Nurs 200 - Exam 2 - Chapter 27: Asepsis and Infection Control

1. _____ is a disease state that restuls from the presence of pathogens. It occurs as a result of a cycllic process consisting of six components.

Infection is a disease state that occurs when pathogens are present in the body. It is a cyclic process that involves six components, which are not specified in the question. Infection can be caused by various types of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. These pathogens invade the body and cause damage to the tissues, leading to the development of symptoms and signs of illness. Treatment for infection usually involves the use of antimicrobial medications to eliminate the pathogens and restore health.

Explanation

Infection is a disease state that occurs when pathogens are present in the body. It is a cyclic process that involves six components, which are not specified in the question. Infection can be caused by various types of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. These pathogens invade the body and cause damage to the tissues, leading to the development of symptoms and signs of illness. Treatment for infection usually involves the use of antimicrobial medications to eliminate the pathogens and restore health.

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2. What is a disease-producing microorganism

A disease-producing microorganism is commonly known as a pathogen or pathogens. Pathogens are organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can cause diseases in humans, animals, or plants. They invade the host's body and multiply, leading to the development of various illnesses. Pathogens can be transmitted through various means, including direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated food or water, or through vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Understanding pathogens and their modes of transmission is crucial in preventing and controlling the spread of diseases.

Explanation

A disease-producing microorganism is commonly known as a pathogen or pathogens. Pathogens are organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can cause diseases in humans, animals, or plants. They invade the host's body and multiply, leading to the development of various illnesses. Pathogens can be transmitted through various means, including direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated food or water, or through vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Understanding pathogens and their modes of transmission is crucial in preventing and controlling the spread of diseases.

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3. What is the most significant and most ocmmonly ovbserved infection-causing agent in healthcare institutions?

Bacteria are the most significant and commonly observed infection-causing agents in healthcare institutions. They are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various infections such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and surgical site infections. Bacteria can easily spread in healthcare settings due to close contact between patients and healthcare workers, contaminated surfaces, and improper hand hygiene. Therefore, controlling and preventing bacterial infections is crucial in healthcare institutions to ensure patient safety and reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections.

Explanation

Bacteria are the most significant and commonly observed infection-causing agents in healthcare institutions. They are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various infections such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and surgical site infections. Bacteria can easily spread in healthcare settings due to close contact between patients and healthcare workers, contaminated surfaces, and improper hand hygiene. Therefore, controlling and preventing bacterial infections is crucial in healthcare institutions to ensure patient safety and reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections.

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4. Gram-_____ bacteria are stained purple because they have thick cell walls that resist decolourization.

Gram-positive bacteria are stained purple because they have thick cell walls that resist decolourization. The Gram staining technique involves the use of crystal violet dye, iodine, alcohol, and safranin. When the crystal violet dye is applied to the bacteria, it gets trapped in the thick peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria. The iodine acts as a mordant and forms a complex with the crystal violet, making it difficult to wash away. The alcohol is used to decolorize the bacteria, but the thick cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria prevents the dye from being washed out, resulting in the bacteria retaining the purple color.

Explanation

Gram-positive bacteria are stained purple because they have thick cell walls that resist decolourization. The Gram staining technique involves the use of crystal violet dye, iodine, alcohol, and safranin. When the crystal violet dye is applied to the bacteria, it gets trapped in the thick peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria. The iodine acts as a mordant and forms a complex with the crystal violet, making it difficult to wash away. The alcohol is used to decolorize the bacteria, but the thick cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria prevents the dye from being washed out, resulting in the bacteria retaining the purple color.

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5. Most bacteria are aerobic or anaerobic?

The correct answer is "aerobic" because most bacteria require oxygen to survive and carry out their metabolic processes. These bacteria are known as aerobic bacteria. They use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in their respiration process, allowing them to generate energy efficiently. However, it is important to note that there are also some bacteria that can survive in the absence of oxygen, known as anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria have adapted to environments with low or no oxygen availability and use alternative electron acceptors for respiration.

Explanation

The correct answer is "aerobic" because most bacteria require oxygen to survive and carry out their metabolic processes. These bacteria are known as aerobic bacteria. They use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in their respiration process, allowing them to generate energy efficiently. However, it is important to note that there are also some bacteria that can survive in the absence of oxygen, known as anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria have adapted to environments with low or no oxygen availability and use alternative electron acceptors for respiration.

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6. _____ of the organisms is its ability to cause disease

Virulence refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease. It is a measure of the severity of the disease that the organism can cause. Organisms with high virulence are more likely to cause severe illness or death, while those with low virulence may cause mild or no symptoms. Therefore, the correct answer is "virulence" because it directly relates to the ability of an organism to cause disease.

Explanation

Virulence refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease. It is a measure of the severity of the disease that the organism can cause. Organisms with high virulence are more likely to cause severe illness or death, while those with low virulence may cause mild or no symptoms. Therefore, the correct answer is "virulence" because it directly relates to the ability of an organism to cause disease.

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7. ____ for growth and multiplication of microorganisms is the natural habitat of the organism. It could be humans, animals, soil, food, water, milk, and inanimate objects.

A reservoir is a source or location where microorganisms can grow and multiply. It can be a natural habitat such as humans, animals, soil, food, water, milk, or even inanimate objects. These reservoirs provide the necessary conditions and resources for the microorganisms to thrive and reproduce.

Explanation

A reservoir is a source or location where microorganisms can grow and multiply. It can be a natural habitat such as humans, animals, soil, food, water, milk, or even inanimate objects. These reservoirs provide the necessary conditions and resources for the microorganisms to thrive and reproduce.

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8. In humans, which of the following is not a common portals of exit or escape routes:

Respiratory tract

Gastrointestinal tract

Genitourinary tract

Breaks in the skin

Muscular system

The muscular system is not a common portal of exit or escape route in humans. The respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and breaks in the skin are all common pathways through which pathogens can exit the body. However, the muscular system is not directly connected to the external environment and does not serve as a route for pathogens to escape the body.

Explanation

The muscular system is not a common portal of exit or escape route in humans. The respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and breaks in the skin are all common pathways through which pathogens can exit the body. However, the muscular system is not directly connected to the external environment and does not serve as a route for pathogens to escape the body.

9. Transmission can be through:

Direct contact

Blood

Indirect contact

Water

All of the above

This answer is correct because transmission of diseases can occur through direct contact, such as touching an infected person or their bodily fluids. It can also happen through blood, for example, if someone comes into contact with infected blood through a needlestick injury or transfusion. Indirect contact refers to transmission through contaminated objects or surfaces, such as touching a doorknob or sharing utensils. Waterborne diseases can be transmitted through contaminated water sources. Therefore, all the mentioned modes of transmission are valid.

Explanation

This answer is correct because transmission of diseases can occur through direct contact, such as touching an infected person or their bodily fluids. It can also happen through blood, for example, if someone comes into contact with infected blood through a needlestick injury or transfusion. Indirect contact refers to transmission through contaminated objects or surfaces, such as touching a doorknob or sharing utensils. Waterborne diseases can be transmitted through contaminated water sources. Therefore, all the mentioned modes of transmission are valid.

10. Nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms from one host ot another are known as

Nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms from one host to another are known as vectors. Vectors can be living organisms such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas, or they can be inanimate objects like contaminated needles or surgical instruments. These vectors play a crucial role in the spread of diseases, as they can carry pathogens and transfer them to susceptible individuals. By understanding the role of vectors in disease transmission, scientists and healthcare professionals can develop strategies to control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Explanation

Nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms from one host to another are known as vectors. Vectors can be living organisms such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas, or they can be inanimate objects like contaminated needles or surgical instruments. These vectors play a crucial role in the spread of diseases, as they can carry pathogens and transfer them to susceptible individuals. By understanding the role of vectors in disease transmission, scientists and healthcare professionals can develop strategies to control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

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11. Lice or mosquitos can be a:

Fomite

Vector

Direct contact transmission

All of the above

None of the above

Lice or mosquitos can act as vectors, which means they can transmit diseases from one host to another. Vectors are organisms that carry and transmit pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, without being affected by the disease themselves. In the case of lice and mosquitos, they can transmit diseases like malaria, dengue fever, or typhus. Therefore, the correct answer is "Vector."

Explanation

Lice or mosquitos can act as vectors, which means they can transmit diseases from one host to another. Vectors are organisms that carry and transmit pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, without being affected by the disease themselves. In the case of lice and mosquitos, they can transmit diseases like malaria, dengue fever, or typhus. Therefore, the correct answer is "Vector."

12. Droplet transmission is similar to airborne transmission, but it is larger than ____um

Droplet transmission refers to the spread of infectious respiratory droplets that are larger in size and tend to fall to the ground or surfaces within a short distance from the source. Airborne transmission, on the other hand, refers to the spread of smaller particles that can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel greater distances. The given answer of "5" indicates that droplet transmission involves droplets that are larger than 5 micrometers (um) in size.

Explanation

Droplet transmission refers to the spread of infectious respiratory droplets that are larger in size and tend to fall to the ground or surfaces within a short distance from the source. Airborne transmission, on the other hand, refers to the spread of smaller particles that can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel greater distances. The given answer of "5" indicates that droplet transmission involves droplets that are larger than 5 micrometers (um) in size.

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13. The entry route is usually _____ exit route.

Same as

Different than

It depends

The correct answer is "Same as". This means that the entry route is usually the same as the exit route. It implies that the way in which someone enters a place or situation is typically the same way they will exit from it.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Same as". This means that the entry route is usually the same as the exit route. It implies that the way in which someone enters a place or situation is typically the same way they will exit from it.

14. True or False:
A person may continually pass through the four phases with the same infectious process, based on only one infectious exposure.

True

False

It is possible for a person to continually pass through the four phases of an infectious process with only one infectious exposure. This means that the person can go through the stages of exposure, incubation, illness, and recovery multiple times due to the same initial exposure. This can happen in cases where the person's immune system is not able to fully eliminate the infectious agent, leading to recurring bouts of illness.

Explanation

It is possible for a person to continually pass through the four phases of an infectious process with only one infectious exposure. This means that the person can go through the stages of exposure, incubation, illness, and recovery multiple times due to the same initial exposure. This can happen in cases where the person's immune system is not able to fully eliminate the infectious agent, leading to recurring bouts of illness.

15. Symptoms of systemic infections include:

Fever

Increase pulse

Increase respiratory rate

Lethargy

All of the above

p. 707

Explanation

p. 707

16. What is the most effective way to help prevent the spread of organisms?

Sterile technique

Medical asepsis

Use of ultraviolet properties

Eliminating normal flora

Hand hygiene

p. 708

Explanation

p. 708

17. True or False:
Gloves are a good substitute for good hand hygiene

True

False

p. 713

Explanation

p. 713

18. Double gloving is recommended if the healtcare worker is going to be exposed to ____ or ____ fluids.

(separate answers with a space)

Double gloving is recommended if the healthcare worker is going to be exposed to blood or body fluids. This is because blood and body fluids can potentially contain infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens. Double gloving provides an extra layer of protection, reducing the risk of contamination and transmission of these pathogens. It is an important precautionary measure to ensure the safety of healthcare workers and prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings.

Explanation

Double gloving is recommended if the healthcare worker is going to be exposed to blood or body fluids. This is because blood and body fluids can potentially contain infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens. Double gloving provides an extra layer of protection, reducing the risk of contamination and transmission of these pathogens. It is an important precautionary measure to ensure the safety of healthcare workers and prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings.

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19. True or False:
There is a cure for latex gloves

True

False

p. 713

Explanation

p. 713

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21. True or False:
A mask is worn only once but can be lowered around the neck and then brought back over the mouth and nose for reuse.

True

False

p. 715

Explanation

p. 715

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25. True or False:
A high RN-to-patient ratio has a higher correlation of HAIs.

True

False

When nurses have a heavy patient load they often do not feel that they have the time to thoroughly wash their hands (p. 721)

Explanation

When nurses have a heavy patient load they often do not feel that they have the time to thoroughly wash their hands (p. 721)

26. Most healthcare-associated infections are caused by which microorganisms?

Healthcare-associated infections are infections that patients acquire while receiving treatment for another condition in a healthcare setting. These infections can be caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, bacteria are the most common cause of healthcare-associated infections. They can be transmitted through contaminated hands, medical equipment, or surfaces, and can cause a wide range of infections including urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, and bloodstream infections. Effective infection prevention and control measures, such as hand hygiene and proper sterilization of equipment, are crucial in reducing the spread of bacteria in healthcare settings.

Explanation

Healthcare-associated infections are infections that patients acquire while receiving treatment for another condition in a healthcare setting. These infections can be caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, bacteria are the most common cause of healthcare-associated infections. They can be transmitted through contaminated hands, medical equipment, or surfaces, and can cause a wide range of infections including urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, and bloodstream infections. Effective infection prevention and control measures, such as hand hygiene and proper sterilization of equipment, are crucial in reducing the spread of bacteria in healthcare settings.

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27. True or False:
The source of infection is always exogenous.

True

False

p. 720

Explanation

p. 720

28. Fungi are present in

Soil

Air

Water

All of the above

None of the above

Fungi are present in all of the above (soil, air, and water) because they are highly adaptable organisms that can thrive in various environments. Fungi play important roles in decomposing organic matter in soil, aiding in nutrient cycling. They can also be found in the air as spores, which are tiny reproductive structures that can travel through the air. Additionally, certain types of fungi can live in water, such as aquatic fungi that decompose organic material in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, fungi can be found in all three mentioned environments.

Explanation

Fungi are present in all of the above (soil, air, and water) because they are highly adaptable organisms that can thrive in various environments. Fungi play important roles in decomposing organic matter in soil, aiding in nutrient cycling. They can also be found in the air as spores, which are tiny reproductive structures that can travel through the air. Additionally, certain types of fungi can live in water, such as aquatic fungi that decompose organic material in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, fungi can be found in all three mentioned environments.

29. The smallest of all microorganisms, visible only with an electron microscope is a

Viruses are the smallest microorganisms that can only be seen with an electron microscope. They are much smaller than bacteria and other microorganisms. Viruses are not considered living organisms as they cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities on their own. They are composed of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses require a host cell to replicate and cause infections in animals, plants, and even bacteria. Due to their small size and unique characteristics, viruses are a distinct category of microorganisms.

Explanation

Viruses are the smallest microorganisms that can only be seen with an electron microscope. They are much smaller than bacteria and other microorganisms. Viruses are not considered living organisms as they cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities on their own. They are composed of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses require a host cell to replicate and cause infections in animals, plants, and even bacteria. Due to their small size and unique characteristics, viruses are a distinct category of microorganisms.

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30. The correct progression of an infection phases is:

Convalescent period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, incubation period

Incubation period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, convalescent period

Prodromal stage, incubation stage, full stage of illness, convalescent period

Incubation period, prodromal stage, full stage of illness, convalescent period

Incubation period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, convalescan period.

The correct progression of an infection phases starts with the incubation period, during which the pathogen is multiplying in the body but symptoms are not yet present. This is followed by the prodromal stage, where initial symptoms start to appear. The full stage of illness comes next, characterized by the peak of symptoms and the highest level of pathogen activity. Finally, the convalescent period occurs, during which the body begins to recover and symptoms gradually subside.

Explanation

The correct progression of an infection phases starts with the incubation period, during which the pathogen is multiplying in the body but symptoms are not yet present. This is followed by the prodromal stage, where initial symptoms start to appear. The full stage of illness comes next, characterized by the peak of symptoms and the highest level of pathogen activity. Finally, the convalescent period occurs, during which the body begins to recover and symptoms gradually subside.

31. Which of the following is not involved in breaking the cycle of infection?

Cleansing

Disinfection

Sterilization

All of the above

None of the above

p. 711

Explanation

p. 711

32. True or False:
Since iatrogenic infections result from a treatment or diagnostic procedure, all nosocomial infections are iatrogenic.

True

False

Not all nosocomial infections are iatrogenic (p. 720)

Explanation

Not all nosocomial infections are iatrogenic (p. 720)

33. Which of the following is is not a typical access site for nosocomial infections?

Surgical wounds

Urinary catheters

IV catheters

Mechanical ventilation

None of the above

p. 721

Explanation

p. 721

34. The second component of the infection cycle is:

The second component of the infection cycle is the reservoir. A reservoir refers to the place where the infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies. It can be a human, animal, or environmental source that harbors the pathogen and allows it to survive. The reservoir is important because it provides a continuous supply of the infectious agent, allowing it to spread and cause disease. Identifying and controlling the reservoir is crucial in preventing the transmission of infections.

Explanation

The second component of the infection cycle is the reservoir. A reservoir refers to the place where the infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies. It can be a human, animal, or environmental source that harbors the pathogen and allows it to survive. The reservoir is important because it provides a continuous supply of the infectious agent, allowing it to spread and cause disease. Identifying and controlling the reservoir is crucial in preventing the transmission of infections.

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35. Which of the follownig is not used to categorize bacteria?

Cocci

Spirochete

Gram positive

Bacilli

Mold

Mold is not used to categorize bacteria because mold is not a type of bacteria. Mold is a type of fungus, and bacteria and fungi are two distinct groups of microorganisms. Bacteria are classified based on various characteristics such as shape, arrangement, and staining properties, which are represented by the options Cocci, Spirochete, Gram positive, and Bacilli. Mold, on the other hand, belongs to the fungal kingdom and is categorized separately from bacteria.

Explanation

Mold is not used to categorize bacteria because mold is not a type of bacteria. Mold is a type of fungus, and bacteria and fungi are two distinct groups of microorganisms. Bacteria are classified based on various characteristics such as shape, arrangement, and staining properties, which are represented by the options Cocci, Spirochete, Gram positive, and Bacilli. Mold, on the other hand, belongs to the fungal kingdom and is categorized separately from bacteria.

36. Some humans are reservoirs for the infectious agent but do not exhibit any manifestations of the disease, they are called:

Carriers are individuals who harbor an infectious agent in their body but do not show any symptoms or manifestations of the disease. They can unknowingly spread the infection to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, or contaminated surfaces. Carriers can play a significant role in the transmission of infectious diseases, as they may remain undetected and continue to spread the infection to others. Identifying carriers and implementing appropriate preventive measures can help in controlling the spread of the disease.

Explanation

Carriers are individuals who harbor an infectious agent in their body but do not show any symptoms or manifestations of the disease. They can unknowingly spread the infection to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, or contaminated surfaces. Carriers can play a significant role in the transmission of infectious diseases, as they may remain undetected and continue to spread the infection to others. Identifying carriers and implementing appropriate preventive measures can help in controlling the spread of the disease.

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37. During which stage of infection is the person most infectous?

The prodromal stage of infection is the initial stage where the person starts to experience non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, fever, and headache. This stage occurs before the specific symptoms of the infection develop. During this stage, the person is most infectious as the virus or bacteria is multiplying rapidly in their body and can easily be transmitted to others through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Therefore, the person is most contagious during the prodromal stage of infection.

Explanation

The prodromal stage of infection is the initial stage where the person starts to experience non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, fever, and headache. This stage occurs before the specific symptoms of the infection develop. During this stage, the person is most infectious as the virus or bacteria is multiplying rapidly in their body and can easily be transmitted to others through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Therefore, the person is most contagious during the prodromal stage of infection.

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38. Antigens and antibodies are part of the body's _____ response

Antigens and antibodies are part of the body's immune response. This response is the body's defense mechanism against foreign substances, such as pathogens or toxins. Antigens are molecules that can trigger an immune response, while antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize or destroy these antigens. Together, they play a crucial role in protecting the body from infections and diseases by recognizing and eliminating harmful invaders.

Explanation

Antigens and antibodies are part of the body's immune response. This response is the body's defense mechanism against foreign substances, such as pathogens or toxins. Antigens are molecules that can trigger an immune response, while antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize or destroy these antigens. Together, they play a crucial role in protecting the body from infections and diseases by recognizing and eliminating harmful invaders.

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40. Wich types of mask rilter inspitred air in addition to filtering expired air?

N95

High-effficiency particulate air mask

HEPA mask

All of the above

None of the above

All of the above options, N95, High-efficiency particulate air mask, and HEPA mask, filter inspired air in addition to filtering expired air. These masks are designed to provide a high level of filtration and protection against airborne particles and contaminants. They effectively filter both incoming and outgoing air, ensuring that the wearer is protected from inhaling harmful substances and also prevents the spread of any exhaled particles. Therefore, all three options mentioned are correct in terms of filtering both inspired and expired air.

Explanation

All of the above options, N95, High-efficiency particulate air mask, and HEPA mask, filter inspired air in addition to filtering expired air. These masks are designed to provide a high level of filtration and protection against airborne particles and contaminants. They effectively filter both incoming and outgoing air, ensuring that the wearer is protected from inhaling harmful substances and also prevents the spread of any exhaled particles. Therefore, all three options mentioned are correct in terms of filtering both inspired and expired air.

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43. When an organism becomes attached to dust particles it is considered a:

Direct route

Droplet route

Airborne route

Entry route

Fomite

When an organism becomes attached to dust particles, it is considered an airborne route. This means that the organism is able to travel through the air by attaching itself to dust particles, allowing it to be transported over long distances. This can increase the likelihood of the organism spreading to other areas and infecting new hosts.

Explanation

When an organism becomes attached to dust particles, it is considered an airborne route. This means that the organism is able to travel through the air by attaching itself to dust particles, allowing it to be transported over long distances. This can increase the likelihood of the organism spreading to other areas and infecting new hosts.

44. Which of these is untrue about medical asepsis:

Also called clean technique

Invovles procedures and practices that reduce the number and transfer of pathogens

Keeps objects and areas free of microorganisms

E.g. hand hygiene

E.g. wearing gloves

p. 707

Explanation

p. 707

45. Which of the following is untrue about surgical asepsis?

Includes practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms

Such procedures include inserting urinary catheter or IV catheter

Also known as sterile technique

Involves actions such as handwashing

Such tecniques are used continuously both within and outside health agencies

Surgical asepsis does involve actions such as handwashing. Handwashing is an essential component of surgical asepsis as it helps to remove microorganisms from the hands and prevent their transmission to the patient or surgical field.

Explanation

Surgical asepsis does involve actions such as handwashing. Handwashing is an essential component of surgical asepsis as it helps to remove microorganisms from the hands and prevent their transmission to the patient or surgical field.

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47. Which of the following is not true about aerosols?

Can be inhaled

Travel short distances (about 3 feet)

Masks help prevent inhalation

Remain suspended in the air

None of the above

p. 714

Explanation

p. 714

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49. The greatest risk of seoconversion (development of antibodies in response to an infection) after a needlestick injury is

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

HIV

Hepatitis A

None of the above

p. 717

Explanation

p. 717

50. Which of the following is not a most common source for nosocomial infections?

Urinary tract infections

Bloodstream infections

Bronchitis

Pneumonia

None of the above

p. 721

Explanation

p. 721

51. Which of the following is not true about transmission-based precautions?

Three types

Focus on airborne, droplet, or contact precautions

Transmission-based precautions can be used in place of standard precautions

All of the above

None of the above

p. 716

Explanation

p. 716

52. Which of the following is not a measure used by healthcare agencies to reduce the incidence of HAIs.

Use of infection-control comittees and nurse epidemiologists

Use of antibiotics

Meeting patients needs for nutrition, fluids, rest, oxygen, and comfort and security

Written infection prevention practices

Adherence to hand-hygiene recommendations

p. 721

Explanation

p. 721

53. The third step of the infection process is:

The third step of the infection process is the portal of exit. This refers to the route through which infectious agents leave the host's body. It can be through various means such as respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, or skin lesions. Exit is another term used to describe this step, emphasizing the departure of the infectious agents from the host.

Explanation

The third step of the infection process is the portal of exit. This refers to the route through which infectious agents leave the host's body. It can be through various means such as respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, or skin lesions. Exit is another term used to describe this step, emphasizing the departure of the infectious agents from the host.

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54. The fourth part of the infection cycle is:

The fourth part of the infection cycle is the means of transmission. This refers to the various ways in which an infection can be spread from one person to another, such as through direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated surfaces, or insect bites. Transmission, on the other hand, is a broader term that encompasses the entire process of the infection being passed from one host to another. Therefore, both "means of transmission" and "transmission" are correct answers as they are closely related and refer to different aspects of the same concept.

Explanation

The fourth part of the infection cycle is the means of transmission. This refers to the various ways in which an infection can be spread from one person to another, such as through direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated surfaces, or insect bites. Transmission, on the other hand, is a broader term that encompasses the entire process of the infection being passed from one host to another. Therefore, both "means of transmission" and "transmission" are correct answers as they are closely related and refer to different aspects of the same concept.

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56. The sixth part of the infection cycle is:

The sixth part of the infection cycle is the susceptible host. A susceptible host refers to an individual who is at risk of contracting an infection. Once the host is exposed to the infectious agent, such as a pathogen, they may become infected and can potentially transmit the infection to others. The host plays a crucial role in the infection cycle as it is where the pathogen can establish and replicate, leading to the development of symptoms and the spread of the infection.

Explanation

The sixth part of the infection cycle is the susceptible host. A susceptible host refers to an individual who is at risk of contracting an infection. Once the host is exposed to the infectious agent, such as a pathogen, they may become infected and can potentially transmit the infection to others. The host plays a crucial role in the infection cycle as it is where the pathogen can establish and replicate, leading to the development of symptoms and the spread of the infection.

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57. Bacteria that normally cause no problem but, with certain factors, may potentially be harmful are reffered to as ______.

Bacteria that are typically harmless but can become harmful under certain conditions are known as opportunists. These bacteria take advantage of weakened immune systems or specific environmental factors to cause infections or diseases. These opportunistic bacteria are usually present in our bodies or the environment without causing any harm, but they can pose a threat when the conditions are favorable for their growth and proliferation.

Explanation

Bacteria that are typically harmless but can become harmful under certain conditions are known as opportunists. These bacteria take advantage of weakened immune systems or specific environmental factors to cause infections or diseases. These opportunistic bacteria are usually present in our bodies or the environment without causing any harm, but they can pose a threat when the conditions are favorable for their growth and proliferation.

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58. E. coli is a

Pathogen

Normal flora

Opportunist

A and C

None of the above

The correct answer is opportunist because E. coli is a type of bacteria that normally resides in the intestines of humans and animals, where it serves a beneficial role in digestion. However, under certain conditions, it can become pathogenic and cause infections in other parts of the body. This opportunistic behavior is what distinguishes E. coli as an opportunist.

Explanation

The correct answer is opportunist because E. coli is a type of bacteria that normally resides in the intestines of humans and animals, where it serves a beneficial role in digestion. However, under certain conditions, it can become pathogenic and cause infections in other parts of the body. This opportunistic behavior is what distinguishes E. coli as an opportunist.

59. Contaminated inanimate objects are

Fomites are contaminated inanimate objects that can harbor and transmit infectious agents. These objects can include surfaces, clothing, utensils, and any other item that can come into contact with pathogens. Fomites play a significant role in the spread of diseases, as they can serve as a reservoir for pathogens and facilitate their transmission from person to person. It is important to practice proper hygiene and disinfection to minimize the risk of contamination and infection.

Explanation

Fomites are contaminated inanimate objects that can harbor and transmit infectious agents. These objects can include surfaces, clothing, utensils, and any other item that can come into contact with pathogens. Fomites play a significant role in the spread of diseases, as they can serve as a reservoir for pathogens and facilitate their transmission from person to person. It is important to practice proper hygiene and disinfection to minimize the risk of contamination and infection.

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60. ______ transmission is when an infected host coughs, sneezes, or talks and less than 5um

Airborne transmission refers to the spread of infectious agents through tiny respiratory droplets that remain suspended in the air and can be inhaled by others. These droplets are typically generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The statement in the question accurately describes airborne transmission by mentioning the size of the droplets (less than 5um) and the means of their release.

Explanation

Airborne transmission refers to the spread of infectious agents through tiny respiratory droplets that remain suspended in the air and can be inhaled by others. These droplets are typically generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The statement in the question accurately describes airborne transmission by mentioning the size of the droplets (less than 5um) and the means of their release.

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61. During which stage of infection are the signs and symptoms nonspecific?

During the prodromal stage of an infection, the signs and symptoms experienced by the individual are nonspecific. This means that they are not unique to a particular disease or infection and can be seen in various illnesses. Nonspecific symptoms may include fatigue, fever, headache, muscle aches, and mild respiratory symptoms. It is during this stage that the body is starting to respond to the infection, but the specific pathogen causing the infection has not yet been identified. Therefore, the signs and symptoms observed during the prodromal stage are not indicative of a specific disease or infection.

Explanation

During the prodromal stage of an infection, the signs and symptoms experienced by the individual are nonspecific. This means that they are not unique to a particular disease or infection and can be seen in various illnesses. Nonspecific symptoms may include fatigue, fever, headache, muscle aches, and mild respiratory symptoms. It is during this stage that the body is starting to respond to the infection, but the specific pathogen causing the infection has not yet been identified. Therefore, the signs and symptoms observed during the prodromal stage are not indicative of a specific disease or infection.

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62. Which period is considered the recovery period.

The recovery period after an illness or injury is known as the convalescent period. During this time, the body gradually regains strength and returns to its normal functioning. It is a crucial phase where rest, proper nutrition, and medical care are essential for a full recovery. The term "convalescent" refers to the state of recovering from an illness or injury, and "convalescent period" specifically denotes the duration of this recovery phase.

Explanation

The recovery period after an illness or injury is known as the convalescent period. During this time, the body gradually regains strength and returns to its normal functioning. It is a crucial phase where rest, proper nutrition, and medical care are essential for a full recovery. The term "convalescent" refers to the state of recovering from an illness or injury, and "convalescent period" specifically denotes the duration of this recovery phase.

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63. The foreign material that stimulates an immune response is called a

An antigen is a foreign substance that triggers an immune response in the body. When the immune system detects an antigen, it produces specific proteins called antibodies to neutralize or destroy it. Antigens can be found in various forms, such as bacteria, viruses, toxins, or even certain molecules on the surface of cells. The immune response generated by antigens is crucial for defending the body against harmful invaders and maintaining overall health.

Explanation

An antigen is a foreign substance that triggers an immune response in the body. When the immune system detects an antigen, it produces specific proteins called antibodies to neutralize or destroy it. Antigens can be found in various forms, such as bacteria, viruses, toxins, or even certain molecules on the surface of cells. The immune response generated by antigens is crucial for defending the body against harmful invaders and maintaining overall health.

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64. The body commonly responds to antigens by producing a

When the body is exposed to antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, it triggers an immune response. One of the key components of this response is the production of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced by specialized white blood cells called B cells. These antibodies bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This immune response helps the body to eliminate the antigens and prevent further infection or illness. Therefore, the correct answer is "antibody".

Explanation

When the body is exposed to antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, it triggers an immune response. One of the key components of this response is the production of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced by specialized white blood cells called B cells. These antibodies bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This immune response helps the body to eliminate the antigens and prevent further infection or illness. Therefore, the correct answer is "antibody".

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65. The practice of _____ includes all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection

Asepsis refers to the practice of preventing infection or breaking the chain of infection. This includes various activities such as hand hygiene, sterilization of equipment, and maintaining a clean environment. By implementing aseptic techniques, healthcare professionals can minimize the risk of infections spreading and ensure the safety of patients and staff.

Explanation

Asepsis refers to the practice of preventing infection or breaking the chain of infection. This includes various activities such as hand hygiene, sterilization of equipment, and maintaining a clean environment. By implementing aseptic techniques, healthcare professionals can minimize the risk of infections spreading and ensure the safety of patients and staff.

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66. What classification of bacteria, although usually easily removed by thorough handwashing, when they are present in large numbers over a long period of time can become resident bacteria.

Transient bacteria are a classification of bacteria that are usually easily removed by thorough handwashing. However, when they are present in large numbers over a long period of time, they can become resident bacteria. This means that they can establish a permanent or long-term presence on the skin or other surfaces, making them harder to remove and potentially causing infections or other health issues.

Explanation

Transient bacteria are a classification of bacteria that are usually easily removed by thorough handwashing. However, when they are present in large numbers over a long period of time, they can become resident bacteria. This means that they can establish a permanent or long-term presence on the skin or other surfaces, making them harder to remove and potentially causing infections or other health issues.

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67. True or False:
Alcohol-based handrubs are not as effective in reducing bacterial counts on the hands than does antimicrobial soap.

True

False

Alcohol-based rubs are shown to be more effective in reducing bacterial counts than antimicrobial soaps (p. 709)

Explanation

Alcohol-based rubs are shown to be more effective in reducing bacterial counts than antimicrobial soaps (p. 709)

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69. Small-particle droplet _____ can remain suspended in the air and travel longer distanches than aerosols.

Small-particle droplet nuclei can remain suspended in the air and travel longer distances than aerosols. This is because droplet nuclei are smaller in size and therefore have less mass, allowing them to stay airborne for longer periods of time. Additionally, droplet nuclei can be carried by air currents and wind, enabling them to travel greater distances compared to larger aerosols.

Explanation

Small-particle droplet nuclei can remain suspended in the air and travel longer distances than aerosols. This is because droplet nuclei are smaller in size and therefore have less mass, allowing them to stay airborne for longer periods of time. Additionally, droplet nuclei can be carried by air currents and wind, enabling them to travel greater distances compared to larger aerosols.

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70. Which government agency requires that employers offier HBV vaccine free of charge to employees, establishes minimum health and safety standards for works, regulations for use of universal precautions in settings in which occupational exposures to blood were possible.

p. 715

Explanation

p. 715

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71. The precautions used in the care of all hospitalized individuals regardless of their diagnosis or possible infectous status and were set forth by the CDC.

Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices that are used to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases in healthcare settings. These precautions are applied to all patients, regardless of their diagnosis or infectious status. They were established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to ensure the safety of both healthcare workers and patients. Standard precautions include practices such as hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe injection practices, and proper handling of contaminated equipment and surfaces. By following these precautions, healthcare providers can minimize the risk of spreading infections and maintain a safe environment for all hospitalized individuals.

Explanation

Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices that are used to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases in healthcare settings. These precautions are applied to all patients, regardless of their diagnosis or infectious status. They were established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to ensure the safety of both healthcare workers and patients. Standard precautions include practices such as hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe injection practices, and proper handling of contaminated equipment and surfaces. By following these precautions, healthcare providers can minimize the risk of spreading infections and maintain a safe environment for all hospitalized individuals.

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74. Which is not a disinfecting method available for use in the home?

Acetic acid (white vinegar)

Bleach

Isopropyl alcohol (50%)

Boiling water

None of the above

Should be isopropyl alcohol (70%) (p. 718)

Explanation

Should be isopropyl alcohol (70%) (p. 718)

75. True or False:
HAIs are the same as nosocomial infections

True

False

Sometimes

p. 720

Explanation

p. 720

76. An infection is referred to as _____ when the causative organisms is acquired rom other people.

An infection is referred to as exogenous when the causative organisms are acquired from other people. This means that the infection is transmitted from an external source, such as another individual, rather than being present within the person's own body. Exogenous infections can be spread through various means, including direct contact, droplets, or contaminated surfaces. It is important to identify exogenous infections in order to implement appropriate infection control measures and prevent further transmission.

Explanation

An infection is referred to as exogenous when the causative organisms are acquired from other people. This means that the infection is transmitted from an external source, such as another individual, rather than being present within the person's own body. Exogenous infections can be spread through various means, including direct contact, droplets, or contaminated surfaces. It is important to identify exogenous infections in order to implement appropriate infection control measures and prevent further transmission.

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78. True or False:
A new RN is more likely to adhere to hand hygiene techniques than a long-time employed RN

True

False

Newer RNs may feel overwhelmed with the patient assignment and forget to perform proper hand hygiene (p. 721)

Explanation

Newer RNs may feel overwhelmed with the patient assignment and forget to perform proper hand hygiene (p. 721)

79. True or False:
Most states have a mandatory public reporting of HAIs.

True

False

Since 2002, four states (Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, and Florida) have enacted legislation requiring hospitals in their respective states to publicly disclose HAI rates (p. 721)

Explanation

Since 2002, four states (Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, and Florida) have enacted legislation requiring hospitals in their respective states to publicly disclose HAI rates (p. 721)

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81. Which of the following is the most serious of the listed antibiotic-resistant organisms?

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA)

Vancomycin intermediate-resistant S. auresus (VISA)

None of the above

p. 721

Explanation

p. 721

82. Linzolid (Zyvox), administered orally or by IV, is effectively used to treat this species of resistant microorganisms (the nonresistant species is often found in normal intestinal and female genita tracts)

Linzolid (Zyvox) is an antibiotic that can be taken orally or administered intravenously. It is particularly effective in treating vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), a species of microorganisms that have developed resistance to vancomycin. VRE is commonly found in the normal intestinal and female genital tracts, but when it becomes resistant to vancomycin, it can cause serious infections that are difficult to treat. Linzolid is a suitable alternative for treating these resistant strains of enterococcus.

Explanation

Linzolid (Zyvox) is an antibiotic that can be taken orally or administered intravenously. It is particularly effective in treating vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), a species of microorganisms that have developed resistance to vancomycin. VRE is commonly found in the normal intestinal and female genital tracts, but when it becomes resistant to vancomycin, it can cause serious infections that are difficult to treat. Linzolid is a suitable alternative for treating these resistant strains of enterococcus.

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85. An infection-control professional (ICP) is not responsible for which of the followign:

Survey laboratory reports and review records for patients at risk

Develop a plan to respond to an act of bioterrorism

Doing recommended or mandatory reporting of HAIs

Evaluating new products

None of the above

p. 723

Explanation

p. 723

86. Step one of the infection cycle is:

The correct answer is "infectious agent" because in the infection cycle, step one involves the presence of a pathogen or a microorganism that can cause disease. This infectious agent can be a bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite. It is the initial stage where the agent enters the host and starts the infection process. Understanding the infectious agent is crucial in preventing and controlling the spread of diseases.

Explanation

The correct answer is "infectious agent" because in the infection cycle, step one involves the presence of a pathogen or a microorganism that can cause disease. This infectious agent can be a bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite. It is the initial stage where the agent enters the host and starts the infection process. Understanding the infectious agent is crucial in preventing and controlling the spread of diseases.

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87. During which stage of infection are the microorganisms growing and multiplying?

During the incubation stage of infection, microorganisms are actively growing and multiplying in the body. This stage occurs after the initial entry of the pathogens into the body and before the onset of noticeable symptoms. The microorganisms are establishing themselves and replicating, preparing to cause an infection. The incubation period refers to the time between the initial exposure to the pathogen and the appearance of symptoms.

Explanation

During the incubation stage of infection, microorganisms are actively growing and multiplying in the body. This stage occurs after the initial entry of the pathogens into the body and before the onset of noticeable symptoms. The microorganisms are establishing themselves and replicating, preparing to cause an infection. The incubation period refers to the time between the initial exposure to the pathogen and the appearance of symptoms.

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89. What classification of bacteria has the potential to adjust to the environment

Transient bacteria refers to a classification of bacteria that have the ability to adjust to their environment. These bacteria are capable of temporarily colonizing a particular area, but they do not establish a permanent presence. They can adapt to different conditions and survive in various environments. Transient bacteria can be found in different habitats such as soil, water, and even on the human body. They play a role in nutrient cycling and can have both positive and negative effects on their surroundings.

Explanation

Transient bacteria refers to a classification of bacteria that have the ability to adjust to their environment. These bacteria are capable of temporarily colonizing a particular area, but they do not establish a permanent presence. They can adapt to different conditions and survive in various environments. Transient bacteria can be found in different habitats such as soil, water, and even on the human body. They play a role in nutrient cycling and can have both positive and negative effects on their surroundings.

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93. Hi you_____ asepsis techniques are appropriate for most procedures in the home.

Medical asepsis techniques are appropriate for most procedures in the home, except for self-injection techniques and venous catheter care, which require surgical asepsis (p. 724)

Explanation

Medical asepsis techniques are appropriate for most procedures in the home, except for self-injection techniques and venous catheter care, which require surgical asepsis (p. 724)

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Nurs 200 - Exam 2 - Chapter 27: Asepsis And Infection Control