Nurs 200 - Exam 2 - Chapter 27: Asepsis And Infection Control
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A self-designed chapter test from Fundamentals of Nursing textbook. For questions with multiple right anwers, select the best answer.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Fungi are present in
- A.
Soil
- B.
Air
- C.
Water
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Fungi are present in all of the above (soil, air, and water) because they are highly adaptable organisms that can thrive in various environments. Fungi play important roles in decomposing organic matter in soil, aiding in nutrient cycling. They can also be found in the air as spores, which are tiny reproductive structures that can travel through the air. Additionally, certain types of fungi can live in water, such as aquatic fungi that decompose organic material in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, fungi can be found in all three mentioned environments.Rate this question:
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- 2.
_____ is a disease state that restuls from the presence of pathogens. It occurs as a result of a cycllic process consisting of six components.
Correct Answer
infectionExplanation
Infection is a disease state that occurs when pathogens are present in the body. It is a cyclic process that involves six components, which are not specified in the question. Infection can be caused by various types of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. These pathogens invade the body and cause damage to the tissues, leading to the development of symptoms and signs of illness. Treatment for infection usually involves the use of antimicrobial medications to eliminate the pathogens and restore health.Rate this question:
- 3.
What is a disease-producing microorganism
Correct Answer
pathogen
pathogensExplanation
A disease-producing microorganism is commonly known as a pathogen or pathogens. Pathogens are organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can cause diseases in humans, animals, or plants. They invade the host's body and multiply, leading to the development of various illnesses. Pathogens can be transmitted through various means, including direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated food or water, or through vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Understanding pathogens and their modes of transmission is crucial in preventing and controlling the spread of diseases.Rate this question:
- 4.
What is the most significant and most ocmmonly ovbserved infection-causing agent in healthcare institutions?
Correct Answer
bacteriaExplanation
Bacteria are the most significant and commonly observed infection-causing agents in healthcare institutions. They are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various infections such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and surgical site infections. Bacteria can easily spread in healthcare settings due to close contact between patients and healthcare workers, contaminated surfaces, and improper hand hygiene. Therefore, controlling and preventing bacterial infections is crucial in healthcare institutions to ensure patient safety and reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections.Rate this question:
- 5.
Step one of the infection cycle is:
Correct Answer
infectious agentExplanation
The correct answer is "infectious agent" because in the infection cycle, step one involves the presence of a pathogen or a microorganism that can cause disease. This infectious agent can be a bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite. It is the initial stage where the agent enters the host and starts the infection process. Understanding the infectious agent is crucial in preventing and controlling the spread of diseases.Rate this question:
- 6.
The second component of the infection cycle is:
Correct Answer
reservoirExplanation
The second component of the infection cycle is the reservoir. A reservoir refers to the place where the infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies. It can be a human, animal, or environmental source that harbors the pathogen and allows it to survive. The reservoir is important because it provides a continuous supply of the infectious agent, allowing it to spread and cause disease. Identifying and controlling the reservoir is crucial in preventing the transmission of infections.Rate this question:
- 7.
The third step of the infection process is:
Correct Answer
portal of exit
exitExplanation
The third step of the infection process is the portal of exit. This refers to the route through which infectious agents leave the host's body. It can be through various means such as respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, or skin lesions. Exit is another term used to describe this step, emphasizing the departure of the infectious agents from the host.Rate this question:
- 8.
The fourth part of the infection cycle is:
Correct Answer
means of transmission
transmissionExplanation
The fourth part of the infection cycle is the means of transmission. This refers to the various ways in which an infection can be spread from one person to another, such as through direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated surfaces, or insect bites. Transmission, on the other hand, is a broader term that encompasses the entire process of the infection being passed from one host to another. Therefore, both "means of transmission" and "transmission" are correct answers as they are closely related and refer to different aspects of the same concept.Rate this question:
- 9.
The fifth step on the infection process:
Correct Answer
portal of entry
entry - 10.
The sixth part of the infection cycle is:
Correct Answer
susceptible host
hostExplanation
The sixth part of the infection cycle is the susceptible host. A susceptible host refers to an individual who is at risk of contracting an infection. Once the host is exposed to the infectious agent, such as a pathogen, they may become infected and can potentially transmit the infection to others. The host plays a crucial role in the infection cycle as it is where the pathogen can establish and replicate, leading to the development of symptoms and the spread of the infection.Rate this question:
- 11.
Which of the follownig is not used to categorize bacteria?
- A.
Cocci
- B.
Spirochete
- C.
Gram positive
- D.
Bacilli
- E.
Mold
Correct Answer
E. MoldExplanation
Mold is not used to categorize bacteria because mold is not a type of bacteria. Mold is a type of fungus, and bacteria and fungi are two distinct groups of microorganisms. Bacteria are classified based on various characteristics such as shape, arrangement, and staining properties, which are represented by the options Cocci, Spirochete, Gram positive, and Bacilli. Mold, on the other hand, belongs to the fungal kingdom and is categorized separately from bacteria.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Gram-_____ bacteria are stained purple because they have thick cell walls that resist decolourization.
Correct Answer
positiveExplanation
Gram-positive bacteria are stained purple because they have thick cell walls that resist decolourization. The Gram staining technique involves the use of crystal violet dye, iodine, alcohol, and safranin. When the crystal violet dye is applied to the bacteria, it gets trapped in the thick peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria. The iodine acts as a mordant and forms a complex with the crystal violet, making it difficult to wash away. The alcohol is used to decolorize the bacteria, but the thick cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria prevents the dye from being washed out, resulting in the bacteria retaining the purple color.Rate this question:
- 13.
Most bacteria are aerobic or anaerobic?
Correct Answer
aerobicExplanation
The correct answer is "aerobic" because most bacteria require oxygen to survive and carry out their metabolic processes. These bacteria are known as aerobic bacteria. They use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in their respiration process, allowing them to generate energy efficiently. However, it is important to note that there are also some bacteria that can survive in the absence of oxygen, known as anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria have adapted to environments with low or no oxygen availability and use alternative electron acceptors for respiration.Rate this question:
- 14.
The smallest of all microorganisms, visible only with an electron microscope is a
Correct Answer
virusExplanation
Viruses are the smallest microorganisms that can only be seen with an electron microscope. They are much smaller than bacteria and other microorganisms. Viruses are not considered living organisms as they cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities on their own. They are composed of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses require a host cell to replicate and cause infections in animals, plants, and even bacteria. Due to their small size and unique characteristics, viruses are a distinct category of microorganisms.Rate this question:
- 15.
_____ of the organisms is its ability to cause disease
Correct Answer
virulenceExplanation
Virulence refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease. It is a measure of the severity of the disease that the organism can cause. Organisms with high virulence are more likely to cause severe illness or death, while those with low virulence may cause mild or no symptoms. Therefore, the correct answer is "virulence" because it directly relates to the ability of an organism to cause disease.Rate this question:
- 16.
Bacteria that normally cause no problem but, with certain factors, may potentially be harmful are reffered to as ______.
Correct Answer
opportunistsExplanation
Bacteria that are typically harmless but can become harmful under certain conditions are known as opportunists. These bacteria take advantage of weakened immune systems or specific environmental factors to cause infections or diseases. These opportunistic bacteria are usually present in our bodies or the environment without causing any harm, but they can pose a threat when the conditions are favorable for their growth and proliferation.Rate this question:
- 17.
E. coli is a
- A.
Pathogen
- B.
Normal flora
- C.
Opportunist
- D.
A and C
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. OpportunistExplanation
The correct answer is opportunist because E. coli is a type of bacteria that normally resides in the intestines of humans and animals, where it serves a beneficial role in digestion. However, under certain conditions, it can become pathogenic and cause infections in other parts of the body. This opportunistic behavior is what distinguishes E. coli as an opportunist.Rate this question:
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- 18.
____ for growth and multiplication of microorganisms is the natural habitat of the organism. It could be humans, animals, soil, food, water, milk, and inanimate objects.
Correct Answer
reservoirExplanation
A reservoir is a source or location where microorganisms can grow and multiply. It can be a natural habitat such as humans, animals, soil, food, water, milk, or even inanimate objects. These reservoirs provide the necessary conditions and resources for the microorganisms to thrive and reproduce.Rate this question:
- 19.
Some humans are reservoirs for the infectious agent but do not exhibit any manifestations of the disease, they are called:
Correct Answer
carriersExplanation
Carriers are individuals who harbor an infectious agent in their body but do not show any symptoms or manifestations of the disease. They can unknowingly spread the infection to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, or contaminated surfaces. Carriers can play a significant role in the transmission of infectious diseases, as they may remain undetected and continue to spread the infection to others. Identifying carriers and implementing appropriate preventive measures can help in controlling the spread of the disease.Rate this question:
- 20.
In humans, which of the following is not a common portals of exit or escape routes:
- A.
Respiratory tract
- B.
Gastrointestinal tract
- C.
Genitourinary tract
- D.
Breaks in the skin
- E.
Muscular system
Correct Answer
E. Muscular systemExplanation
The muscular system is not a common portal of exit or escape route in humans. The respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and breaks in the skin are all common pathways through which pathogens can exit the body. However, the muscular system is not directly connected to the external environment and does not serve as a route for pathogens to escape the body.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Transmission can be through:
- A.
Direct contact
- B.
Blood
- C.
Indirect contact
- D.
Water
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
This answer is correct because transmission of diseases can occur through direct contact, such as touching an infected person or their bodily fluids. It can also happen through blood, for example, if someone comes into contact with infected blood through a needlestick injury or transfusion. Indirect contact refers to transmission through contaminated objects or surfaces, such as touching a doorknob or sharing utensils. Waterborne diseases can be transmitted through contaminated water sources. Therefore, all the mentioned modes of transmission are valid.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Contaminated inanimate objects are
Correct Answer
fomitesExplanation
Fomites are contaminated inanimate objects that can harbor and transmit infectious agents. These objects can include surfaces, clothing, utensils, and any other item that can come into contact with pathogens. Fomites play a significant role in the spread of diseases, as they can serve as a reservoir for pathogens and facilitate their transmission from person to person. It is important to practice proper hygiene and disinfection to minimize the risk of contamination and infection.Rate this question:
- 23.
Nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms from one host ot another are known as
Correct Answer
vectorsExplanation
Nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms from one host to another are known as vectors. Vectors can be living organisms such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas, or they can be inanimate objects like contaminated needles or surgical instruments. These vectors play a crucial role in the spread of diseases, as they can carry pathogens and transfer them to susceptible individuals. By understanding the role of vectors in disease transmission, scientists and healthcare professionals can develop strategies to control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases.Rate this question:
- 24.
Lice or mosquitos can be a:
- A.
Fomite
- B.
Vector
- C.
Direct contact transmission
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. VectorExplanation
Lice or mosquitos can act as vectors, which means they can transmit diseases from one host to another. Vectors are organisms that carry and transmit pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, without being affected by the disease themselves. In the case of lice and mosquitos, they can transmit diseases like malaria, dengue fever, or typhus. Therefore, the correct answer is "Vector."Rate this question:
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- 25.
______ transmission is when an infected host coughs, sneezes, or talks and less than 5um
Correct Answer
airborneExplanation
Airborne transmission refers to the spread of infectious agents through tiny respiratory droplets that remain suspended in the air and can be inhaled by others. These droplets are typically generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The statement in the question accurately describes airborne transmission by mentioning the size of the droplets (less than 5um) and the means of their release.Rate this question:
- 26.
When an organism becomes attached to dust particles it is considered a:
- A.
Direct route
- B.
Droplet route
- C.
Airborne route
- D.
Entry route
- E.
Fomite
Correct Answer
C. Airborne routeExplanation
When an organism becomes attached to dust particles, it is considered an airborne route. This means that the organism is able to travel through the air by attaching itself to dust particles, allowing it to be transported over long distances. This can increase the likelihood of the organism spreading to other areas and infecting new hosts.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Droplet transmission is similar to airborne transmission, but it is larger than ____um
Correct Answer
5Explanation
Droplet transmission refers to the spread of infectious respiratory droplets that are larger in size and tend to fall to the ground or surfaces within a short distance from the source. Airborne transmission, on the other hand, refers to the spread of smaller particles that can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel greater distances. The given answer of "5" indicates that droplet transmission involves droplets that are larger than 5 micrometers (um) in size.Rate this question:
- 28.
The entry route is usually _____ exit route.
- A.
Same as
- B.
Different than
- C.
It depends
Correct Answer
A. Same asExplanation
The correct answer is "Same as". This means that the entry route is usually the same as the exit route. It implies that the way in which someone enters a place or situation is typically the same way they will exit from it.Rate this question:
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- 29.
The correct progression of an infection phases is:
- A.
Convalescent period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, incubation period
- B.
Incubation period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, convalescent period
- C.
Prodromal stage, incubation stage, full stage of illness, convalescent period
- D.
Incubation period, prodromal stage, full stage of illness, convalescent period
- E.
Incubation period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, convalescan period.
Correct Answer
D. Incubation period, prodromal stage, full stage of illness, convalescent periodExplanation
The correct progression of an infection phases starts with the incubation period, during which the pathogen is multiplying in the body but symptoms are not yet present. This is followed by the prodromal stage, where initial symptoms start to appear. The full stage of illness comes next, characterized by the peak of symptoms and the highest level of pathogen activity. Finally, the convalescent period occurs, during which the body begins to recover and symptoms gradually subside.Rate this question:
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- 30.
During which stage of infection are the microorganisms growing and multiplying?
Correct Answer
incubation
incubation periodExplanation
During the incubation stage of infection, microorganisms are actively growing and multiplying in the body. This stage occurs after the initial entry of the pathogens into the body and before the onset of noticeable symptoms. The microorganisms are establishing themselves and replicating, preparing to cause an infection. The incubation period refers to the time between the initial exposure to the pathogen and the appearance of symptoms.Rate this question:
- 31.
During which stage of infection is the person most infectous?
Correct Answer
prodromal
prodromal stageExplanation
The prodromal stage of infection is the initial stage where the person starts to experience non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, fever, and headache. This stage occurs before the specific symptoms of the infection develop. During this stage, the person is most infectious as the virus or bacteria is multiplying rapidly in their body and can easily be transmitted to others through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Therefore, the person is most contagious during the prodromal stage of infection.Rate this question:
- 32.
During which stage of infection are the signs and symptoms nonspecific?
Correct Answer
prodromal stage
prodromalExplanation
During the prodromal stage of an infection, the signs and symptoms experienced by the individual are nonspecific. This means that they are not unique to a particular disease or infection and can be seen in various illnesses. Nonspecific symptoms may include fatigue, fever, headache, muscle aches, and mild respiratory symptoms. It is during this stage that the body is starting to respond to the infection, but the specific pathogen causing the infection has not yet been identified. Therefore, the signs and symptoms observed during the prodromal stage are not indicative of a specific disease or infection.Rate this question:
- 33.
Which period is considered the recovery period.
Correct Answer
convalescent
convalescent periodExplanation
The recovery period after an illness or injury is known as the convalescent period. During this time, the body gradually regains strength and returns to its normal functioning. It is a crucial phase where rest, proper nutrition, and medical care are essential for a full recovery. The term "convalescent" refers to the state of recovering from an illness or injury, and "convalescent period" specifically denotes the duration of this recovery phase.Rate this question:
- 34.
True or False:A person may continually pass through the four phases with the same infectious process, based on only one infectious exposure.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
It is possible for a person to continually pass through the four phases of an infectious process with only one infectious exposure. This means that the person can go through the stages of exposure, incubation, illness, and recovery multiple times due to the same initial exposure. This can happen in cases where the person's immune system is not able to fully eliminate the infectious agent, leading to recurring bouts of illness.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Antigens and antibodies are part of the body's _____ response
Correct Answer
immuneExplanation
Antigens and antibodies are part of the body's immune response. This response is the body's defense mechanism against foreign substances, such as pathogens or toxins. Antigens are molecules that can trigger an immune response, while antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize or destroy these antigens. Together, they play a crucial role in protecting the body from infections and diseases by recognizing and eliminating harmful invaders.Rate this question:
- 36.
The foreign material that stimulates an immune response is called a
Correct Answer
antigenExplanation
An antigen is a foreign substance that triggers an immune response in the body. When the immune system detects an antigen, it produces specific proteins called antibodies to neutralize or destroy it. Antigens can be found in various forms, such as bacteria, viruses, toxins, or even certain molecules on the surface of cells. The immune response generated by antigens is crucial for defending the body against harmful invaders and maintaining overall health.Rate this question:
- 37.
The body commonly responds to antigens by producing a
Correct Answer
antibodyExplanation
When the body is exposed to antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, it triggers an immune response. One of the key components of this response is the production of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced by specialized white blood cells called B cells. These antibodies bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This immune response helps the body to eliminate the antigens and prevent further infection or illness. Therefore, the correct answer is "antibody".Rate this question:
- 38.
Lymphocytes are a type of celll-mediated defense, or also known as:
Correct Answer
cellular immunityExplanation
p. 705Rate this question:
- 39.
Symptoms of systemic infections include:
- A.
Fever
- B.
Increase pulse
- C.
Increase respiratory rate
- D.
Lethargy
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
p. 707Rate this question:
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- 40.
The practice of _____ includes all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection
Correct Answer
asepsisExplanation
Asepsis refers to the practice of preventing infection or breaking the chain of infection. This includes various activities such as hand hygiene, sterilization of equipment, and maintaining a clean environment. By implementing aseptic techniques, healthcare professionals can minimize the risk of infections spreading and ensure the safety of patients and staff.Rate this question:
- 41.
Which of these is untrue about medical asepsis:
- A.
Also called clean technique
- B.
Invovles procedures and practices that reduce the number and transfer of pathogens
- C.
Keeps objects and areas free of microorganisms
- D.
E.g. hand hygiene
- E.
E.g. wearing gloves
Correct Answer
C. Keeps objects and areas free of microorganismsExplanation
p. 707Rate this question:
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- 42.
Which of the following is untrue about surgical asepsis?
- A.
Includes practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms
- B.
Such procedures include inserting urinary catheter or IV catheter
- C.
Also known as sterile technique
- D.
Involves actions such as handwashing
- E.
Such tecniques are used continuously both within and outside health agencies
Correct Answer
D. Involves actions such as handwashingExplanation
Surgical asepsis does involve actions such as handwashing. Handwashing is an essential component of surgical asepsis as it helps to remove microorganisms from the hands and prevent their transmission to the patient or surgical field.Rate this question:
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- 43.
What is the most effective way to help prevent the spread of organisms?
- A.
Sterile technique
- B.
Medical asepsis
- C.
Use of ultraviolet properties
- D.
Eliminating normal flora
- E.
Hand hygiene
Correct Answer
E. Hand hygieneExplanation
p. 708Rate this question:
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- 44.
What classification of bacteria, although usually easily removed by thorough handwashing, when they are present in large numbers over a long period of time can become resident bacteria.
Correct Answer
transientExplanation
Transient bacteria are a classification of bacteria that are usually easily removed by thorough handwashing. However, when they are present in large numbers over a long period of time, they can become resident bacteria. This means that they can establish a permanent or long-term presence on the skin or other surfaces, making them harder to remove and potentially causing infections or other health issues.Rate this question:
- 45.
What classification of bacteria has the potential to adjust to the environment
Correct Answer
Tansient bacteriaExplanation
Transient bacteria refers to a classification of bacteria that have the ability to adjust to their environment. These bacteria are capable of temporarily colonizing a particular area, but they do not establish a permanent presence. They can adapt to different conditions and survive in various environments. Transient bacteria can be found in different habitats such as soil, water, and even on the human body. They play a role in nutrient cycling and can have both positive and negative effects on their surroundings.Rate this question:
- 46.
True or False:Alcohol-based handrubs are not as effective in reducing bacterial counts on the hands than does antimicrobial soap.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Alcohol-based rubs are shown to be more effective in reducing bacterial counts than antimicrobial soaps (p. 709)Rate this question:
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- 47.
_____ nails are not recommended because they harbour more bacteria than do natural nails. They are also at risk for funcgal infection in the nail bed and are associated with less vigorous scrubbing.
Correct Answer
artificialExplanation
p. 711Rate this question:
- 48.
Which of the following is not involved in breaking the cycle of infection?
- A.
Cleansing
- B.
Disinfection
- C.
Sterilization
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
E. None of the aboveExplanation
p. 711Rate this question:
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- 49.
________ destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores. It is used when preparing the skin for a procedure or cleaning a piece of equipment that does not enter a sterile body part.
Correct Answer
disinfectionExplanation
p. 712Rate this question:
- 50.
_____ destroys all microorganisms including spores
Correct Answer
sterilizationExplanation
p. 712Rate this question:
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