more than 100 people with 10 or more dead" suggests a significant impact, which aligns with the destructive nature of natural disasters. Therefore, the correct answer is natural disaster.

After anesthesia induction, the anesthesia provider is responsible for monitoring and managing the patient's vital signs and ensuring their safety during the procedure. They are the ones who administer and control the anesthesia, so they need to give permission for any changes in the patient's position to ensure that it does not affect their breathing, blood flow, or overall well-being. The surgeon, circulator, and surgical assistant may have their roles in the procedure, but the anesthesia provider is the one with the expertise to make decisions regarding the patient's position.

The steam itself must penetrate wovens, muslin, paper/disposable, Genesis cases, and peel packs to actually sterilize in steam sterilization. Steam is a highly effective sterilizing agent that can penetrate various materials and kill microorganisms. It works by denaturing proteins and disrupting the cell membranes of bacteria, viruses, and spores, effectively rendering them inactive. Therefore, the steam itself is responsible for the sterilization process in steam sterilization.

The efficacy of a disinfectant is determined by several factors, including the bioburden (the amount of microorganisms present), the type and concentration of the disinfectant used, the contact time, temperature, and exposure. However, whether the patient is a nasal carrier of Staphylococcus aureus does not directly affect the efficacy of the disinfectant. This means that regardless of whether the patient carries the bacteria in their nasal passages, the disinfectant will still work effectively in killing the microorganisms present.

Instruments should be closed when passed to the surgeon to ensure the safety and sterility of the surgical environment. Closing the instruments prevents any accidental injury to the surgeon or other staff members. It also helps maintain the sterility of the instruments by preventing any contamination from occurring during the transfer process. This is an important step in following proper surgical protocols and ensuring the success of the procedure.

Laparoscopy is a sterile procedure because it involves making small incisions in the abdomen to insert a laparoscope, which is a thin tube with a camera attached to it. The incisions are made in a sterile environment and the laparoscope is also sterilized before use. This ensures that the procedure is performed in a sterile manner to minimize the risk of infection. In contrast, gastroscopy, laryngoscopy, and colonoscopy do not require making incisions and are therefore not considered sterile procedures.

The correct answer is "harrington". Harrington is a type of manual retractor used in surgical procedures. It is commonly used in orthopedic surgery to hold back tissues and provide better visibility for the surgeon. Unlike other options listed (gelpi, finochetti, and weitlander), harrington is specifically designed as a manual retractor.

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate the body and create images of internal structures. This diagnostic study is commonly used to view bones and detect abnormalities such as fractures or tumors. X-rays are able to pass through soft tissues, but are absorbed by dense structures like bones, which appear white on the resulting image. This makes x-rays a useful tool for diagnosing a variety of conditions and guiding medical interventions.

The electrosurgery unit is the most commonly used electrical instrument in surgery. This device is used to cut, coagulate, and cauterize tissue during surgical procedures. It works by delivering a high-frequency electrical current to the tissue, which generates heat and causes the tissue to either cut or coagulate. The electrosurgery unit is versatile and can be used in various surgical specialties, making it a widely used instrument in the operating room.

Terminal sterilization refers to a process that completely eliminates all viable microorganisms from an item, making it safe to handle. This is achieved through a sterilization method such as heat, radiation, or chemical agents. By effectively killing or removing all microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and spores, terminal sterilization ensures that the item is free from any potential pathogens that could cause infection or harm to individuals. Therefore, the correct answer is "to render an item safe to handle by sterilization."

In the hemostatic process, injury to a vessel triggers vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, which helps to reduce blood flow to the injured area. This constriction of blood vessels helps to limit bleeding and prevent further damage. By constricting the vessels, the body can effectively control the flow of blood and initiate the clotting process to promote wound healing.

The current from the ESU flows from the surgical site, through the patient, to the dispersive electrode, through the conductor cord, and returns to the generator. The patient acts as a pathway for the current to flow through, completing the circuit.

Biological monitoring is the most reliable means of monitoring the effectiveness of a sterilizer. This method involves using biological indicators, such as spore strips or vials, that contain highly resistant microorganisms. These indicators are placed inside the sterilizer during a sterilization cycle and then incubated to check for any surviving microorganisms. If no growth is observed, it indicates that the sterilization parameters have been met and the sterilizer is effective in killing all microorganisms. This method provides a direct assessment of the sterilization process and is considered the gold standard for monitoring sterilizer effectiveness.

Robots seek to extend and enhance human capabilities by using powerful computers. They are designed to perform tasks that are difficult, dangerous, or impossible for humans to accomplish. With the help of advanced computing systems, robots can analyze data, make decisions, and execute complex actions with precision and efficiency. By leveraging their computational power, robots can augment human abilities and contribute to various fields such as manufacturing, healthcare, exploration, and more.

Event-related sterility refers to the sterility of a package being determined by how it is handled rather than the time elapsed. This means that the package is considered sterile until it is opened or until the integrity of the packaging material is compromised. This concept recognizes that the sterility of a package can be maintained for an indefinite period as long as it is handled properly and not subjected to any damage or contamination. Therefore, event-related sterility ensures that the sterility of a package is not solely dependent on the time elapsed since its packaging.

A stone forcep is a surgical instrument used for grasping and removing stones from the body. Among the given options, the instrument "randall" is a stone forcep.

Projectile motion refers to the motion of an object launched into the air at a specific angle. The angle at which the object is launched determines the shape of its trajectory, which is the path it follows through the air. The angle affects both the range and the height of the projectile's flight. A higher launch angle will result in a longer flight time and a higher peak height, while a lower launch angle will result in a shorter flight time and a lower peak height. Therefore, the angle is a crucial factor in determining the motion of a projectile.

Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. The treatment for anaphylactic shock typically involves administering epinephrine, which helps to open up the airways and improve blood circulation. Steroids may also be given to reduce inflammation and swelling. Levophed, a medication used to increase blood pressure, may be used in severe cases. However, icing the patient is not a recommended treatment for anaphylactic shock.

During a cardiac arrest, the STSR's role is to protect the sterile field. This means ensuring that the surgical area remains free from contamination and maintaining a clean environment for the surgical team. This is important to prevent any infections or complications that could arise from contamination during the procedure.

Alternating current (AC) is characterized by its ability to change the voltage continuously and periodically. Unlike direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction, AC changes direction periodically, usually in the form of a sine wave. This characteristic of AC allows it to be easily transmitted over long distances and used in various applications such as powering homes and running electric motors. Therefore, the given answer, alternating current, is the correct choice based on the provided information.

The pressure reading in a steam sterilizer is directly related to the temperature. The correct pressure reading for a temperature of 270 F is 27 psi. This is because steam at this temperature requires a pressure of 27 psi to maintain its properties and effectively sterilize the contents of the sterilizer.

Rh incompatibility occurs when a pregnant woman with Rh-negative blood is carrying a fetus with Rh-positive blood. If the mother's immune system becomes sensitized to the Rh-positive blood, it can produce antibodies that attack and destroy the red blood cells of the fetus. This condition is known as hemolytic anemia, which can be severe and potentially fatal for the fetus if left untreated.

The Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells. It is used for blood matching in transfusions and organ transplants. The presence or absence of the Rh factor determines whether a person is Rh positive or Rh negative. This information is crucial in determining compatibility between blood donors and recipients.

This answer is correct because it states the appropriate time and temperature for gravity displacement steam sterilization. The process of gravity displacement steam sterilization involves using steam to sterilize instruments and equipment. In this method, steam is introduced into the sterilization chamber, displacing the air and creating a vacuum. The steam then penetrates the items being sterilized, killing any microorganisms present. The recommended time and temperature for this method is 3 minutes at 270-275 degrees Fahrenheit. This ensures effective sterilization without compromising the integrity of the items being sterilized.

The #4 knife handle would be needed for a #20 blade.

The correct answer is to drip sterile saline from a bulb syringe onto the blade of the instrument while it is in action. This method helps to cool down the instrument by dissipating the heat produced during its operation. By continuously dripping sterile saline onto the blade, the heat is absorbed and carried away, preventing the instrument from overheating. This is a safer and more effective approach compared to the other options provided, as disconnecting the instrument, placing it in ice water, or using alcohol may not effectively cool it down or may even damage the instrument.

The most common form of energy is mechanical. Mechanical energy refers to the energy possessed by an object due to its motion or position. It includes both potential energy (energy stored in an object) and kinetic energy (energy of motion). Mechanical energy is commonly encountered in everyday life, such as when objects are in motion or when work is done by machines. Electrical energy, on the other hand, refers to the energy associated with the flow of electric charge and is not as commonly encountered as mechanical energy. Homocidal and surgical are unrelated to the concept of energy.

The microscope would require sterile draping by the scrub because it is a delicate and precise instrument used in medical procedures, particularly in surgeries. Sterile draping is necessary to maintain a sterile field and prevent any contamination that could potentially harm the patient or affect the accuracy of the procedure. The other equipment listed, such as the esu unit, bronchoscope, and video tower, may not require sterile draping as they are not directly involved in the surgical procedure or have contact with the patient.

Insulators are materials that hinder or prevent the movement of electrons. They have high electrical resistance, which means they do not allow the flow of electric current easily. Unlike conductors, which facilitate the movement of electrons, insulators act as barriers to the flow of electricity. They are commonly used to separate conductors and prevent electrical accidents or short circuits. Insulators are essential in various applications, such as electrical wiring, insulation materials, and protective coatings, where the control or prevention of electron flow is necessary.

Ports serve as attachments of computer components such as cables and wires. They are physical connectors on a computer or electronic device that allow for the input and output of data. Different types of ports exist for various purposes, such as USB ports for connecting external devices, HDMI ports for connecting monitors or TVs, and Ethernet ports for network connections. These ports provide the necessary interface for communication between the computer and its peripherals, enabling the transfer of information and signals.

Lap sponges are most often used to control bleeding in the belly. They are sterile absorbent pads that are placed in the abdominal cavity during surgery to soak up any blood or fluids that may be present. The use of lap sponges helps to maintain a clear surgical field and prevent excessive bleeding, allowing the surgeon to perform the procedure safely and effectively.

Telechir is a name given to remotely controlled robots. This means that the term "telechir" is used to refer to robots that can be operated or controlled from a distance, typically through the use of technology such as teleoperation or telepresence. The other options listed (the da Vinci machine, the noise the ultrasound machine makes, and the noise the ESU device makes) are not accurate descriptions of what telechir refers to.

Strike-thru contamination refers to the contamination of a sterile field that happens when fluid passes through a microbial barrier, such as when Muslim linen becomes saturated. This can lead to the introduction of microorganisms into the sterile field, compromising its sterility.

The device applied while an extremity is elevated for the purpose of exsanguination of blood prior to inflation of a pneumatic tourniquet or cuff is an Esmarch bandage. This bandage is used to compress and remove blood from the limb, ensuring a bloodless field for surgical procedures. It is typically made of rubber and is wrapped tightly around the limb from distal to proximal, forcing the blood to move towards the heart. This technique helps to minimize bleeding during surgery and improve visualization of the surgical site.

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Surgical robot arms are designed with articulated geometry, allowing them to move and bend in multiple directions. This flexibility provides them with a high degree of freedom, enabling precise and complex movements during surgical procedures. The term "articulated" refers to the joints and segments of the robot arm that can move independently, mimicking the dexterity and range of motion of a human arm. This characteristic is essential for surgeons to perform delicate and intricate tasks with the assistance of the robot arm.

The given items, including walling off viscera, patties, 4x4 sponges (raytex), and peanut sponges, are all used in surgical procedures to create a sterile environment and prevent contamination. Lap pads, specifically, are large absorbent pads placed on the patient's abdomen to absorb any fluids or blood during the surgery. They are used to keep the surgical site clean and dry, and to protect the underlying organs and tissues.

The correct answer is "a piece of jewelry or a hair feather that falls into the sterile field." This answer is supported by the given information that walls, floors, cabinets, furniture, and nonsterile supplies are not included in the category of fomites. A fomite refers to an inanimate object that can transmit infectious organisms, and in this case, a piece of jewelry or a hair feather that falls into a sterile field can potentially introduce contaminants and compromise the sterility.

The correct answer is anesthesia. In a medical setting, blood loss is typically reported to the anesthesia team. Anesthesiologists are responsible for monitoring vital signs, including blood loss, during surgical procedures. They play a crucial role in managing the patient's anesthesia and ensuring their safety throughout the surgery. By being informed about the amount of blood loss, the anesthesia team can take appropriate measures to maintain the patient's stability and prevent any complications.

The question is asking for an instrument that is not used for hemostasis. Hemostasis refers to the process of stopping bleeding or controlling blood flow. Out of the given options, babcock is not typically used for hemostasis. Babcock forceps are commonly used for grasping and holding delicate tissues during surgical procedures, but they are not specifically designed for hemostasis. On the other hand, crile, kelly, and schnidt forceps are commonly used for clamping blood vessels to control bleeding and achieve hemostasis.

Bacterial spores are highly resistant to heat and require high temperatures to be killed. The correct answer is 250 F because this temperature is sufficient to kill bacterial spores. Temperatures below 250 F may not be effective in destroying spores, while temperatures above 250 F may be excessive and unnecessary.

Pledgets are small pieces of absorbent material, such as cotton or gauze, that are used to apply pressure to small bleeding vessels during surgical procedures. They are placed over the bleeding site and help to control the bleeding by absorbing the blood and promoting clotting. Pledgets are commonly used in vessel anastomosis, which is the surgical connection of blood vessels, to prevent bleeding at the site of the anastomosis. Therefore, pledgets are the most suitable option for controlling small bleeders in vessel anastomosis.

Surgical site infections (SSI's) are primarily caused by the resident flora on the patient's body. This refers to the microorganisms that naturally reside on the patient's skin or mucous membranes. During surgery, these organisms can enter the surgical site and cause an infection if proper precautions are not taken. The patient's resident flora is the most common source of SSI's because it is already present on their body and can easily contaminate the surgical site if not properly managed.

Anaphylactic shock is the correct answer because the given indications such as itching, swelling, dyspnea, hypotension, tachycardia, and low urine output are all symptoms commonly associated with anaphylactic shock. Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen, causing a release of chemicals that can lead to these symptoms. Hemolysis, malignant hyperthermia, and diabolic kryptonosis do not typically present with these specific indications.

All matter is made up of fundamental elements that cannot be broken down by chemicals. Chemicals are combinations of different elements, but they themselves cannot break down the fundamental elements that make up matter.

Contamination refers to the introduction of harmful or unwanted substances into an environment or material. In this context, the presence of pathogenic material can lead to contamination, posing a risk to human health or the integrity of a system. It is important to identify and address contamination to prevent its spread and minimize potential harm.

Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that whenever an object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force back on the first object. The term "conservation" is used to describe this law because it implies that the total amount of momentum in a system remains constant, as momentum is transferred between objects due to their interactions. This law ensures that energy and momentum are conserved in physical interactions, making "conservation" the appropriate term for Newton's third law.

The circuit of the ESU (electrosurgical unit) consists of the generator, the active electrode, the dispersive electrode, and the patient. The patient is an essential component of the circuit as they are the one receiving the electrical current during the surgical procedure. The active electrode delivers the electrical current to the patient's tissues, while the dispersive electrode helps to safely disperse the current and prevent burns. The surgeon operates the ESU, but they are not a part of the circuit itself. The generator is responsible for producing the electrical current used in the procedure, but it is also not a part of the circuit. Cautery is not mentioned in the given question and is unrelated to the circuit of the ESU.

The answer explains that if a sponge pack contains an incorrect number of sponges, the count should be repeated and necessary adjustments should be made on the count sheet. This implies that this action is a safety device for ensuring the accuracy of the sponge count. The other options listed in the question are all safety devices related to the sponge, sharp, and instrument count, such as performing counts before closure of a hollow organ, not placing specimens on a counted sponge, and handing needles to the surgeon on an exchange basis.

A 1 to 10 solution of sodium hypochlorite is sporicidal in 1 hour. This means that when the solution is diluted with water in a 1 to 10 ratio, it is capable of killing spores within 1 hour of contact. Sodium hypochlorite is also known as Cidex and isopropyl alcohol is a different substance altogether. There is no need to further dilute the 1 to 10 solution as it is already effective in killing spores within 1 hour.

The correct answer is raytex (4x4 sponges) because they are commonly used for swabbing superficial tissue. They are small, sterile, and highly absorbent, making them ideal for cleaning and applying medication to small wounds or delicate areas. Cottonoid patties and peanut sponges are typically used in neurosurgery and orthopedic procedures, while lap pads are larger absorbent pads used to cover and protect larger areas during surgery.

Moisture is left in lumens to enhance steam sterilization because steam is the most effective method for killing microorganisms. By leaving moisture in lumens, it ensures that the steam can penetrate and reach all areas, effectively sterilizing the equipment or instruments. Without moisture, the steam may not be able to reach certain areas, leading to incomplete sterilization. Therefore, leaving moisture in lumens enhances the effectiveness of steam sterilization.

Patties are neuro sponges used for hemostasis. They are absorbent pads made of soft material that are used during surgical procedures to control bleeding and provide a clear surgical field. Patties are placed in the surgical site to absorb excess blood and fluids, preventing them from obstructing the surgeon's view. They are designed to be non-adherent and sterile to minimize the risk of infection. Patties are available in various sizes and shapes to suit different surgical needs and can be easily manipulated by the surgical team.

Kinematics is the study of objects in motion and the forces that caused that motion. It focuses on describing the motion of objects without considering the causes of the motion. Therefore, kinematics is the correct answer as it aligns with the given explanation.

Pledgets are small pieces of material, usually made of cotton or gauze, that are used in surgical procedures to aid in hemostasis, or the control of bleeding. They are often soaked in medication or a clotting agent and applied directly to the site of bleeding to help stop it. Pledgets are commonly used in liver surgeries where bleeding can be a concern. They are placed on the bleeding vessels or areas to apply pressure and promote clotting, making them a good option for hemostasis of the liver.

The term "surgically clean" refers to items that have undergone mechanical cleaning and chemical disinfection processes, but they are not sterile. This means that while they have been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected to reduce the risk of infection during surgery, they are not completely free from all microorganisms. Therefore, they are considered safe for surgical procedures, but additional measures may be required to ensure complete sterility.

Joseph Lister is the correct answer because he applied the germ theory principles to surgery, which led to the development of sterile techniques in surgical practice. Lister introduced antiseptic methods, such as using carbolic acid to clean wounds and sterilizing surgical instruments, which significantly reduced the risk of infections and improved patient outcomes. His contributions revolutionized surgical practices and laid the foundation for modern aseptic techniques in medicine.

The term "bacteriostatic" refers to a substance that inhibits the growth or reproduction of bacteria. Unlike bacteriocidal, which kills bacteria, bacteriostatic only slows down their growth. "Antimicrobiology" and "antithesis" are unrelated terms and do not describe the concept of restraining bacterial development.

Peanut sponges are used for blunt dissection of tissue after it has been secured on a clamp. Blunt dissection involves separating tissues by pushing them apart rather than cutting through them. Peanut sponges are small, sterile, and absorbent sponges that are commonly used in surgical procedures. They are designed to be easily grasped with forceps and are used to gently separate and manipulate tissues during surgery.

The cleaning done between cases most often includes gross decontamination of instruments, cleaning gross debris from OR furniture, and changing sheets. This is because these tasks are essential for maintaining a clean and sterile environment in the operating room. Gross decontamination of instruments helps to remove any visible contaminants or residue, ensuring that they are ready for the next procedure. Cleaning gross debris from OR furniture helps to eliminate any potential sources of contamination. Changing sheets is important for maintaining hygiene and preventing the spread of infections. Therefore, all of the above tasks are typically included in the cleaning process between cases.

In monopolar mode, the grounding pad is used to complete the electrical circuit between the patient and the electrosurgical unit (ESU). The ESU generates electrical energy that is delivered to the patient's tissue through the active electrode. The grounding pad acts as a return path for the electrical current, ensuring that it safely flows back to the ESU. This helps to prevent any unintended electrical burns or injuries to the patient. In bipolar mode, the electrical current flows between two electrodes on the same instrument, eliminating the need for a grounding pad. Cautery only mode and polar express mode are not recognized modes of operation for an ESU.

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Malignant hyperthermia is not a factor that increases a patient's risk of SSI. Malignant hyperthermia is a rare genetic muscle disorder that is triggered by certain medications used during general anesthesia. It is not directly related to surgical site infections, which are caused by bacteria entering the surgical wound. Factors such as cigarette smoking, concurrent infections, obesity, and diabetes can all impair the body's immune response and increase the risk of developing a surgical site infection.

Airborne infections tend to be spread by the surgical team because they are in close proximity to the patient during surgery. They can inadvertently release infectious particles into the air through coughing, sneezing, or even talking. These particles can then be inhaled by others in the operating room, leading to the spread of the infection. It is crucial for the surgical team to follow proper infection control protocols, such as wearing masks and maintaining a sterile environment, to minimize the risk of airborne transmission.

After platelets begin adhering to a blood vessel wall during hemostasis, ADP is released. This release of ADP triggers a positive feedback loop, causing more platelets to adhere to the site of injury. ADP acts as a signaling molecule, attracting and activating additional platelets to form a platelet plug, which helps in the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding.

The correct answer is "may be used on rubber and lenses". This is because gluteraldehyde is a disinfectant commonly used in healthcare settings to sterilize medical equipment and instruments, including those made of rubber and lenses. It is effective in killing a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is not commonly known as household bleach, as household bleach typically refers to a different chemical compound called sodium hypochlorite.

Remote manipulation allows surgeons to perform surgeries from a distance, eliminating the need for telesurgery. This means that the surgeon can operate on a patient without physically being present in the operating room. Additionally, remote manipulation enables the surgeon to perform precise movements and procedures with the help of robotic instruments. It also reduces the risk of human error and provides better access to hard-to-reach areas. However, the patient may have to wait longer for the surgery due to logistical arrangements, but this is not considered an advantage of remote manipulation.

The inactive dispersive electrode is the grounding pad that connects the patient to the electrosurgical generator. It is called "inactive" because it does not actively deliver electrical energy, but rather serves to disperse any electrical current that may flow through the patient's body during the procedure. This helps to prevent burns or other complications that could arise from the electrical energy.

In physics, work is defined as the product of the force applied to an object and the displacement of the object in the direction of the force. This means that work is done when a force causes an object to move or change its position. Therefore, the correct answer is "displacement" as it accurately represents the relationship between work and the effect of a force on an object's position.

Drug-therapy induced platelet dysfunction is an acquired hemostatic disorder caused by certain medications. It occurs when drugs interfere with the normal functioning of platelets, leading to impaired blood clotting. This condition is not present from birth, but rather develops as a result of drug therapy. Hemophilia, AIDS, and thrombinosis are not acquired hemostatic disorders caused by drug therapy, making them incorrect options.

Subsequent counts are taken to ensure that no surgical instruments or sponges are left inside the patient's body after surgery. The counts are done before the closure of a body cavity, after the closure of any body cavity, and at the time of permanent relief of scrub and/or circulator. However, counts are not taken after the dressing sponges are opened because they are not used for counting purposes.

The statement is incorrect because the device that transforms electrical energy into a useful function, such as heat or light, is not power itself. Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or converted. The device that actually transforms electrical energy into a useful function is called a load or an appliance, such as a light bulb or a heater.