PMP Sample Exam (200 Questions)

1. According to Bruce Tuckmann, which are the stages of team development?

Honeymoon, rejection, regression, acceptance, re-entry

Forming, storming, norming, performing

Tell, sell, consult, join

Direct, support, coach, delegate

The correct answer is "Forming, storming, norming, performing." According to Bruce Tuckman's model of team development, these are the four stages that teams typically go through. In the forming stage, team members come together and start to get to know each other. In the storming stage, conflicts and disagreements may arise as team members start to assert themselves. In the norming stage, the team begins to establish norms and guidelines for working together. Finally, in the performing stage, the team is able to work together effectively and achieve their goals.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Forming, storming, norming, performing." According to Bruce Tuckman's model of team development, these are the four stages that teams typically go through. In the forming stage, team members come together and start to get to know each other. In the storming stage, conflicts and disagreements may arise as team members start to assert themselves. In the norming stage, the team begins to establish norms and guidelines for working together. Finally, in the performing stage, the team is able to work together effectively and achieve their goals.

2. The Scope baseline includes____.

The various management plans of the project

Schedule baseline and Cost baseline

Product configuration ID and Statement of work

WBS dictionary, WBS, Scope statement

The Scope baseline includes the WBS dictionary, WBS, and Scope statement. The WBS dictionary provides detailed information about each component of the work breakdown structure (WBS), including descriptions, responsible parties, and required resources. The WBS represents the hierarchical breakdown of the project deliverables and work packages. The Scope statement defines the project's objectives, deliverables, and boundaries. These three components together form the Scope baseline, which serves as a reference for managing and controlling the project's scope throughout its lifecycle.

Explanation

The Scope baseline includes the WBS dictionary, WBS, and Scope statement. The WBS dictionary provides detailed information about each component of the work breakdown structure (WBS), including descriptions, responsible parties, and required resources. The WBS represents the hierarchical breakdown of the project deliverables and work packages. The Scope statement defines the project's objectives, deliverables, and boundaries. These three components together form the Scope baseline, which serves as a reference for managing and controlling the project's scope throughout its lifecycle.

3. During Human resource planning you identified that your team members are not sufficiently qualified for their tasks. Which may be an appropriate solution to this problem?

Reduce level of effort

Develop a training plan

Plan quality audits

Plan quality inspections

Developing a training plan would be an appropriate solution to the problem of team members not being sufficiently qualified for their tasks. By creating a training plan, the team members can undergo specific training programs or courses that will enhance their skills and knowledge, enabling them to perform their tasks more effectively and efficiently. This solution addresses the root cause of the problem by providing the necessary resources and support for team members to acquire the qualifications needed for their tasks.

Explanation

Developing a training plan would be an appropriate solution to the problem of team members not being sufficiently qualified for their tasks. By creating a training plan, the team members can undergo specific training programs or courses that will enhance their skills and knowledge, enabling them to perform their tasks more effectively and efficiently. This solution addresses the root cause of the problem by providing the necessary resources and support for team members to acquire the qualifications needed for their tasks.

4. A Project charter is a document that…

…describes both the project scope and the product scope at detail level.

…authorizes the project and the use of organizational resources to meet project requirements.

…breaks down the project scope over several steps to describe the project on work package level.

…describes all activities which are necessary to create the project deliverables.

A Project charter is a document that authorizes the project and the use of organizational resources to meet project requirements. This means that the project charter gives the project team the authority to proceed with the project and outlines the resources that can be used to fulfill project requirements. It sets the direction and objectives of the project, and provides a high-level overview of the project's goals, deliverables, and stakeholders.

Explanation

A Project charter is a document that authorizes the project and the use of organizational resources to meet project requirements. This means that the project charter gives the project team the authority to proceed with the project and outlines the resources that can be used to fulfill project requirements. It sets the direction and objectives of the project, and provides a high-level overview of the project's goals, deliverables, and stakeholders.

5. A document called ____________ is created by decomposing the project scope into smaller, more manageable elements.

Scope Statement

Network Logic Diagram

Work Breakdown Structure

Requested Change

A document called Work Breakdown Structure is created by decomposing the project scope into smaller, more manageable elements. This document helps to organize and define the tasks, deliverables, and responsibilities of the project team. It provides a hierarchical structure that breaks down the project scope into smaller work packages, allowing for better planning, scheduling, and resource allocation. The Work Breakdown Structure serves as a foundation for estimating costs, tracking progress, and managing the project scope effectively.

Explanation

A document called Work Breakdown Structure is created by decomposing the project scope into smaller, more manageable elements. This document helps to organize and define the tasks, deliverables, and responsibilities of the project team. It provides a hierarchical structure that breaks down the project scope into smaller work packages, allowing for better planning, scheduling, and resource allocation. The Work Breakdown Structure serves as a foundation for estimating costs, tracking progress, and managing the project scope effectively.

6. Which of the following becomes increasingly important in a virtual team environment?

Requirements engineering

Communication planning

Formal procurements closure

Network diagramming

In a virtual team environment, communication planning becomes increasingly important. Since team members are not physically located in the same place, effective communication strategies are crucial for coordinating tasks, sharing information, and resolving any issues or conflicts that may arise. Communication planning involves determining the appropriate communication channels, establishing clear guidelines and expectations for communication, and ensuring that all team members are kept informed and engaged. This helps to foster collaboration, maintain transparency, and ensure that everyone is working towards the same goals and objectives.

Explanation

In a virtual team environment, communication planning becomes increasingly important. Since team members are not physically located in the same place, effective communication strategies are crucial for coordinating tasks, sharing information, and resolving any issues or conflicts that may arise. Communication planning involves determining the appropriate communication channels, establishing clear guidelines and expectations for communication, and ensuring that all team members are kept informed and engaged. This helps to foster collaboration, maintain transparency, and ensure that everyone is working towards the same goals and objectives.

7. The Scope baseline consists of what?

Scope statement, WBS, and WBS dictionary

Cost baseline, Quality baseline and Schedule baseline

Configuration management plan and Configuration identification document

Procurement statement of work and Project scope statement

The Scope baseline consists of the Scope statement, WBS, and WBS dictionary. The Scope statement defines the project's deliverables and boundaries, while the WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) breaks down the project into smaller, manageable components. The WBS dictionary provides detailed information about each component in the WBS. Together, these documents form the Scope baseline, which serves as a reference for project scope control and change management. The other options mentioned (Cost baseline, Quality baseline, Schedule baseline, Configuration management plan, Configuration identification document, Procurement statement of work, and Project scope statement) are not part of the Scope baseline.

Explanation

The Scope baseline consists of the Scope statement, WBS, and WBS dictionary. The Scope statement defines the project's deliverables and boundaries, while the WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) breaks down the project into smaller, manageable components. The WBS dictionary provides detailed information about each component in the WBS. Together, these documents form the Scope baseline, which serves as a reference for project scope control and change management. The other options mentioned (Cost baseline, Quality baseline, Schedule baseline, Configuration management plan, Configuration identification document, Procurement statement of work, and Project scope statement) are not part of the Scope baseline.

8. A WBS dictionary is a document which…

…describes technical terms used for scope management.

…describes the details for each component in the WBS.

…translates essential WBS terms for global project teams.

…helps translating functional into technical requirements.

A WBS dictionary is a document that provides detailed information about each component of the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). It includes descriptions, specifications, and any other relevant details for each component. This document helps project teams understand the scope and requirements of each component in the WBS, ensuring clarity and consistency in project planning and execution.

Explanation

A WBS dictionary is a document that provides detailed information about each component of the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). It includes descriptions, specifications, and any other relevant details for each component. This document helps project teams understand the scope and requirements of each component in the WBS, ensuring clarity and consistency in project planning and execution.

9. While executing a project, you sense a slightly negative attitude in your team. Which type of document do you now need, among others, to better understand and then be able to improve the situation?

Project charter

Team performance assessments

Cost baseline

Statement of work

In order to better understand and improve the slightly negative attitude in the team, you would need team performance assessments. This document will provide insights into the team's current performance, identify any issues or areas of improvement, and help in developing strategies to address the negative attitude. It will provide valuable information about individual team members' strengths and weaknesses, team dynamics, and overall performance, which can be used to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions to improve the situation.

Explanation

In order to better understand and improve the slightly negative attitude in the team, you would need team performance assessments. This document will provide insights into the team's current performance, identify any issues or areas of improvement, and help in developing strategies to address the negative attitude. It will provide valuable information about individual team members' strengths and weaknesses, team dynamics, and overall performance, which can be used to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions to improve the situation.

10. What does the acronym RACI commonly stand for in project management?

Responsible, Accountable, to be Consulted, to be Informed

Remote, Attached, Connected, Integrated

Risk Analysis and Caution Initiative

Randomly Accessible Cashflow Information

The acronym RACI commonly stands for Responsible, Accountable, to be Consulted, to be Informed in project management. This framework is used to define and clarify roles and responsibilities within a project team. The "Responsible" role refers to the person or group responsible for completing a specific task. The "Accountable" role is the person who is ultimately answerable for the task's completion. The "to be Consulted" role includes individuals who may need to provide input or expertise. The "to be Informed" role refers to those who should be kept updated on the progress of the task.

Explanation

The acronym RACI commonly stands for Responsible, Accountable, to be Consulted, to be Informed in project management. This framework is used to define and clarify roles and responsibilities within a project team. The "Responsible" role refers to the person or group responsible for completing a specific task. The "Accountable" role is the person who is ultimately answerable for the task's completion. The "to be Consulted" role includes individuals who may need to provide input or expertise. The "to be Informed" role refers to those who should be kept updated on the progress of the task.

11. What is the purpose of a Project charter?

To formally authorize a project or a phase and document initial requirements that satisfy the stakeholder’s needs and expectations.

To document how the project will be planned, executed, monitored/controlled, and closed.

To link the project, which is going to be planned, executed, and monitored/controlled to the ongoing work of the organization.

To describe the process of performing the work defined in the project management plan in order to achieve the project’s objectives.

The purpose of a Project charter is to formally authorize a project or a phase and document initial requirements that satisfy the stakeholder's needs and expectations. This document outlines the project's objectives, scope, deliverables, and key stakeholders, providing a clear understanding of what needs to be achieved and how it will be accomplished. By documenting these initial requirements, the project charter ensures that all stakeholders are aligned and have a common understanding of the project's purpose and goals.

Explanation

The purpose of a Project charter is to formally authorize a project or a phase and document initial requirements that satisfy the stakeholder's needs and expectations. This document outlines the project's objectives, scope, deliverables, and key stakeholders, providing a clear understanding of what needs to be achieved and how it will be accomplished. By documenting these initial requirements, the project charter ensures that all stakeholders are aligned and have a common understanding of the project's purpose and goals.

12. The concept of the _________ states that changes related to one requirement— scope, time or cost—will at least influence one other element.3

Three-point estimation

Triple constraint

Three wise men

Three needs theory

The concept of the triple constraint states that changes related to one requirement - scope, time or cost - will at least influence one other element. This means that if one aspect of a project changes, such as increasing the scope, it will have an impact on either the time or cost of the project. Similarly, if the time is shortened, it may require additional resources or increase the cost. The triple constraint recognizes the interdependency between these three factors and the need to balance them in order to successfully manage a project.

Explanation

The concept of the triple constraint states that changes related to one requirement - scope, time or cost - will at least influence one other element. This means that if one aspect of a project changes, such as increasing the scope, it will have an impact on either the time or cost of the project. Similarly, if the time is shortened, it may require additional resources or increase the cost. The triple constraint recognizes the interdependency between these three factors and the need to balance them in order to successfully manage a project.

13. You've been hired by a large consulting firm to lead an accounting project. You determine the needs of the project and divide the work up into work packages so that you can show how all of it fits into categories. What are you creating?

A WBS

A schedule

A Project Scope Statement

A contract

In this scenario, the person is creating a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). A WBS is a visual representation that breaks down a project into smaller, manageable components called work packages. It helps to categorize and organize the work required for the project, providing a clear understanding of the project scope and its deliverables. By dividing the work into work packages, the project manager can effectively plan and manage the project, assign tasks to team members, and track progress.

Explanation

In this scenario, the person is creating a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). A WBS is a visual representation that breaks down a project into smaller, manageable components called work packages. It helps to categorize and organize the work required for the project, providing a clear understanding of the project scope and its deliverables. By dividing the work into work packages, the project manager can effectively plan and manage the project, assign tasks to team members, and track progress.

14. The Communications management plan is a document, which includes descriptions of

Project level performance reports

Activity level status reports

Stakeholder communication requirements

Responsibility assignments

The Communications management plan is a document that outlines how communication will be managed throughout the project. It includes the stakeholder communication requirements, which specify the information needs of each stakeholder and the frequency and method of communication. This ensures that the project team communicates effectively with all stakeholders and meets their expectations. The plan also includes descriptions of project level performance reports, activity level status reports, and responsibility assignments, but these are not specifically related to stakeholder communication requirements.

Explanation

The Communications management plan is a document that outlines how communication will be managed throughout the project. It includes the stakeholder communication requirements, which specify the information needs of each stakeholder and the frequency and method of communication. This ensures that the project team communicates effectively with all stakeholders and meets their expectations. The plan also includes descriptions of project level performance reports, activity level status reports, and responsibility assignments, but these are not specifically related to stakeholder communication requirements.

15. How does a project management team stay in touch with the work and the attitudes of project team members?

By observation and communication

Using closed questions during team meetings

Through third-party assessments

Through the team members’ functional managers

A project management team stays in touch with the work and attitudes of project team members by observing their actions and behaviors and by maintaining open lines of communication with them. This allows the team to gather information about the progress of the project, identify any issues or challenges faced by team members, and understand their attitudes and motivations. By actively observing and communicating with team members, the project management team can ensure that they are well-informed and can address any concerns or problems in a timely manner.

Explanation

A project management team stays in touch with the work and attitudes of project team members by observing their actions and behaviors and by maintaining open lines of communication with them. This allows the team to gather information about the progress of the project, identify any issues or challenges faced by team members, and understand their attitudes and motivations. By actively observing and communicating with team members, the project management team can ensure that they are well-informed and can address any concerns or problems in a timely manner.

16. Which is not a point used for Three-point estimation?

Optimistic estimate

Most likely estimate

Budget estimate

Pessimistic estimate

The three-point estimation technique is used to estimate the duration or effort required for a project task. It involves considering three estimates: the optimistic estimate (best-case scenario), the most likely estimate (most probable outcome), and the pessimistic estimate (worst-case scenario). The budget estimate, on the other hand, refers to the estimated cost of the project, not the duration or effort. Therefore, the budget estimate is not a point used for three-point estimation.

Explanation

The three-point estimation technique is used to estimate the duration or effort required for a project task. It involves considering three estimates: the optimistic estimate (best-case scenario), the most likely estimate (most probable outcome), and the pessimistic estimate (worst-case scenario). The budget estimate, on the other hand, refers to the estimated cost of the project, not the duration or effort. Therefore, the budget estimate is not a point used for three-point estimation.

17. Which concept of locating team members can help them best to enhance their performance as a team?

Co-location

Cross-functional dispersion

Virtual e-teams

Global team dispersion

Co-location refers to the concept of physically locating team members in the same place or close proximity to each other. This allows for easier and more frequent communication, collaboration, and coordination among team members. By being in close proximity, team members can quickly address any issues, share ideas, and provide support to each other, ultimately enhancing their performance as a team. This physical proximity fosters a sense of camaraderie, trust, and unity among team members, leading to improved teamwork and productivity.

Explanation

Co-location refers to the concept of physically locating team members in the same place or close proximity to each other. This allows for easier and more frequent communication, collaboration, and coordination among team members. By being in close proximity, team members can quickly address any issues, share ideas, and provide support to each other, ultimately enhancing their performance as a team. This physical proximity fosters a sense of camaraderie, trust, and unity among team members, leading to improved teamwork and productivity.

18. You need to determine when to release resources from your project. Which part of the staffing management plan will be most useful for this?

Resource histogram

Safety procedures

Recognition and rewards

Training needs

The resource histogram is a graphical representation of the project's resource utilization over time. It shows the quantity and type of resources needed for each activity or phase of the project. By analyzing the resource histogram, project managers can determine when and how resources should be allocated or released. This information is crucial in deciding when to release resources from the project, as it helps ensure that resources are utilized efficiently and effectively throughout the project lifecycle.

Explanation

The resource histogram is a graphical representation of the project's resource utilization over time. It shows the quantity and type of resources needed for each activity or phase of the project. By analyzing the resource histogram, project managers can determine when and how resources should be allocated or released. This information is crucial in deciding when to release resources from the project, as it helps ensure that resources are utilized efficiently and effectively throughout the project lifecycle.

19. What is true for modern project management? Project managers need...

... to have a strict standing in negotiating

... to show experience in tricking business partners

... to be team players and facilitators instead of "bosses"

... to be strongly linked to local traditions

In modern project management, it is important for project managers to be team players and facilitators instead of "bosses". This means that project managers should focus on fostering collaboration, communication, and teamwork among team members, rather than simply giving orders and expecting them to be followed. This approach promotes a more inclusive and cooperative work environment, where everyone's ideas and contributions are valued. It also helps to build trust and motivation among team members, leading to increased productivity and success in managing projects.

Explanation

In modern project management, it is important for project managers to be team players and facilitators instead of "bosses". This means that project managers should focus on fostering collaboration, communication, and teamwork among team members, rather than simply giving orders and expecting them to be followed. This approach promotes a more inclusive and cooperative work environment, where everyone's ideas and contributions are valued. It also helps to build trust and motivation among team members, leading to increased productivity and success in managing projects.

20. The project charter is typically approved by the project sponsor, although some charters can be approved by key stakeholders instead. Which of the following BEST describes the role of the project sponsor on the project?

The sponsor manages the project

The sponsor provides funding for the project

The sponsor verifies that all of the work was completed

The sponsor negotiates all contracts

The project sponsor is responsible for providing funding for the project. They are typically the individual or organization that has the authority and resources to support the project financially. The sponsor plays a crucial role in ensuring that the project has the necessary financial resources to be executed successfully. They may also be involved in other aspects of the project, such as providing guidance, making key decisions, and advocating for the project within the organization. However, the primary role of the project sponsor is to provide funding.

Explanation

The project sponsor is responsible for providing funding for the project. They are typically the individual or organization that has the authority and resources to support the project financially. The sponsor plays a crucial role in ensuring that the project has the necessary financial resources to be executed successfully. They may also be involved in other aspects of the project, such as providing guidance, making key decisions, and advocating for the project within the organization. However, the primary role of the project sponsor is to provide funding.

21. Joe is an excellent programmer. He was promoted to a role of Project Manager because he understands technology better than anyone else in the company. Unfortunately, he is having trouble doing the project management job and his projects are failing. What is this an example of?

Gold plating

Halo effect

Pre-assignment

Ground rules

This is an example of the Halo effect. The Halo effect refers to the tendency to judge someone's overall abilities or qualities based on one specific trait or skill they possess. In this case, Joe's excellent programming skills led to the assumption that he would also excel in project management. However, this assumption turned out to be incorrect, as Joe is struggling in his new role. The Halo effect caused the company to overlook other necessary qualities and skills required for successful project management.

Explanation

This is an example of the Halo effect. The Halo effect refers to the tendency to judge someone's overall abilities or qualities based on one specific trait or skill they possess. In this case, Joe's excellent programming skills led to the assumption that he would also excel in project management. However, this assumption turned out to be incorrect, as Joe is struggling in his new role. The Halo effect caused the company to overlook other necessary qualities and skills required for successful project management.

22. Which document is developed along the risk management processes from Identify risks through Plan risk responses to Monitor and control risks?

List of risk triggers

Risk register

Risk mitigation

Decision tree

The risk register is developed along the risk management processes from identifying risks through planning risk responses to monitoring and controlling risks. A risk register is a document that contains information about identified risks, their potential impact, and the planned responses to mitigate or address those risks. It serves as a central repository for all risk-related information and helps in tracking and managing risks throughout the project or process.

Explanation

The risk register is developed along the risk management processes from identifying risks through planning risk responses to monitoring and controlling risks. A risk register is a document that contains information about identified risks, their potential impact, and the planned responses to mitigate or address those risks. It serves as a central repository for all risk-related information and helps in tracking and managing risks throughout the project or process.

23. A customer requires from you a minor scope change and expects you to do this without delays and additional costs. You believe that you have adequate authorization to make the decision by yourself, but you are not quite sure. What should be your next steps?

A requested change is always an opportunity to get more money paid by the customer and to secretly solve schedule and quality problems. You should make some reasonable estimates on time, costs, risks etc. and then add a nice margin on top of that to calculate the new price.

Customer satisfaction is your top priority. The customer gives you an opportunity to increase their satisfaction, which you should use to the maximum benefit. Most project managers have contingencies to cover risks; these can be used to pay the additional costs.

Before making a decision you should have a look at the customer’s parking lot. If you find there many expensive, new models, it is likely that you can use the requested change to increase the profit from the contract. Otherwise you should reject the request.

Handle the request according to the integrated change control processes described in your management plans. Then make a decision together with the appropriate change control body, whether the increased customer satisfaction will be worth the extra costs, work, risks etc.

The correct answer is to handle the request according to the integrated change control processes described in your management plans. This means following the established procedures for evaluating and approving scope changes. By involving the appropriate change control body, you can ensure that the decision is made collectively and based on factors such as customer satisfaction, costs, work, and risks. This approach allows for a thorough evaluation of the requested change and its potential impact before making a decision.

Explanation

The correct answer is to handle the request according to the integrated change control processes described in your management plans. This means following the established procedures for evaluating and approving scope changes. By involving the appropriate change control body, you can ensure that the decision is made collectively and based on factors such as customer satisfaction, costs, work, and risks. This approach allows for a thorough evaluation of the requested change and its potential impact before making a decision.

24. A request, demand or assertion of a contract partner for consideration, compensation or payment under a legally binding contract, such as a disputed change, is often referred to as a

Claim

Trial

Refinement

Audit

In the context of a legally binding contract, a claim refers to a request, demand, or assertion made by one of the contract partners for consideration, compensation, or payment. It typically arises when there is a dispute or disagreement regarding a change or obligation outlined in the contract. Therefore, the correct answer is claim.

Explanation

In the context of a legally binding contract, a claim refers to a request, demand, or assertion made by one of the contract partners for consideration, compensation, or payment. It typically arises when there is a dispute or disagreement regarding a change or obligation outlined in the contract. Therefore, the correct answer is claim.

25. A notice sent to a sub-contractor about the contract is an example of which kind of communication?

Informal Verbal

Formal Written

Formal Verbal

Informal Written

A notice sent to a sub-contractor about the contract is an example of formal written communication because it is a formal message that is documented in writing. This type of communication is typically used in professional settings to ensure clarity and accountability. By sending a formal written notice, the sender can provide precise details and expectations regarding the contract, ensuring that both parties have a clear understanding of their responsibilities.

Explanation

A notice sent to a sub-contractor about the contract is an example of formal written communication because it is a formal message that is documented in writing. This type of communication is typically used in professional settings to ensure clarity and accountability. By sending a formal written notice, the sender can provide precise details and expectations regarding the contract, ensuring that both parties have a clear understanding of their responsibilities.

26. Which of the following is NOT a stakeholder?

A project team member

An attorney from your company’s competitor

A representative from your project team’s union

The project sponsors

An attorney from your company's competitor is not a stakeholder because they are not directly involved in the project or affected by its outcomes. Stakeholders are individuals or groups who have an interest or influence in the project and can be affected by its success or failure. Project team members, representatives from the project team's union, and project sponsors are all stakeholders as they have a direct involvement or interest in the project.

Explanation

An attorney from your company's competitor is not a stakeholder because they are not directly involved in the project or affected by its outcomes. Stakeholders are individuals or groups who have an interest or influence in the project and can be affected by its success or failure. Project team members, representatives from the project team's union, and project sponsors are all stakeholders as they have a direct involvement or interest in the project.

27. Rekha is a project manager on a large construction project. Late in the project, her client demands a big change. She assesses the impact of the change and tells the client how much time and money it will cost. But the client won't allow any change to the schedule and won't pay anything more for change. Rekha explains that the proposed change is well outside the documented scope of the original work. The client tells Rekha that he doesn't care what was in the original scope and that she needs to implement the change with no impact to schedule or budget. What conflict resolution technique is he the client using?

Confronting

Withdrawal

Smoothing

Forcing

The client is using the conflict resolution technique of "forcing." This technique involves one party exerting their power or authority to resolve the conflict, regardless of the concerns or objections of the other party. In this situation, the client is demanding that the change be implemented without any impact on the schedule or budget, disregarding the project manager's assessment and explanation.

Explanation

The client is using the conflict resolution technique of "forcing." This technique involves one party exerting their power or authority to resolve the conflict, regardless of the concerns or objections of the other party. In this situation, the client is demanding that the change be implemented without any impact on the schedule or budget, disregarding the project manager's assessment and explanation.

28. Which is NOT an example of cost of quality?

The cost of inspecting your product to be sure that it meets requirements.

The cost of reviewing documents used to produce your product to be sure that they do not have defects.

The cost of training your team on techniques that will help them avoid defects.

The cost of contracting another company to build part of the product.

The cost of contracting another company to build part of the product is not an example of cost of quality because it is not directly related to ensuring the quality of the product. The other options, such as inspecting the product, reviewing documents, and training the team, all involve activities aimed at preventing or detecting defects and ensuring that the product meets requirements. However, outsourcing a part of the product's construction does not necessarily guarantee quality and may not directly contribute to the cost of quality.

Explanation

The cost of contracting another company to build part of the product is not an example of cost of quality because it is not directly related to ensuring the quality of the product. The other options, such as inspecting the product, reviewing documents, and training the team, all involve activities aimed at preventing or detecting defects and ensuring that the product meets requirements. However, outsourcing a part of the product's construction does not necessarily guarantee quality and may not directly contribute to the cost of quality.

29. A project manager spent some days to create a multi-page document which he called Project charter. The document should have been issued by the project sponsor. The sponsor found the document outsized and asked for a condensed document. Which of the following is not normally an element of the Project charter?

The authority level of the project manager

Detailed control account and work package descriptions

The business need that the project was undertaken to address

High-level risks

The Project charter typically includes the authority level of the project manager, the business need that the project was undertaken to address, and high-level risks. However, detailed control account and work package descriptions are not normally included in the Project charter. These details are typically found in other project management documents such as the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) or the Project Management Plan.

Explanation

The Project charter typically includes the authority level of the project manager, the business need that the project was undertaken to address, and high-level risks. However, detailed control account and work package descriptions are not normally included in the Project charter. These details are typically found in other project management documents such as the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) or the Project Management Plan.

30. With your team you are using judgment from subject matter experts to identify and analyze project risks. There is a small number of experts available, but some of them have long been in a teacher-student or manager-assistant relationship. Which of the following techniques can ensure best that there is no dominating opinion during an expert review?

Peer review

SWOT analysis

Delphi technique

Monetary value calculation

The Delphi technique can ensure that there is no dominating opinion during an expert review. This technique involves obtaining anonymous feedback from experts through multiple rounds of questionnaires or surveys. By keeping the responses anonymous and aggregating the results, it prevents any single expert from dominating the discussion or influencing others. This allows for a more unbiased and objective analysis of project risks.

Explanation

The Delphi technique can ensure that there is no dominating opinion during an expert review. This technique involves obtaining anonymous feedback from experts through multiple rounds of questionnaires or surveys. By keeping the responses anonymous and aggregating the results, it prevents any single expert from dominating the discussion or influencing others. This allows for a more unbiased and objective analysis of project risks.

31. Which tool and technique is used in the processes Create WBS and Define activities?

Nominal group technique

Human resource assignment

Brainstorming

Decomposition

Decomposition is the correct answer for this question. Decomposition is a tool and technique used in the processes Create WBS and Define activities. It involves breaking down the project scope into smaller, more manageable components or activities. This helps in organizing and structuring the work required to complete the project. By decomposing the project scope, it becomes easier to identify and define the activities that need to be performed to achieve the project objectives.

Explanation

Decomposition is the correct answer for this question. Decomposition is a tool and technique used in the processes Create WBS and Define activities. It involves breaking down the project scope into smaller, more manageable components or activities. This helps in organizing and structuring the work required to complete the project. By decomposing the project scope, it becomes easier to identify and define the activities that need to be performed to achieve the project objectives.

32. A change request in a project has been rejected some weeks ago. Yesterday, the project manager found out that it nevertheless has been implemented by the team members, who knew of the change request, but not of the rejection. In order to avoid such a situation, Rejected change requests should be consistently communicated to stakeholders through which process?

Report performance

Verify scope

Perform integrated change control

Monitor and control risks

Performing integrated change control is the process that ensures all change requests are reviewed, approved, or rejected in a consistent and controlled manner. This process involves evaluating the impact of the change request on the project's scope, schedule, budget, and other aspects. It also includes communicating the decision to stakeholders, including rejecting change requests. By consistently following this process, the project manager can ensure that all stakeholders are informed about the status of change requests, preventing situations where rejected changes are implemented without their knowledge.

Explanation

Performing integrated change control is the process that ensures all change requests are reviewed, approved, or rejected in a consistent and controlled manner. This process involves evaluating the impact of the change request on the project's scope, schedule, budget, and other aspects. It also includes communicating the decision to stakeholders, including rejecting change requests. By consistently following this process, the project manager can ensure that all stakeholders are informed about the status of change requests, preventing situations where rejected changes are implemented without their knowledge.

33. What is true for prototypes?

Prototyping causes significant costs and should be avoided wherever possible.

They are tangible and allow for early feedback on requirements by stakeholders.

Prototypes are mostly developed toward the end of a design or build phase.

Prototypes increase the risk of misunderstandings between developers and users.

Prototypes are tangible representations or models of a product or system that allow stakeholders to provide early feedback on the requirements. This allows for potential issues or misunderstandings to be identified and addressed early on in the design or build phase, reducing the risk of costly changes later. This statement implies that prototypes are valuable tools in the development process and should be utilized whenever possible.

Explanation

Prototypes are tangible representations or models of a product or system that allow stakeholders to provide early feedback on the requirements. This allows for potential issues or misunderstandings to be identified and addressed early on in the design or build phase, reducing the risk of costly changes later. This statement implies that prototypes are valuable tools in the development process and should be utilized whenever possible.

34. You have been criticized that certain specifications in your Scope Statement do not pass the test for SMART objectives. What are SMART objectives?

Objectives specified in far more detail than necessary for a execution of a successful project.

Easily achievable objectives which help you reducing the pressure on yourself and the team.

Objectives that should be achieved in order to attain formal recognition by both the customer and the project sponsor.

Objectives that are described using specific, measurable, assignable, realistic and time-related specifications.

SMART objectives are objectives that are described using specific, measurable, assignable, realistic, and time-related specifications. These objectives are clear and specific, allowing for easy measurement of progress and success. They are also realistic and attainable, ensuring that they can be achieved within the given constraints. Additionally, SMART objectives are time-bound, meaning they have a specific deadline or timeframe for completion. By using SMART objectives, a project team can effectively plan and execute their work, ensuring that they are working towards clear and achievable goals.

Explanation

SMART objectives are objectives that are described using specific, measurable, assignable, realistic, and time-related specifications. These objectives are clear and specific, allowing for easy measurement of progress and success. They are also realistic and attainable, ensuring that they can be achieved within the given constraints. Additionally, SMART objectives are time-bound, meaning they have a specific deadline or timeframe for completion. By using SMART objectives, a project team can effectively plan and execute their work, ensuring that they are working towards clear and achievable goals.

35. The members of your project team have been assigned to your project with general availability levels of 50%. Yesterday, they reported to you that significant variances occurred during project execution. You have noted that the team members have been spending less than 50% of their time working on your project. Your project schedule is about to become heavily delayed, and deadlines are in jeopardy. What should you do?

Talk to your sponsor and try to get more resources assigned on similar conditions as the existing ones.

Talk with functional managers. Negotiate clear and written assignments with reliable scheduling priorities.

Ignore the difficulties, adjust your schedule and negotiate new deadlines according to the slower progress.

Focus on internal charges. Make sure that your project is not getting charged for more than the actual work.

The correct answer is to talk with functional managers and negotiate clear and written assignments with reliable scheduling priorities. This is because the team members are not spending enough time working on the project, which is causing delays and jeopardizing deadlines. By discussing the issue with functional managers, you can ensure that the team members have a clear understanding of their assignments and prioritize their time accordingly, helping to mitigate the delays and meet the project deadlines.

Explanation

The correct answer is to talk with functional managers and negotiate clear and written assignments with reliable scheduling priorities. This is because the team members are not spending enough time working on the project, which is causing delays and jeopardizing deadlines. By discussing the issue with functional managers, you can ensure that the team members have a clear understanding of their assignments and prioritize their time accordingly, helping to mitigate the delays and meet the project deadlines.

36. Your project management team includes two external consultants each from a different company. You found that repeated conflicts between the two consultants already slow down project progress and jeopardize achievement of objectives. Which stage of team development can be difficult to overcome in such a situation?

Storming from Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing

Panic from Enthusiasm, Panic, Hope, Solution

Kickoff from Assignment, Kickoff, Training, Communicating

Frustration from Direction, Frustration, Cooperation, Collaboration

In the given scenario, the repeated conflicts between the two external consultants indicate that they are in the "Storming" stage of team development. This stage is characterized by conflicts, disagreements, and power struggles as team members try to establish their roles and influence within the team. The conflicts are slowing down project progress and jeopardizing the achievement of objectives, suggesting that the team is struggling to move past this stage.

Explanation

In the given scenario, the repeated conflicts between the two external consultants indicate that they are in the "Storming" stage of team development. This stage is characterized by conflicts, disagreements, and power struggles as team members try to establish their roles and influence within the team. The conflicts are slowing down project progress and jeopardizing the achievement of objectives, suggesting that the team is struggling to move past this stage.

37. According to the project plan, a contractor is scheduled to deliver some software components today afternoon. A regular payment is due to be made to this contractor tomorrow. You and your project team received a note this morning informing you that the software delivery will be delayed by 2 weeks. What should you do right now?

You should delay the payment also for 2 weeks.

You must immediately find a different contractor.

You should conduct a meeting with the contractor to resolve the delivery issues before making the payment.

You should make the payment and reschedule the project plan.

Conducting a meeting with the contractor to resolve the delivery issues before making the payment is the most appropriate action to take in this situation. By discussing the delay with the contractor, you can understand the reasons for the delay and assess the impact on the project plan. This will allow you to make an informed decision about rescheduling the project and potentially negotiate any necessary changes to the payment terms.

Explanation

Conducting a meeting with the contractor to resolve the delivery issues before making the payment is the most appropriate action to take in this situation. By discussing the delay with the contractor, you can understand the reasons for the delay and assess the impact on the project plan. This will allow you to make an informed decision about rescheduling the project and potentially negotiate any necessary changes to the payment terms.

38. What is the S-curve in project management?

A graph that is generated if a normal curve is integrated.

A graph that is to be integrated to generate a normal curve.

A metaphoric description of the short term uncertainties that are present in every project.

The graph that describes the typical growth of earned value during the course of the project.

The S-curve in project management refers to the graph that describes the typical growth of earned value during the course of a project. This curve shows the expected progression of work and the corresponding increase in value over time. It is called an S-curve because the graph typically starts slowly, then accelerates as more work is completed, and eventually levels off as the project nears completion. The S-curve is a useful tool for tracking and analyzing project progress and ensuring that it aligns with the planned schedule and budget.

Explanation

The S-curve in project management refers to the graph that describes the typical growth of earned value during the course of a project. This curve shows the expected progression of work and the corresponding increase in value over time. It is called an S-curve because the graph typically starts slowly, then accelerates as more work is completed, and eventually levels off as the project nears completion. The S-curve is a useful tool for tracking and analyzing project progress and ensuring that it aligns with the planned schedule and budget.

39. Which of the following is NOT an example of a deliverable?

Project Management Plan

Project Schedule

Work Breakdown Structure

Parametric Estimation

Parametric Estimation is not an example of a deliverable because it is a technique used in project management to estimate the duration, effort, or cost of an activity based on historical data or mathematical models. It is a tool or method used to develop estimates, rather than a tangible output or result that can be delivered to stakeholders. In contrast, the Project Management Plan, Project Schedule, and Work Breakdown Structure are all examples of deliverables as they are tangible documents or artifacts that can be provided to stakeholders as part of the project deliverables.

Explanation

Parametric Estimation is not an example of a deliverable because it is a technique used in project management to estimate the duration, effort, or cost of an activity based on historical data or mathematical models. It is a tool or method used to develop estimates, rather than a tangible output or result that can be delivered to stakeholders. In contrast, the Project Management Plan, Project Schedule, and Work Breakdown Structure are all examples of deliverables as they are tangible documents or artifacts that can be provided to stakeholders as part of the project deliverables.

40. As you complete each deliverable for your project, you check that it is correct along with your stakeholders and sponsors. Which process are you performing?

Define Scope

Define Activities

Verify Scope

Control Scope

When you complete each deliverable for your project and check its correctness with your stakeholders and sponsors, you are performing the process of Verify Scope. This process involves reviewing the completed deliverables to ensure that they meet the requirements and specifications outlined in the project scope. It involves obtaining formal acceptance from the stakeholders and sponsors that the deliverables are satisfactory and fulfill the intended purpose.

Explanation

When you complete each deliverable for your project and check its correctness with your stakeholders and sponsors, you are performing the process of Verify Scope. This process involves reviewing the completed deliverables to ensure that they meet the requirements and specifications outlined in the project scope. It involves obtaining formal acceptance from the stakeholders and sponsors that the deliverables are satisfactory and fulfill the intended purpose.

41. During execution of a project which is performed for a customer on a T&M (Time and Material) contract base, a new project manager is taking over the assignment. He discovers that two members assigned to the project have charged time without performing any work for the project customer. Upon further investigation, he determines that this occurred because there have been no other project assignments open for these employees. The customer is unaware of these facts. What should the project manager do?

Try to find some productive work for these staff members in the project and leave them on the team.

The best thing is to do nothing. The customer will not realize the problem anyway.

Try to find a responsible person for the over-assignment who can be made accountable.

Take the two people off the team immediately and arrange for the refund of the excess charges to the customer.

The project manager should take the two people off the team immediately and arrange for the refund of the excess charges to the customer. Charging time without performing any work is unethical and can harm the project's reputation. It is important to address this issue promptly and take appropriate action to maintain the project's integrity.

Explanation

The project manager should take the two people off the team immediately and arrange for the refund of the excess charges to the customer. Charging time without performing any work is unethical and can harm the project's reputation. It is important to address this issue promptly and take appropriate action to maintain the project's integrity.

42. An output of the Estimate activity resources process is a document called "Activity resource requirements". It identifies the types and quantities of resources...

...while the term resources is limited to equipment and materials.

...required for each activity in a work package.

...while the term resources is limited to human resources.

...to be obtained solely from the performing organization.

The output of the Estimate activity resources process is a document called "Activity resource requirements". This document identifies the types and quantities of resources required for each activity in a work package. It does not specify that the term "resources" is limited to equipment and materials, or that it is limited to human resources. Additionally, it does not state that the resources need to be obtained solely from the performing organization.

Explanation

The output of the Estimate activity resources process is a document called "Activity resource requirements". This document identifies the types and quantities of resources required for each activity in a work package. It does not specify that the term "resources" is limited to equipment and materials, or that it is limited to human resources. Additionally, it does not state that the resources need to be obtained solely from the performing organization.

43. What should managers consider before conducting a performance-evaluation interview with a project team member?

Which management fallacies can most easily be delegated to the worker?

How can discussion of the manager’s leadership style be avoided?

Has the employee been provided with sufficient instructions and work tools?

How can dispute related to unsatisfactory performance be avoided?

Managers should consider whether the employee has been provided with sufficient instructions and work tools before conducting a performance-evaluation interview. This is important because if the employee does not have clear instructions or the necessary tools to perform their job, it may negatively impact their performance. By ensuring that the employee has been provided with the necessary resources, managers can avoid any misunderstandings or shortcomings in the employee's performance.

Explanation

Managers should consider whether the employee has been provided with sufficient instructions and work tools before conducting a performance-evaluation interview. This is important because if the employee does not have clear instructions or the necessary tools to perform their job, it may negatively impact their performance. By ensuring that the employee has been provided with the necessary resources, managers can avoid any misunderstandings or shortcomings in the employee's performance.

44. You are in the process of contacting sellers to obtain bids and proposals. You found out that it might become a time-consuming procedure to ensure that the sellers get a clear and common understanding of the procurement process and of the needs of your project. Which technique may help you save time?

Bidder conferences

Advertising

Qualified sellers list

Four-eyes meetings

Bidder conferences can help save time in the procurement process by providing a platform for sellers to gather and receive a clear and common understanding of the procurement process and project needs. These conferences allow for direct communication and clarification of any questions or concerns, ensuring that all sellers have the same information. By addressing potential issues and providing necessary information upfront, bidder conferences can streamline the bidding and proposal process, ultimately saving time for both the buyer and the sellers.

Explanation

Bidder conferences can help save time in the procurement process by providing a platform for sellers to gather and receive a clear and common understanding of the procurement process and project needs. These conferences allow for direct communication and clarification of any questions or concerns, ensuring that all sellers have the same information. By addressing potential issues and providing necessary information upfront, bidder conferences can streamline the bidding and proposal process, ultimately saving time for both the buyer and the sellers.

45. Tom is a project manager on an industrial design project. He is always watching when his team members come into the office, when they take their breaks and when they leave. He periodically walks around the office to be sure that everyone is doing work when they are at their desks and he insists that he make every project decision, even minor ones. What kind of manager is he?

Theory X

Theory Y

Cost cutter

Effective

Theory X managers believe that employees are inherently lazy and need to be closely monitored and controlled in order to ensure productivity. Tom's behavior of constantly watching his team members, monitoring their breaks, and making all project decisions aligns with the characteristics of a Theory X manager.

Explanation

Theory X managers believe that employees are inherently lazy and need to be closely monitored and controlled in order to ensure productivity. Tom's behavior of constantly watching his team members, monitoring their breaks, and making all project decisions aligns with the characteristics of a Theory X manager.

46. Which is an appropriate order in most project situations for the development of scope-related documents?

1. Project SOW (Statement of work), 2. Project charter, 3. Project scope management plan, 4. Project scope statement, 5. WBS (Work breakdown structure) and WBS dictionary.

1. Work breakdown structure, 2. Scope statement, 3. Project charter, 4. CSOW (Contractual statement of work), 5. Contractual Work breakdown structure

1. Feasibility study3. Contract, 4. CWBS (Contractual work breakdown structure), 5. Scope of work descriptions, 6. PID (Project initiation document).

1. BOM (Bill of materials), 2. CAP (Control account plan), 3. Project charter4. Change management plan,5. Scope baseline.

The correct order for the development of scope-related documents in most project situations is as follows:
1. Project SOW (Statement of work) - This document outlines the project's objectives, deliverables, and scope.
2. Project charter - It defines the project's purpose, objectives, stakeholders, and high-level requirements.
3. Project scope management plan - This plan describes how the project's scope will be defined, validated, and controlled.
4. Project scope statement - It provides a detailed description of the project's deliverables, boundaries, and acceptance criteria.
5. WBS (Work breakdown structure) and WBS dictionary - These documents break down the project's scope into smaller, manageable components and provide detailed descriptions of each component.

Explanation

The correct order for the development of scope-related documents in most project situations is as follows:
1. Project SOW (Statement of work) - This document outlines the project's objectives, deliverables, and scope.
2. Project charter - It defines the project's purpose, objectives, stakeholders, and high-level requirements.
3. Project scope management plan - This plan describes how the project's scope will be defined, validated, and controlled.
4. Project scope statement - It provides a detailed description of the project's deliverables, boundaries, and acceptance criteria.
5. WBS (Work breakdown structure) and WBS dictionary - These documents break down the project's scope into smaller, manageable components and provide detailed descriptions of each component.

47. A facilitator should…

…be in full control of the discussion and its outcomes.

…always take notes by herself.

…avoid a flip chart Parking lot.

…give guidance as required without interfering.

A facilitator should give guidance as required without interfering because their role is to guide the discussion and help participants reach their objectives, while still allowing them to have ownership and control over the outcomes. By giving guidance, the facilitator can provide structure, keep the discussion on track, and ensure that everyone's voices are heard. However, interfering too much can stifle creativity and limit the participants' ability to problem-solve and make decisions on their own.

Explanation

A facilitator should give guidance as required without interfering because their role is to guide the discussion and help participants reach their objectives, while still allowing them to have ownership and control over the outcomes. By giving guidance, the facilitator can provide structure, keep the discussion on track, and ensure that everyone's voices are heard. However, interfering too much can stifle creativity and limit the participants' ability to problem-solve and make decisions on their own.

48. Rekha is a project manager on a large construction project. Late in the project, her client demands a big change. She assesses the impact of the change and tells the client how much time and money it will cost. But the client says that he doesn't have the time or budget to allow the change. What's the BEST way for Rekha to handle this situation?

Have her senior managers meet with the client to explain the situation

Hold a meeting with the client to figure out why he’s asking for the change

Do nothing; she’s the project manager, so she sets the rules

Have the client find more money for the budget

Hold a meeting with the client to figure out why he’s asking for the change. This option allows Rekha to understand the client's perspective and the reasons behind the requested change. By having a discussion, Rekha can gather more information and potentially find a compromise or alternative solution that meets both the client's needs and the project constraints. It also demonstrates a collaborative approach, which can help maintain a positive working relationship with the client.

Explanation

Hold a meeting with the client to figure out why he’s asking for the change. This option allows Rekha to understand the client's perspective and the reasons behind the requested change. By having a discussion, Rekha can gather more information and potentially find a compromise or alternative solution that meets both the client's needs and the project constraints. It also demonstrates a collaborative approach, which can help maintain a positive working relationship with the client.

49. What is the main output of the Define Scope process?

Requirements Documentation

Scope Definition

Scope Dictionary

Project Scope Statement

The main output of the Define Scope process is the Project Scope Statement. This statement defines the project's boundaries, objectives, deliverables, and requirements. It provides a clear understanding of what is included and excluded in the project scope, ensuring that all stakeholders have a common understanding of the project's goals and objectives. The Project Scope Statement serves as a reference throughout the project's lifecycle, guiding the team's work and decision-making processes.

Explanation

The main output of the Define Scope process is the Project Scope Statement. This statement defines the project's boundaries, objectives, deliverables, and requirements. It provides a clear understanding of what is included and excluded in the project scope, ensuring that all stakeholders have a common understanding of the project's goals and objectives. The Project Scope Statement serves as a reference throughout the project's lifecycle, guiding the team's work and decision-making processes.

50. You're holding a PMP study group so that you and your coworkers can work together to study for the exam. One person recently took and passed the exam, and has offered to give you all of the questions he can remember. How should you respond?

Accept the questions, but to be fair to everyone in the study group you should make sure everyone gets a copy

Refuse the offer, but encourage other study group members to make up their own minds

Refuse the offer, and report the person to your manager

Refuse the offer, and report the person to PMI

Accepting the questions from a person who recently passed the exam and offering them to the study group would be considered unethical and a violation of PMI's Code of Ethics. It is important to maintain the integrity of the exam and not engage in any form of cheating or unauthorized sharing of exam content. Therefore, refusing the offer and reporting the person to PMI is the appropriate response to ensure fairness and uphold professional standards.

Explanation

Accepting the questions from a person who recently passed the exam and offering them to the study group would be considered unethical and a violation of PMI's Code of Ethics. It is important to maintain the integrity of the exam and not engage in any form of cheating or unauthorized sharing of exam content. Therefore, refusing the offer and reporting the person to PMI is the appropriate response to ensure fairness and uphold professional standards.

51. A junior project manager at your company does not know how to perform earned value analysis. You spend a weekend with him to teach him how to do this. This is an example of:

Contributing to the project management body of knowledge

Fraternizing, and should be discouraged

Unpaid overtime

Giving access to proprietary information, and should be reported to PMI

This scenario can be considered as an example of contributing to the project management body of knowledge. By spending time teaching the junior project manager how to perform earned value analysis, you are sharing your knowledge and expertise in project management. This helps to enhance the overall knowledge and skills within the project management community, contributing to the body of knowledge in the field.

Explanation

This scenario can be considered as an example of contributing to the project management body of knowledge. By spending time teaching the junior project manager how to perform earned value analysis, you are sharing your knowledge and expertise in project management. This helps to enhance the overall knowledge and skills within the project management community, contributing to the body of knowledge in the field.

52. You are the project manager on a construction project. As you're planning out the work your team will do, you divide up all of the work into work packages and create a WBS that shows how they fit into categories. For each one of the work packages, you write down details such as initial estimates and information about what account it should be billed against. Where do you store all of that information?

Scope Management Plan

WBS

WBS Dictionary

Project Scope Statement

The WBS Dictionary is where all the information about each work package, including initial estimates and billing information, is stored. It provides a detailed description of each work package and its associated information. The WBS Dictionary is an important document in scope management as it helps in ensuring that all the necessary details about the work packages are documented and easily accessible to the project team.

Explanation

The WBS Dictionary is where all the information about each work package, including initial estimates and billing information, is stored. It provides a detailed description of each work package and its associated information. The WBS Dictionary is an important document in scope management as it helps in ensuring that all the necessary details about the work packages are documented and easily accessible to the project team.

53. Network templates which contain only portions of a network are often referred to as

Subnetworks or fragment networks

Subprojects

Programs

WBS items

Network templates that contain only portions of a network are commonly referred to as subnetworks or fragment networks. These templates are smaller components or subsets of a larger network, allowing for easier management and organization of complex projects. They can be used as building blocks to create larger networks or as standalone entities within a project. Subprojects, programs, and WBS items are not specifically related to network templates and do not accurately describe the concept of dividing a network into smaller portions.

Explanation

Network templates that contain only portions of a network are commonly referred to as subnetworks or fragment networks. These templates are smaller components or subsets of a larger network, allowing for easier management and organization of complex projects. They can be used as building blocks to create larger networks or as standalone entities within a project. Subprojects, programs, and WBS items are not specifically related to network templates and do not accurately describe the concept of dividing a network into smaller portions.

54. Crashing describes a technique to speed up a project by…

…reallocating existing resources or assigning additional resources to the project.

…overlapping activities which were originally planned to be done in sequence.

…reducing the number of features of the product in order to reduce development work.

…reducing the duration estimates for activities to increase the pressure applied to the staff.

Crashing refers to the technique of reallocating existing resources or assigning additional resources to a project in order to speed it up. This can involve adding more staff, equipment, or funding to the project to accelerate its progress. By doing so, the project can be completed in a shorter timeframe than originally planned.

Explanation

Crashing refers to the technique of reallocating existing resources or assigning additional resources to a project in order to speed it up. This can involve adding more staff, equipment, or funding to the project to accelerate its progress. By doing so, the project can be completed in a shorter timeframe than originally planned.

55. Which is NOT an example of cost of quality?

The cost of inspecting your product to be sure that it meets requirements.

The cost of reviewing documents used to produce your product to be sure that they do not have defects.

The cost of training your team on techniques that will help them avoid defects.

The cost of contracting another company to build part of the product.

The cost of contracting another company to build part of the product is not an example of cost of quality because it does not directly relate to ensuring the quality of the product. The other options, such as inspecting the product, reviewing documents, and training the team, all involve activities that contribute to maintaining the quality of the product.

Explanation

The cost of contracting another company to build part of the product is not an example of cost of quality because it does not directly relate to ensuring the quality of the product. The other options, such as inspecting the product, reviewing documents, and training the team, all involve activities that contribute to maintaining the quality of the product.

56. You are managing a design project. You find that bringing all of your team members into a single room to work increases their communication, and helps build a sense of community. This is referred to as a:

War room

Virtual team

Socially active team

Common area

The term "war room" is used to describe a physical space where team members come together to collaborate and work on a project. In this scenario, bringing all team members into a single room to work not only facilitates communication but also fosters a sense of community among them. This term is commonly used in project management to emphasize the intensity and focus of the team's efforts in achieving project goals.

Explanation

The term "war room" is used to describe a physical space where team members come together to collaborate and work on a project. In this scenario, bringing all team members into a single room to work not only facilitates communication but also fosters a sense of community among them. This term is commonly used in project management to emphasize the intensity and focus of the team's efforts in achieving project goals.

57. A company is about to begin work on a large construction project to build four new buildings for a bank that wants to open new branches. The sponsor is writing a project charter. She recalls that a previous project the company performed for another bank ran over budget because the team had underestimated the effort required to install the reinforced walls in the vault. The previous project manager had documented the details of the lessons learned from this project. Where should the sponsor look for these lessons learned?

The project records management system

The company’s organizational process assets

The project’s work performance information

The project’s performance reports

The sponsor should look for the lessons learned from the previous project in the company's organizational process assets. These assets include any documented processes, policies, and procedures that the company has developed and used in previous projects. The lessons learned from the previous project would be valuable information that can help the sponsor and the project team avoid making the same mistakes and improve the estimation and planning for the current project.

Explanation

The sponsor should look for the lessons learned from the previous project in the company's organizational process assets. These assets include any documented processes, policies, and procedures that the company has developed and used in previous projects. The lessons learned from the previous project would be valuable information that can help the sponsor and the project team avoid making the same mistakes and improve the estimation and planning for the current project.

58. A project manager has been asked to support an internal project request by developing a business case. What kind of information is the person expected to provide in the document?

The detailed information from a business standpoint to determine whether bidding for the customer project will be successful.

The detailed information from a project management standpoint to determine whether the project will be successful.

The detailed information from a technical standpoint to determine whether the project will be successful.

The necessary information from a business standpoint to determine whether the project is worth the investment.

The project manager is expected to provide the necessary information from a business standpoint to determine whether the project is worth the investment. This includes analyzing the potential benefits, costs, risks, and feasibility of the project from a business perspective. The business case will help stakeholders make informed decisions about whether to proceed with the project or not.

Explanation

The project manager is expected to provide the necessary information from a business standpoint to determine whether the project is worth the investment. This includes analyzing the potential benefits, costs, risks, and feasibility of the project from a business perspective. The business case will help stakeholders make informed decisions about whether to proceed with the project or not.

59. In a software company a large number of simultaneously performed projects utilize the same groups of human and other resources.

What is the term commonly used for this situation?

Concurrent engineering

Resource over-allocation

Resource pooling

Program management

Resource pooling is the term commonly used for the situation where a large number of simultaneously performed projects utilize the same groups of human and other resources. In this scenario, the resources are shared and allocated among the projects to maximize efficiency and utilization. This allows for better coordination and optimization of resources, reducing the risk of resource over-allocation and ensuring effective project management. Concurrent engineering refers to a different concept of simultaneous product development, while program management is a broader term that encompasses managing multiple projects.

Explanation

Resource pooling is the term commonly used for the situation where a large number of simultaneously performed projects utilize the same groups of human and other resources. In this scenario, the resources are shared and allocated among the projects to maximize efficiency and utilization. This allows for better coordination and optimization of resources, reducing the risk of resource over-allocation and ensuring effective project management. Concurrent engineering refers to a different concept of simultaneous product development, while program management is a broader term that encompasses managing multiple projects.

60. An estimation has been made that the construction of a residential home will cost a certain amount per square foot of living area. This is an example of what type of estimating?

Analogous estimating

Bottom-up estimating

Top-down estimating

Parametric estimating

Parametric estimating is a type of estimating that uses statistical relationships between historical data and other variables to calculate the cost, duration, or other project parameters. In this case, the estimation of the construction cost per square foot of living area is based on a predetermined parameter or formula that has been derived from previous similar projects. This approach allows for a quick and relatively accurate estimate based on the specific characteristics and requirements of the project.

Explanation

Parametric estimating is a type of estimating that uses statistical relationships between historical data and other variables to calculate the cost, duration, or other project parameters. In this case, the estimation of the construction cost per square foot of living area is based on a predetermined parameter or formula that has been derived from previous similar projects. This approach allows for a quick and relatively accurate estimate based on the specific characteristics and requirements of the project.

61. A review to determine whether of project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures is commonly called

Quality auditing

Inspection

Quality testing

Reject screening

Quality auditing is the correct answer because it refers to the process of reviewing project activities to ensure that they comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures. This involves examining the project's quality management system, identifying areas of non-compliance, and recommending corrective actions to improve overall quality. Inspection, quality testing, and reject screening are not specifically focused on evaluating compliance with policies and procedures, making them incorrect options.

Explanation

Quality auditing is the correct answer because it refers to the process of reviewing project activities to ensure that they comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures. This involves examining the project's quality management system, identifying areas of non-compliance, and recommending corrective actions to improve overall quality. Inspection, quality testing, and reject screening are not specifically focused on evaluating compliance with policies and procedures, making them incorrect options.

62. You have just taken over as manager of a project which will create many benefits for the performing organization, but you sense a high level of resistance by various stakeholders right from the start. What is the most appropriate action to resolve the problem?

Develop a Responsibility assignment matrix (RAM) which clearly shows the responsibility of each stakeholder for the various project activities and who needs to be consulted and informed.

Develop an organization diagram, which places each of the stakeholders at an appropriate position inside the project and allows for certain lines of communication while disallowing others.

Schedule a meeting with these stakeholders to present the project, discuss and establish ground rules, ensure their involvement and identify initial personal and organizational issues.

Do not talk to these stakeholders too much at this time, instead create Faits accomplis, which will later force the stakeholders to support the project due to a lack of alternatives for them.

The most appropriate action to resolve the problem of high resistance from stakeholders is to schedule a meeting with them. This meeting will serve as an opportunity to present the project, discuss any concerns or issues, establish ground rules, and ensure their involvement. By engaging with stakeholders and addressing their concerns, the manager can build trust and collaboration, ultimately reducing resistance and increasing support for the project.

Explanation

The most appropriate action to resolve the problem of high resistance from stakeholders is to schedule a meeting with them. This meeting will serve as an opportunity to present the project, discuss any concerns or issues, establish ground rules, and ensure their involvement. By engaging with stakeholders and addressing their concerns, the manager can build trust and collaboration, ultimately reducing resistance and increasing support for the project.

63. What is not true for Change requests?5

Change requests should always be handled in a controlled and integrative fashion.

Change requests surpassing the formal change control processes can lead to Scope creep.

Professionally managed, change requests can help improving a project and resolving emerging problems.

Change requests are always a sign of bad planning and should therefore be avoided.

Change requests are not always a sign of bad planning and should not be avoided. In fact, change requests can be beneficial for a project as they can help improve it and resolve emerging problems. However, change requests should be handled in a controlled and integrative fashion to prevent scope creep and maintain the project's objectives.

Explanation

Change requests are not always a sign of bad planning and should not be avoided. In fact, change requests can be beneficial for a project as they can help improve it and resolve emerging problems. However, change requests should be handled in a controlled and integrative fashion to prevent scope creep and maintain the project's objectives.

64. Projects may be authorized by all of the following except____

The project team.

A sponsor.

A PMO.

A portfolio review board.

Projects may be authorized by a sponsor, a PMO, or a portfolio review board. The project team, however, is not responsible for authorizing projects. Their role is to execute and deliver the project according to the authorization given by the appropriate authority.

Explanation

Projects may be authorized by a sponsor, a PMO, or a portfolio review board. The project team, however, is not responsible for authorizing projects. Their role is to execute and deliver the project according to the authorization given by the appropriate authority.

65. The scope baseline consists of:

The Scope Management Plan, the Project Scope Statement, and the WBS

The Scope Management Plan, Requirements Documents, and the WBS.

The Scope Management Plan, the WBS, and the WBS Dictionary

The Project Scope Statement, the WBS, and the WBS Dictionary

The correct answer is The Project Scope Statement, the WBS, and the WBS Dictionary. The scope baseline is a key component of project management and includes the Project Scope Statement, which defines the project's deliverables and objectives. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) breaks down the project into smaller, manageable components, while the WBS Dictionary provides detailed descriptions of each component. Together, these documents form the scope baseline, which serves as a reference point for project scope management and helps ensure that the project stays on track.

Explanation

The correct answer is The Project Scope Statement, the WBS, and the WBS Dictionary. The scope baseline is a key component of project management and includes the Project Scope Statement, which defines the project's deliverables and objectives. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) breaks down the project into smaller, manageable components, while the WBS Dictionary provides detailed descriptions of each component. Together, these documents form the scope baseline, which serves as a reference point for project scope management and helps ensure that the project stays on track.

66. You are a project manager for a software project. Your team buys a component for a web page but they run into defects when they use it. Those defects slow your progress down considerably. Fixing the bugs in the component will double your development schedule and building your own component will take even longer. You work with your team to evaluate the cost and impact of all of your options and recommend hiring developers at the company that built the component to help you address problems in it. That will cost more but it will reduce your delay by a month. What is your next step?

Fix the component

Write up the change request and take it to the change control board

Start Plan Procurements so you can get the contract ready for the vendor.

Change the Scope Baseline to include your recommendation

The next step would be to write up the change request and take it to the change control board. This is the appropriate action to take when there are defects in the purchased component that are significantly impacting progress. By submitting a change request, the project manager can formally document the issues and propose a solution to address them. The change control board will then review the request and make a decision on whether to proceed with hiring developers from the company that built the component. This step ensures that the necessary actions are taken to resolve the defects and mitigate the delays in the project.

Explanation

The next step would be to write up the change request and take it to the change control board. This is the appropriate action to take when there are defects in the purchased component that are significantly impacting progress. By submitting a change request, the project manager can formally document the issues and propose a solution to address them. The change control board will then review the request and make a decision on whether to proceed with hiring developers from the company that built the component. This step ensures that the necessary actions are taken to resolve the defects and mitigate the delays in the project.

67. You are managing a project with AC = $25,100, ETC = $45,600, VAC = -$2,600, BAC = $90,000 and EAC = $92,100. Your sponsor asks you to forecast how much money you expect to spend on the remainder of the project. Which is the BEST estimate to use for this forecast?

$45,600

$87,400

$90,000

$92,100

The best estimate to use for the forecast is $45,600 because it represents the remaining work to be completed (ETC) and is the most accurate estimate for the amount of money expected to be spent on the remainder of the project.

Explanation

The best estimate to use for the forecast is $45,600 because it represents the remaining work to be completed (ETC) and is the most accurate estimate for the amount of money expected to be spent on the remainder of the project.

68. You are running a project for a customer based on a cost reimbursable contract with the following terms:

Target costs:		$	1,000,000
Fixed fee:	$		100,000
Benefit/cost sharing:	80% / 20%
Price ceiling:	$		1,200,000

Which is the PTA (= Point of total assumption, Break point) of the project?

$1,300,000

$1,500,000

$80,000

$1,125,000

The PTA (Point of Total Assumption) of a project is the cost at which the seller bears all the additional costs beyond the price ceiling. In this case, the price ceiling is $1,200,000 and the cost sharing ratio is 80% / 20%. To calculate the PTA, we can subtract the fixed fee from the price ceiling and divide the result by the cost sharing ratio (80%). So, PTA = ($1,200,000 - $100,000) / 80% = $1,125,000. Therefore, $1,125,000 is the correct answer.

Explanation

The PTA (Point of Total Assumption) of a project is the cost at which the seller bears all the additional costs beyond the price ceiling. In this case, the price ceiling is $1,200,000 and the cost sharing ratio is 80% / 20%. To calculate the PTA, we can subtract the fixed fee from the price ceiling and divide the result by the cost sharing ratio (80%). So, PTA = ($1,200,000 - $100,000) / 80% = $1,125,000. Therefore, $1,125,000 is the correct answer.

69. A project is handled by departments of an organization and expedited by a project coordinator. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

The performing organization is a weak matrix.

The performing organization is doing "management by projects".

The performing organization is a strong matrix.

The performing organization is projectized.

The statement "The performing organization is a weak matrix" is most likely to be true because in a weak matrix organizational structure, projects are managed by departments and coordinated by a project coordinator. This means that the project coordinator has limited authority and power, and the departments still maintain control over their resources and decision-making. This aligns with the given scenario where the project is handled by departments and expedited by a project coordinator.

Explanation

The statement "The performing organization is a weak matrix" is most likely to be true because in a weak matrix organizational structure, projects are managed by departments and coordinated by a project coordinator. This means that the project coordinator has limited authority and power, and the departments still maintain control over their resources and decision-making. This aligns with the given scenario where the project is handled by departments and expedited by a project coordinator.

70. Which statement describes best the meaning of the term Cost baseline?

A cost baseline is always created by translating time-phased cost information into cost data on activity or work-package level.

A cost baseline is an approved time-phased budget that will be used to measure and monitor cost performance on the project.

Data to draw a cost baseline can be easily generated and updated as necessary from information related to actual project cost.

A cost baseline is usually displayed in the form of an inverse S-curve drawn from the beginning of the project until data date.

A cost baseline is an approved time-phased budget that will be used to measure and monitor cost performance on the project. This means that the cost baseline is a budget that has been approved by the relevant stakeholders and is broken down over time to show the expected costs for each activity or work package. It serves as a reference point against which actual costs can be compared, allowing for the measurement and monitoring of cost performance throughout the project.

Explanation

A cost baseline is an approved time-phased budget that will be used to measure and monitor cost performance on the project. This means that the cost baseline is a budget that has been approved by the relevant stakeholders and is broken down over time to show the expected costs for each activity or work package. It serves as a reference point against which actual costs can be compared, allowing for the measurement and monitoring of cost performance throughout the project.

71. Your management applies the 10 percent solution: It has requested that you reduce the budget for the project which you are currently initiating by 10%. What will this probably mean for your project?

If the budget is cut by 10%, then the project will have an accompanying degradation of quality by 10%.

If the project budget is an honest one, then a reduction in budget must be accompanied by a trade-off in either time or performance.

A 10% reduction in budget will be accompanied by a loss of performance much less than the target reduction in cost.

Most projects have "padded" estimates, and the budgetary reduction will force out the padding from the project.

A reduction in budget for a project typically requires a trade-off in either time or performance. This means that if the budget is cut by 10%, there will likely be a decrease in either the time it takes to complete the project or the performance quality of the project. This is because a reduced budget may limit the resources available for the project, leading to potential delays or compromises in the project's performance.

Explanation

A reduction in budget for a project typically requires a trade-off in either time or performance. This means that if the budget is cut by 10%, there will likely be a decrease in either the time it takes to complete the project or the performance quality of the project. This is because a reduced budget may limit the resources available for the project, leading to potential delays or compromises in the project's performance.

72. You are going to take over a new project as the project manager in an enterprise unknown to you. What should you investigate during the chartering process?

Enterprise environmental factors

Project management plan

Project risk register

Team performance reports

During the chartering process, it is important for a project manager to investigate the enterprise environmental factors. This refers to the internal and external factors that can influence the project's success. By understanding these factors, the project manager can identify potential constraints, opportunities, and risks that may impact the project. This investigation helps in developing an effective project management plan, identifying and managing project risks, and ensuring that the project aligns with the organization's overall strategy and goals. Additionally, it allows the project manager to assess the organization's culture, structure, and resources, which are crucial for successful project execution.

Explanation

During the chartering process, it is important for a project manager to investigate the enterprise environmental factors. This refers to the internal and external factors that can influence the project's success. By understanding these factors, the project manager can identify potential constraints, opportunities, and risks that may impact the project. This investigation helps in developing an effective project management plan, identifying and managing project risks, and ensuring that the project aligns with the organization's overall strategy and goals. Additionally, it allows the project manager to assess the organization's culture, structure, and resources, which are crucial for successful project execution.

73. Some colleagues told you that they are planning, executing, monitoring and controlling a project by use of milestones only with durations between 1 and 4 weeks. What do you think?

The approach is erroneous. A milestone is a significant point with zero duration to highlight achievements.

It is a good approach as long as the milestones reflect fixed or imposed dates during the project lifecycle only.

It is a good approach if the milestones are used for reviews between consecutive project phases only.

It is a good approach because it saves from progress measurement on activities and work packages.

The approach is erroneous because milestones are meant to be significant points with zero duration that highlight achievements. Using milestones with durations between 1 and 4 weeks goes against the purpose of milestones and could potentially lead to confusion and misinterpretation of project progress.

Explanation

The approach is erroneous because milestones are meant to be significant points with zero duration that highlight achievements. Using milestones with durations between 1 and 4 weeks goes against the purpose of milestones and could potentially lead to confusion and misinterpretation of project progress.

74. What are the 5 kinds of power?

Legitimate, expert, reward, political, and bargaining

Legitimate, expert, reward, political, and punishment

Legitimate, expert, reward, economic, and bargaining

Legitimate, expert, reward, referent, and punishment

The question asks for the 5 kinds of power. The correct answer is "Legitimate, expert, reward, referent, and punishment." These types of power are commonly used in organizational and leadership contexts. Legitimate power is based on one's position or role. Expert power comes from knowledge and skills. Reward power involves the ability to provide incentives or rewards. Referent power is based on charisma and personal relationships. Punishment power involves the ability to administer negative consequences.

Explanation

The question asks for the 5 kinds of power. The correct answer is "Legitimate, expert, reward, referent, and punishment." These types of power are commonly used in organizational and leadership contexts. Legitimate power is based on one's position or role. Expert power comes from knowledge and skills. Reward power involves the ability to provide incentives or rewards. Referent power is based on charisma and personal relationships. Punishment power involves the ability to administer negative consequences.

75. You are a project manager on a large military contract that involves seven subcontractors and a total of 1,253 team members, 752 stakeholders and sponsors, and 14 project managers (including you). You need to get a handle on the communications channels, because otherwise your project will devolve into chaos. How many potential channels of communication are there on this project?

2019

91

2,037,171

No way to determine

The number of potential channels of communication can be calculated using the formula n(n-1)/2, where n represents the total number of individuals involved in the communication. In this case, the total number of individuals is 1,253 team members, 752 stakeholders and sponsors, and 14 project managers, which sums up to 2,019. Plugging this value into the formula, we get 2,019(2,019-1)/2 = 2,037,171 potential channels of communication.

Explanation

The number of potential channels of communication can be calculated using the formula n(n-1)/2, where n represents the total number of individuals involved in the communication. In this case, the total number of individuals is 1,253 team members, 752 stakeholders and sponsors, and 14 project managers, which sums up to 2,019. Plugging this value into the formula, we get 2,019(2,019-1)/2 = 2,037,171 potential channels of communication.

76. As you are executing your project you are constantly checking your risk register to be sure that you have planned responses for all of your risks. At one team status meeting, you find that a lower priority risk has suddenly become more likely. Where do you keep information about low priority risks?

Triggers

The watchlist

Risk Management Plan

Qualitative analysis documents

The watchlist is where you keep information about low priority risks. It is a tool used in risk management to monitor and track risks that are considered to have a lower priority. By keeping these risks on the watchlist, you can regularly review and assess them to determine if their priority level needs to be adjusted. This allows you to stay proactive and ensure that you have planned responses for all risks, even those that may have initially been considered lower priority.

Explanation

The watchlist is where you keep information about low priority risks. It is a tool used in risk management to monitor and track risks that are considered to have a lower priority. By keeping these risks on the watchlist, you can regularly review and assess them to determine if their priority level needs to be adjusted. This allows you to stay proactive and ensure that you have planned responses for all risks, even those that may have initially been considered lower priority.

77. A company uses a management technique that employs quality assurance techniques to continuously improve all processes. This is called:

Just In Time Management

Kaizen

Ishikawa Diagrams

Inspection

Kaizen is a management technique that focuses on continuous improvement of processes through the use of quality assurance techniques. It involves identifying areas for improvement, making small incremental changes, and involving all employees in the improvement process. Just In Time Management is a different technique that focuses on reducing waste and improving efficiency by delivering materials and products just in time for production. Ishikawa Diagrams are used to identify and analyze the root causes of problems. Inspection is a quality control technique that involves checking products or processes for defects or errors.

Explanation

Kaizen is a management technique that focuses on continuous improvement of processes through the use of quality assurance techniques. It involves identifying areas for improvement, making small incremental changes, and involving all employees in the improvement process. Just In Time Management is a different technique that focuses on reducing waste and improving efficiency by delivering materials and products just in time for production. Ishikawa Diagrams are used to identify and analyze the root causes of problems. Inspection is a quality control technique that involves checking products or processes for defects or errors.

78. Dave is the project manager for a construction project that is building a gazebo. When the project first started, he met with the stakeholders to define the scope. The sponsors mentioned that the gazebo is a really important part of their daughter's wedding ceremony that was planned for 7 months from then. In fact, they said that if the gazebo couldn't be completed in 7 months, it wouldn't be worth it for them to even start the project. Dave wrote down the 7-month deadline to put in his Project Scope Statement. In which section of the document did the deadline appear?

Project Deliverables

Project Objectives

Project Constraints

Project Assumptions

The 7-month deadline appeared in the Project Constraints section of the document. This section includes any limitations or restrictions that may impact the project, such as time constraints, budget limitations, or specific requirements set by stakeholders. In this case, the sponsors' requirement for the gazebo to be completed in 7 months is a constraint that Dave needed to consider in his project planning.

Explanation

The 7-month deadline appeared in the Project Constraints section of the document. This section includes any limitations or restrictions that may impact the project, such as time constraints, budget limitations, or specific requirements set by stakeholders. In this case, the sponsors' requirement for the gazebo to be completed in 7 months is a constraint that Dave needed to consider in his project planning.

79. The scope baseline consists of:

The Scope Management Plan, the Project Scope Statement, and the WBS

The Scope Management Plan, Requirements Documents, and the WBS.

The Scope Management Plan, the WBS, and the WBS Dictionary

The Project Scope Statement, the WBS, and the WBS Dictionary

The scope baseline consists of the Project Scope Statement, the WBS, and the WBS Dictionary. The Project Scope Statement defines the project's deliverables and objectives, the WBS breaks down the project into smaller, manageable components, and the WBS Dictionary provides detailed descriptions of each work package in the WBS. Together, these documents form the scope baseline, which serves as a reference point for measuring and controlling project scope.

Explanation

The scope baseline consists of the Project Scope Statement, the WBS, and the WBS Dictionary. The Project Scope Statement defines the project's deliverables and objectives, the WBS breaks down the project into smaller, manageable components, and the WBS Dictionary provides detailed descriptions of each work package in the WBS. Together, these documents form the scope baseline, which serves as a reference point for measuring and controlling project scope.

80. Which of the following is NOT a project constraint?

Cost

Resources

Procurements

Scope

Procurements are not considered a project constraint because they are not a limitation or restriction that affects the project's execution or outcome. Project constraints typically refer to factors that can impact the project, such as cost, resources, and scope. Procurements, on the other hand, involve the acquisition of goods or services needed for the project and are not inherently limiting factors. While procurements may have their own constraints, such as budget or availability, they are not considered project constraints in the same way as the other options listed.

Explanation

Procurements are not considered a project constraint because they are not a limitation or restriction that affects the project's execution or outcome. Project constraints typically refer to factors that can impact the project, such as cost, resources, and scope. Procurements, on the other hand, involve the acquisition of goods or services needed for the project and are not inherently limiting factors. While procurements may have their own constraints, such as budget or availability, they are not considered project constraints in the same way as the other options listed.

81. You have recently been assigned as a project manager to a new B-O-T (Build, Operate, Transfer) capital project. Reviewing the initial documentation you found out that it has been calculated with a very small margin during operations of its product for the shareholders. What should you do?

As you are not responsible for lifecycle costing, you don't have to worry about operation profits. Focus on project costs from initiation through handover.

Ensure maximum profits by buying the best and cheapest items, components and modules - potentially from a big number of different suppliers - and integrating them.

Create a realistic plan broken down to a sufficient level of detail. Perform all risk management processes. Ensure real-time communications with all stakeholders.

Try to get a second project manager assigned to share decision making and accountability to shareholders with the person.

The correct answer is to create a realistic plan broken down to a sufficient level of detail, perform all risk management processes, and ensure real-time communications with all stakeholders. This is because as the project manager, it is important to have a clear and detailed plan in order to effectively manage the project. By performing risk management processes, potential risks can be identified and mitigated, ensuring the success of the project. Additionally, maintaining open and real-time communication with stakeholders helps to keep everyone informed and involved in the project's progress.

Explanation

The correct answer is to create a realistic plan broken down to a sufficient level of detail, perform all risk management processes, and ensure real-time communications with all stakeholders. This is because as the project manager, it is important to have a clear and detailed plan in order to effectively manage the project. By performing risk management processes, potential risks can be identified and mitigated, ensuring the success of the project. Additionally, maintaining open and real-time communication with stakeholders helps to keep everyone informed and involved in the project's progress.

82. You are project manager in a global project with a team consisting of people from various countries. What can you try to prevent misunderstandings due to cross-cultural differences?

Use all communication methods available that are suitable for the team and follow up in writing when communicating verbally. Remember that cultural and individual diversity may help project teams solving unforeseen problems during the course of the project.

When you are about to form a team for your project, keep in mind that some cultures are developed, others are more primitive. Some have values, some not. You should consequently avoid choosing members from countries with cultures that are not similar to your own.

Cultural dilemmas can prevent any project from being successful. They should therefore be smoothed or suppressed so as to make sure that they cannot disrupt project work. Your effort should concentrate on communication that can help reach that goal.

As norms regarding communication habits differ significantly across various cultures, communicating between people from different countries should only be done using language. The nonverbal dimension simply bears too many risks.

To prevent misunderstandings due to cross-cultural differences in a global project, it is important to use all communication methods available that are suitable for the team. This includes verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as written communication to follow up on verbal discussions. It is crucial to recognize and embrace cultural and individual diversity within the team, as this can contribute to problem-solving and creativity. By promoting effective communication and valuing diversity, the project manager can minimize misunderstandings and ensure the success of the project.

Explanation

To prevent misunderstandings due to cross-cultural differences in a global project, it is important to use all communication methods available that are suitable for the team. This includes verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as written communication to follow up on verbal discussions. It is crucial to recognize and embrace cultural and individual diversity within the team, as this can contribute to problem-solving and creativity. By promoting effective communication and valuing diversity, the project manager can minimize misunderstandings and ensure the success of the project.

83. What is a trigger in project risk management?

An expected situation causing an unidentified risk to occur

A warning sign that a previously identified risk might be occurring or has occurred

An unexpected situation causing an identified risk to occur

An unexpected situation causing an unidentified risk to occur

A trigger in project risk management is a warning sign that a previously identified risk might be occurring or has occurred. It serves as an indicator that the risk is becoming a reality or has already happened. Triggers help project managers and stakeholders to take necessary actions to mitigate the risk or minimize its impact. By monitoring triggers, project teams can stay proactive in managing risks and prevent them from escalating into larger issues.

Explanation

A trigger in project risk management is a warning sign that a previously identified risk might be occurring or has occurred. It serves as an indicator that the risk is becoming a reality or has already happened. Triggers help project managers and stakeholders to take necessary actions to mitigate the risk or minimize its impact. By monitoring triggers, project teams can stay proactive in managing risks and prevent them from escalating into larger issues.

84. During the execution of a project to build a complex defense system, your team has run into a deep crisis. The project's goal and objectives have been challenging right from the start, but now you have discovered that your team members have become increasingly unaware of them. Being busy solving detail problems, they often fail to understand the overall requirements. Then they develop solutions which resolve issues in their area of limited responsibility, while causing new problems at the interfaces with other system components. Meanwhile, the team members show signs of growing frustration, and time is running away. How can you help your team in this situation?

Accompany your team members along a sequence of maturity levels from dependence through independence to interdependence.

Ignore the low-level issues and focus on achieving the overall requirements, details can be sorted out during test and handover.

If everybody simply does their jobs, then there should be no problem. Make sure that team members are fully aware of their accountability.

Problems of this dimension have their origin in fundamental personal incompatibilities between team members. You should replace them all.

The correct answer suggests that in order to help the team in this situation, the leader should guide and support the team members in progressing through different levels of maturity. This means transitioning from being dependent on the leader for guidance to becoming independent and capable of solving problems on their own, and eventually reaching a state of interdependence where they can effectively collaborate and coordinate with each other. This approach will help the team members understand the overall requirements and develop solutions that consider the interfaces with other system components.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that in order to help the team in this situation, the leader should guide and support the team members in progressing through different levels of maturity. This means transitioning from being dependent on the leader for guidance to becoming independent and capable of solving problems on their own, and eventually reaching a state of interdependence where they can effectively collaborate and coordinate with each other. This approach will help the team members understand the overall requirements and develop solutions that consider the interfaces with other system components.

85. During execution in a project to build a major road bridge, your team found a hefty flaw in the technical drawings. On an ad-hoc base, they had to find and implement a workaround to avoid delays and mitigate technical problems. What should you do next?

Meticulously document the problem and the workaround to create a requested change to the project management plan, which will then be passed to the body responsible for the change control decision.

The workaround was performed on a technical level only. As long as it does not influence the function of the bridge or the organizational configuration of the project, a change request will not be necessary.

A formal change request from hind side is not sensible. Create some additional documents describing the workaround and sign them by yourself, you can present them during the next regular CCB meeting.

It is normal in projects that, during project execution, inconsistencies arise between planning documents and actual implementation. This is no problem as long as the functional status of the product is maintained.

In this scenario, the team has discovered a significant flaw in the technical drawings and implemented a workaround to avoid delays and mitigate technical problems. However, it is important to document the problem and the workaround in order to create a requested change to the project management plan. This documentation will then be passed to the body responsible for change control decision-making. This ensures that the issue is properly addressed and that any necessary changes are made to the project plan to prevent similar problems from occurring in the future.

Explanation

In this scenario, the team has discovered a significant flaw in the technical drawings and implemented a workaround to avoid delays and mitigate technical problems. However, it is important to document the problem and the workaround in order to create a requested change to the project management plan. This documentation will then be passed to the body responsible for change control decision-making. This ensures that the issue is properly addressed and that any necessary changes are made to the project plan to prevent similar problems from occurring in the future.

86. The Cost baseline is developed during which process?

Perform integrated change control

Estimate costs

Develop schedule

Determine budget

The Cost baseline is developed during the Determine budget process. This process involves aggregating the estimated costs of individual activities or work packages to establish an authorized cost baseline. The cost baseline is an approved version of the project budget that is used as a reference to measure and monitor project performance. It provides a benchmark for comparing actual costs and helps in controlling and managing the project budget throughout its lifecycle.

Explanation

The Cost baseline is developed during the Determine budget process. This process involves aggregating the estimated costs of individual activities or work packages to establish an authorized cost baseline. The cost baseline is an approved version of the project budget that is used as a reference to measure and monitor project performance. It provides a benchmark for comparing actual costs and helps in controlling and managing the project budget throughout its lifecycle.

87. The ________ is a document which describes how the project management team will implement the performing organization's quality policy.

Quality assurance plan

Quality management plan

Quality commitment

Quality audit

The quality management plan is a document that outlines how the project management team will execute the quality policy of the performing organization. It includes details on the processes, procedures, and resources that will be utilized to ensure that the project meets the required quality standards. The plan provides a roadmap for quality assurance activities, such as quality control inspections and audits, and establishes the responsibilities and roles of the team members involved in managing quality throughout the project lifecycle.

Explanation

The quality management plan is a document that outlines how the project management team will execute the quality policy of the performing organization. It includes details on the processes, procedures, and resources that will be utilized to ensure that the project meets the required quality standards. The plan provides a roadmap for quality assurance activities, such as quality control inspections and audits, and establishes the responsibilities and roles of the team members involved in managing quality throughout the project lifecycle.

88. Which statement describes best the purpose of the Communications management plan?

The project management plan is a subsidiary document of the overall communications management plan.

The communications management plan describes rules of behavior and respect for communications in cross-cultural teams.

The communications management plan describes the information delivery needs including format and level of detail.

The communications management plan focuses on the use of communications technologies by the project management team

The purpose of the Communications Management Plan is to describe the information delivery needs of the project, including the format and level of detail. This plan outlines how communication will be managed throughout the project, ensuring that the right information is delivered to the right stakeholders in a timely manner. It helps to establish clear guidelines and processes for communication, ensuring that it is effective and efficient. By describing the information delivery needs, the plan helps to ensure that stakeholders receive the necessary information in a format that is suitable for their understanding and decision-making.

Explanation

The purpose of the Communications Management Plan is to describe the information delivery needs of the project, including the format and level of detail. This plan outlines how communication will be managed throughout the project, ensuring that the right information is delivered to the right stakeholders in a timely manner. It helps to establish clear guidelines and processes for communication, ensuring that it is effective and efficient. By describing the information delivery needs, the plan helps to ensure that stakeholders receive the necessary information in a format that is suitable for their understanding and decision-making.

89. You are just leaving a meeting during which you have been assigned as the manager of a project to build a sub-station that is part of a major electric power distribution system. The decision to run the project has been made before your assignment and without your involvement. Some basic decisions on deliverables, staffing, budgeting and on the completion date have already been made as well. What should you do first?

Obtain a Project charter which links the project to the strategy and ongoing work of the organization and documents the initial decisions.

Create a Project schedule for your project which shows all major milestones and deadlines linked with them. Then try to obtain approval for the schedule.

Start developing a detailed Risk register which includes identified risks with their qualitative and quantitative assessments and a response plan.

Start the Quality assurance process by developing test procedures for the final deliverable and defining metrics against which the tests will be performed.

Obtaining a Project charter is the first step because it is essential to have a clear understanding of the project's purpose, objectives, and how it aligns with the organization's strategy. The charter also documents the initial decisions that have already been made, allowing the manager to familiarize themselves with the project's scope, deliverables, staffing, budgeting, and completion date. This information is crucial for the manager to effectively plan and execute the project.

Explanation

Obtaining a Project charter is the first step because it is essential to have a clear understanding of the project's purpose, objectives, and how it aligns with the organization's strategy. The charter also documents the initial decisions that have already been made, allowing the manager to familiarize themselves with the project's scope, deliverables, staffing, budgeting, and completion date. This information is crucial for the manager to effectively plan and execute the project.

90. You are managing a project with AC = $25,100, ETC = $45,600, VAC = -$2,600, BAC = $90,000 and EAC = $92,100. Your sponsor asks you to forecast how much money you expect to spend on the remainder of the project. Which is the BEST estimate to use for this forecast?

$45,600

$87,400

$90,000

$92,100

The best estimate to use for the forecast of how much money is expected to be spent on the remainder of the project is $45,600. This is because ETC (Estimate to Complete) represents the remaining amount of money needed to complete the project, and in this case, it is $45,600.

Explanation

The best estimate to use for the forecast of how much money is expected to be spent on the remainder of the project is $45,600. This is because ETC (Estimate to Complete) represents the remaining amount of money needed to complete the project, and in this case, it is $45,600.

91. You are managing a project with an EV of $15,000, PV of $12,000 and AC of $11,000. How would you BEST describe this project?

The project is ahead of schedule and within its budget

The project is behind schedule and within its budget

The project is ahead of schedule and over its budget

The project is behind schedule and over its budget

The EV (earned value) of $15,000 is greater than the PV (planned value) of $12,000, indicating that the project is ahead of schedule. Additionally, the AC (actual cost) of $11,000 is less than the EV, suggesting that the project is within its budget. Therefore, the best description for this project is that it is ahead of schedule and within its budget.

Explanation

The EV (earned value) of $15,000 is greater than the PV (planned value) of $12,000, indicating that the project is ahead of schedule. Additionally, the AC (actual cost) of $11,000 is less than the EV, suggesting that the project is within its budget. Therefore, the best description for this project is that it is ahead of schedule and within its budget.

92. Which of the following best describes decomposition?

Waiting for a task to expire so that it can break down into smaller tasks

Taking a deliverable and breaking it down into the smaller work packages so that it can be organized and planned

Categorizing work packages

Dividing work packages into deliverables that can be planned for.

Decomposition refers to the process of taking a deliverable and breaking it down into smaller work packages. This allows for better organization and planning of the project. By breaking down the deliverable into smaller components, it becomes easier to assign tasks, estimate resources and time required, and track progress. This approach helps in managing complex projects by breaking them into manageable and understandable parts, facilitating better coordination and control.

Explanation

Decomposition refers to the process of taking a deliverable and breaking it down into smaller work packages. This allows for better organization and planning of the project. By breaking down the deliverable into smaller components, it becomes easier to assign tasks, estimate resources and time required, and track progress. This approach helps in managing complex projects by breaking them into manageable and understandable parts, facilitating better coordination and control.

93. A change has occurred on your project. You've documented the change, filled out a change request, and submitted that request to the change control board (CCB). What's the NEXT thing that must happen on the project?

A senior manager decides whether or not to make the change and informs the project management team of the decision.

The project manager informs the CCB whether or not to approve the change.

Stakeholders on the CCB use expert judgment to evaluate the requested change for approval.

The project manager meets with the team to analyze the impact of the change on the project’s time, scope and cost.

After submitting the change request to the change control board (CCB), the next step is for the stakeholders on the CCB to use their expert judgment to evaluate the requested change for approval. This means that the stakeholders will carefully assess the impact of the change on the project, considering factors such as time, scope, and cost. Based on their evaluation, they will make a decision on whether to approve or reject the change. This step is crucial in ensuring that changes to the project are properly evaluated and aligned with the project's objectives and constraints.

Explanation

After submitting the change request to the change control board (CCB), the next step is for the stakeholders on the CCB to use their expert judgment to evaluate the requested change for approval. This means that the stakeholders will carefully assess the impact of the change on the project, considering factors such as time, scope, and cost. Based on their evaluation, they will make a decision on whether to approve or reject the change. This step is crucial in ensuring that changes to the project are properly evaluated and aligned with the project's objectives and constraints.

94. A new project management software tool has come onto the market. You spend the weekend taking an online tutorial to learn about it. This is an example of:

Lessons learned

Not paying for copyrighted software

Contributing to the project management body of knowledge

Enhancing personal professional competence

The given scenario describes an individual spending their weekend taking an online tutorial to learn about a new project management software tool. This action of investing time and effort in learning and improving one's skills and knowledge in their professional field is an example of enhancing personal professional competence.

Explanation

The given scenario describes an individual spending their weekend taking an online tutorial to learn about a new project management software tool. This action of investing time and effort in learning and improving one's skills and knowledge in their professional field is an example of enhancing personal professional competence.

95. Being assigned as a project manager, you noticed during executing that conflicts arise in the team on both, technical and interpersonal level. What is an appropriate way of handling conflicts?

Conflicts distract the team and disrupt the work rhythm. You should always smooth them when they surface.

A conflict should be handled in a meeting so that the entire team can participate in solution finding.

Conflict should be addressed early and usually in private, using a direct, collaborative approach.

You should use your coercive power to quickly resolve conflicts and then focus on goal achievement.

Conflicts in a team can negatively impact productivity and team dynamics. It is important for a project manager to address conflicts early on and in a private setting. By using a direct and collaborative approach, the project manager can create a safe space for team members to express their concerns and work towards finding a solution together. This approach promotes open communication, understanding, and teamwork, ultimately leading to the resolution of conflicts and the achievement of project goals.

Explanation

Conflicts in a team can negatively impact productivity and team dynamics. It is important for a project manager to address conflicts early on and in a private setting. By using a direct and collaborative approach, the project manager can create a safe space for team members to express their concerns and work towards finding a solution together. This approach promotes open communication, understanding, and teamwork, ultimately leading to the resolution of conflicts and the achievement of project goals.

96. At the beginning of Project execution, you notice different opinions between team members relating to project work and deliverables and to the level of overall complexity. What should you do right now?

Give your team members some time to develop a common understanding of the project scope and product scope. Upcoming interface problems may be resolved later.

Use the Risk management processes to identify and assess risks caused by misunderstandings and develop a plan with measures in order to respond to them.

Organize meetings to identify and resolve misunderstandings between team members in order to avoid interface problems, disintegration and costly rework early in the project.

Use interviews in private with each individual team member to inform them of your expectations and your requirements in an atmosphere of confidence.

In this situation, the best course of action is to organize meetings to identify and resolve misunderstandings between team members. This will help in avoiding interface problems, disintegration, and costly rework early in the project. By bringing the team members together, they can discuss their different opinions and work towards developing a common understanding of the project scope and product scope. This proactive approach will help in addressing the issues at the beginning of the project execution, ensuring better collaboration and alignment among team members.

Explanation

In this situation, the best course of action is to organize meetings to identify and resolve misunderstandings between team members. This will help in avoiding interface problems, disintegration, and costly rework early in the project. By bringing the team members together, they can discuss their different opinions and work towards developing a common understanding of the project scope and product scope. This proactive approach will help in addressing the issues at the beginning of the project execution, ensuring better collaboration and alignment among team members.

97. A project has the following Earned value data assessed: AC:$4,000,000 CV:$-500,000 SPI:1.12 BaC:$9,650,000 What is the Earned value of the project?

$3,000,000

$3,500,000

$4,480,000

$5,650,000

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

98. You are managing a software engineering project. Your team is having trouble completing their object design tasks. One of your team members tells you that her friend at another company sent her a copy of a software package they own that will help your team meet its deadline. Without that software package, your project will probably be late. But you don't have enough money in the budget to purchase it. What's the BEST way to handle this situation?

Tell the team member not to use the software, and accept that the project will be late.

Use the software so that your project comes in on time.

Purchase the software so that you have a licensed copy.

Tell the team member that you need to maintain plausible deniability, so she should just do what’s necessary and not tell you about it.

Using the software without purchasing it would be illegal and unethical. It is important to maintain integrity and adhere to legal and ethical standards in managing the project. Therefore, the best way to handle this situation is to tell the team member not to use the software and accept that the project will be late. This ensures that the project is completed in an ethical manner, even if it means facing delays.

Explanation

Using the software without purchasing it would be illegal and unethical. It is important to maintain integrity and adhere to legal and ethical standards in managing the project. Therefore, the best way to handle this situation is to tell the team member not to use the software and accept that the project will be late. This ensures that the project is completed in an ethical manner, even if it means facing delays.

99. When do bidder conferences normally take place?

After the contract has been awarded to keep alternatives open.

After submittal of bid or proposal, but before contract award.

Prior to the submittal of a bid or proposal by the bidder.

After technical meetings with bidders to discuss contract requirements.

Bidder conferences normally take place prior to the submittal of a bid or proposal by the bidder. This allows the bidder to gather information and clarification on the contract requirements before submitting their bid. It provides an opportunity for the bidder to ask questions, seek clarification, and gain a better understanding of the project or contract. By holding the conference before the bid or proposal submission, bidders can make more informed decisions and submit a more competitive bid.

Explanation

Bidder conferences normally take place prior to the submittal of a bid or proposal by the bidder. This allows the bidder to gather information and clarification on the contract requirements before submitting their bid. It provides an opportunity for the bidder to ask questions, seek clarification, and gain a better understanding of the project or contract. By holding the conference before the bid or proposal submission, bidders can make more informed decisions and submit a more competitive bid.

100. A discussion came up during a meeting: To which degree does your project have to be compliant to the processes enumerated in the PMBOK® Guide. What should be the guiding principle to answer this question?

The processes are meant as rough guidelines to which a team should only adhere if there is enough consensus.

The more processes the project team follows, the better the project’s performance will be.

The project manager must follow all 42 processes for project management without alterations.

The project team must select appropriate processes required to meet the project requirements.

The guiding principle to answer this question is that the project team must select the appropriate processes required to meet the project requirements. This means that the team should not blindly adhere to all the processes enumerated in the PMBOK® Guide, but rather evaluate and choose the processes that are necessary and relevant for their specific project. This approach allows for flexibility and customization, ensuring that the project is managed effectively while avoiding unnecessary constraints or bureaucracy.

Explanation

The guiding principle to answer this question is that the project team must select the appropriate processes required to meet the project requirements. This means that the team should not blindly adhere to all the processes enumerated in the PMBOK® Guide, but rather evaluate and choose the processes that are necessary and relevant for their specific project. This approach allows for flexibility and customization, ensuring that the project is managed effectively while avoiding unnecessary constraints or bureaucracy.

101. Alberto is the project manager of a software implementation project. His company has made an organization- wide decision to move to a new accounting and human resources software package. He has read that some projects to implement the same package have resulted in the loss of personnel data when they tried to import it into the new system. He backs up the data so that it could be restored in the event of such a problem but also buys insurance to cover the cost of keying in the data manually if the implementation doesn't work. Which response strategies are Alberto using?

Mitigating and Accepting

Mitigating and Avoiding

Mitigating and Transferring

Mitigating and Sharing

Alberto is using the strategy of mitigating by backing up the data to restore it in case of any problems during the implementation. He is also using the strategy of transferring by buying insurance to cover the cost of manually keying in the data if the implementation fails. By taking these actions, Alberto is reducing the potential impact of the loss of personnel data and transferring the financial risk to the insurance provider.

Explanation

Alberto is using the strategy of mitigating by backing up the data to restore it in case of any problems during the implementation. He is also using the strategy of transferring by buying insurance to cover the cost of manually keying in the data if the implementation fails. By taking these actions, Alberto is reducing the potential impact of the loss of personnel data and transferring the financial risk to the insurance provider.

102. You're managing a project with a schedule performance index (SPI) of 1.07 and a cost performance index (CPI) of 0.94. How would you BEST describe this project?

The project is ahead of schedule and within its budget

The project is behind schedule and within its budget

The project is ahead of schedule and over its budget

The project is behind schedule and over its budget

The schedule performance index (SPI) of 1.07 indicates that the project is ahead of schedule, as a value greater than 1 indicates that the project is progressing faster than planned. On the other hand, the cost performance index (CPI) of 0.94 suggests that the project is over its budget, as a value less than 1 indicates that the project is spending more than planned. Therefore, the best description for this project is that it is ahead of schedule but over its budget.

Explanation

The schedule performance index (SPI) of 1.07 indicates that the project is ahead of schedule, as a value greater than 1 indicates that the project is progressing faster than planned. On the other hand, the cost performance index (CPI) of 0.94 suggests that the project is over its budget, as a value less than 1 indicates that the project is spending more than planned. Therefore, the best description for this project is that it is ahead of schedule but over its budget.

103. Which of the following is NOT included in a cost of quality calculation?

Team members’ time spent finding and repairing defects

Quality managers’ time spent writing quality standards

Project managers’ time spent creating the project management plan

Team members’ time spent reviewing specifications, plans and other documents

The cost of quality calculation includes the costs associated with preventing, detecting, and fixing defects. This includes team members' time spent finding and repairing defects, quality managers' time spent writing quality standards, and team members' time spent reviewing specifications, plans, and other documents. However, the project managers' time spent creating the project management plan is not directly related to the cost of quality calculation. The project management plan is a separate activity that focuses on overall project planning and execution, rather than specifically on quality management.

Explanation

The cost of quality calculation includes the costs associated with preventing, detecting, and fixing defects. This includes team members' time spent finding and repairing defects, quality managers' time spent writing quality standards, and team members' time spent reviewing specifications, plans, and other documents. However, the project managers' time spent creating the project management plan is not directly related to the cost of quality calculation. The project management plan is a separate activity that focuses on overall project planning and execution, rather than specifically on quality management.

104. Which of the following statements describes best the relationship of quality and grade?

Low grade is always a problem; low quality may be overcome by a good rework and repair process.

Grade is a category or rank given to entities having different functional requirements but the same need for quality.

Both quality and grade can often be improved through intelligent measuring, testing and examining.

Low quality is always a problem as it bears on the ability of an item to meet requirements; low grade may sometimes be acceptable.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that low quality is always a problem because it directly affects the ability of an item to meet requirements. On the other hand, low grade may sometimes be acceptable because it refers to a category or rank given to entities with different functional requirements but the same need for quality. This means that even though the grade may be low, the item can still fulfill its intended purpose and meet the necessary quality standards.

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that low quality is always a problem because it directly affects the ability of an item to meet requirements. On the other hand, low grade may sometimes be acceptable because it refers to a category or rank given to entities with different functional requirements but the same need for quality. This means that even though the grade may be low, the item can still fulfill its intended purpose and meet the necessary quality standards.

105. You created a Baseline of your System configuration and added several changes to that as amendments. Meanwhile you are afraid that the big number of Deltas may cause inconsistencies and make you unable to understand the current system configuration. What should you do?

Proclaim a Design freeze.

Go on with amendments.

Revise the baseline.

Create an entirely new configuration.

If you are afraid that the big number of Deltas may cause inconsistencies and make you unable to understand the current system configuration, the best course of action would be to revise the baseline. By revising the baseline, you can update it to reflect the current state of the system configuration, incorporating all the amendments that have been made. This will help ensure that the baseline remains a reliable reference point and reduce the risk of inconsistencies or confusion.

Explanation

If you are afraid that the big number of Deltas may cause inconsistencies and make you unable to understand the current system configuration, the best course of action would be to revise the baseline. By revising the baseline, you can update it to reflect the current state of the system configuration, incorporating all the amendments that have been made. This will help ensure that the baseline remains a reliable reference point and reduce the risk of inconsistencies or confusion.

106. You are having lunch with one of your colleagues. He tells you in confidence that he lied about having a PMP certification, and never actually passed the exam. What is the BEST way to handle this situation?

Report the person to PMI

Report the person to his manager

Ask him to tell the truth to his manager

Do nothing because you were told this in confidence

Reporting the person to PMI is the best way to handle this situation because lying about having a PMP certification is a violation of PMI's Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. By reporting the person to PMI, you are ensuring that the appropriate actions are taken to address the situation and maintain the integrity of the certification process. Reporting to PMI is more appropriate than reporting to the person's manager, as it is the responsibility of PMI to investigate and take action in cases of certification fraud.

Explanation

Reporting the person to PMI is the best way to handle this situation because lying about having a PMP certification is a violation of PMI's Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. By reporting the person to PMI, you are ensuring that the appropriate actions are taken to address the situation and maintain the integrity of the certification process. Reporting to PMI is more appropriate than reporting to the person's manager, as it is the responsibility of PMI to investigate and take action in cases of certification fraud.

107. What is not a reason for companies to organize Lessons learned?

Lessons learned databases are an essential element of the organizational process assets.

Lessons learned should focus on identifying those accountable for errors and failures.

Lessons learned sessions should bring about recommendations to improve future performance on projects.

Phase-end lessons learned sessions provide a good team building exercise for project staff members.

The reason that "Lessons learned should focus on identifying those accountable for errors and failures" is not a valid reason for companies to organize lessons learned is because the purpose of lessons learned is to improve future performance and prevent mistakes from happening again. It is not about assigning blame or pointing fingers at individuals. Instead, it is about identifying what went wrong and finding ways to avoid similar issues in the future. By focusing on accountability, the organization may discourage open and honest sharing of lessons, which can hinder the learning process.

Explanation

The reason that "Lessons learned should focus on identifying those accountable for errors and failures" is not a valid reason for companies to organize lessons learned is because the purpose of lessons learned is to improve future performance and prevent mistakes from happening again. It is not about assigning blame or pointing fingers at individuals. Instead, it is about identifying what went wrong and finding ways to avoid similar issues in the future. By focusing on accountability, the organization may discourage open and honest sharing of lessons, which can hinder the learning process.

108. What is least important when it comes to archiving project records?

A well-designed records management system

Integration of the archive with business software

Updated records reflecting final results

Easy availability of information for future use

Integration of the archive with business software is the least important when it comes to archiving project records. While it can be beneficial to have integration between the archive and business software for seamless access and retrieval of information, it is not essential for the archiving process itself. The primary focus should be on having a well-designed records management system, updated records reflecting final results, and easy availability of information for future use. These factors ensure the organization and accessibility of project records, which are crucial for effective archiving.

Explanation

Integration of the archive with business software is the least important when it comes to archiving project records. While it can be beneficial to have integration between the archive and business software for seamless access and retrieval of information, it is not essential for the archiving process itself. The primary focus should be on having a well-designed records management system, updated records reflecting final results, and easy availability of information for future use. These factors ensure the organization and accessibility of project records, which are crucial for effective archiving.

109. What is not true for project deliverables?

Project deliverables should be identified, described and agreed upon as early in the project as possible.

Project deliverables may be products, capabilities for services or other kinds of results.

Once project deliverables have been identified, their description should not be changed any more.

The acceptance process for deliverables and how rejection will be addressed should be described in the contract.

Project deliverables may need to be changed or modified throughout the project lifecycle due to various reasons such as changes in requirements, scope, or stakeholder needs. It is important to have a flexible approach to deliverables to ensure that they align with the evolving project goals and objectives. Therefore, the statement that the description of project deliverables should not be changed once they have been identified is not true.

Explanation

Project deliverables may need to be changed or modified throughout the project lifecycle due to various reasons such as changes in requirements, scope, or stakeholder needs. It is important to have a flexible approach to deliverables to ensure that they align with the evolving project goals and objectives. Therefore, the statement that the description of project deliverables should not be changed once they have been identified is not true.

110. You recently took over the assignment for a project. The project charter has been developed. What is an appropriate next step for you?

Develop the risk register.

Develop the project milestone schedule.

Develop management plans.

Get approval for the project management plan.

After taking over the assignment for a project and having the project charter developed, the appropriate next step would be to develop management plans. This is because management plans outline how the project will be executed, monitored, and controlled. They include plans such as the scope management plan, schedule management plan, cost management plan, communication management plan, and others. Developing these plans is crucial for ensuring that the project is properly planned and organized, and that all aspects of the project are effectively managed.

Explanation

After taking over the assignment for a project and having the project charter developed, the appropriate next step would be to develop management plans. This is because management plans outline how the project will be executed, monitored, and controlled. They include plans such as the scope management plan, schedule management plan, cost management plan, communication management plan, and others. Developing these plans is crucial for ensuring that the project is properly planned and organized, and that all aspects of the project are effectively managed.

111. In a project, a Cost incentive contract has been awarded to a contractor with the following parameters: Target cost:$1,000,000 Target contractor fee:$100,000 Cost benefit sharing ratio:80%/20% Price ceiling:$1,200,000 What is the Point of total assumption (PTA, Breakpoint) of the project?

$1,000,000

$1,100,000

$1,125,000

$1,200,000

The Point of Total Assumption (PTA) is the cost at which the contractor assumes all additional costs beyond the ceiling price. In this case, the ceiling price is $1,200,000. The cost benefit sharing ratio is 80%/20%, meaning that the contractor will receive 80% of any cost savings and bear 20% of any cost overruns. The target cost is $1,000,000, and the target contractor fee is $100,000. To calculate the PTA, we add the target cost and target contractor fee and divide by the contractor's share of the cost benefit sharing ratio (20%). Therefore, the PTA is $1,125,000.

Explanation

The Point of Total Assumption (PTA) is the cost at which the contractor assumes all additional costs beyond the ceiling price. In this case, the ceiling price is $1,200,000. The cost benefit sharing ratio is 80%/20%, meaning that the contractor will receive 80% of any cost savings and bear 20% of any cost overruns. The target cost is $1,000,000, and the target contractor fee is $100,000. To calculate the PTA, we add the target cost and target contractor fee and divide by the contractor's share of the cost benefit sharing ratio (20%). Therefore, the PTA is $1,125,000.

112. What is important for Quality auditors?

They must be in-house personnel.

They must be third-party staff.

They must be mandated by the auditee.

They must be properly trained.

Quality auditors play a crucial role in ensuring that products or services meet the required standards. Being properly trained is important for quality auditors as it equips them with the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively carry out audits. Proper training enables auditors to understand the audit process, identify non-conformities, and make accurate assessments. It also helps them stay updated with the latest quality standards and practices. Without proper training, auditors may lack the expertise needed to conduct thorough and accurate audits, which could compromise the overall quality assurance process.

Explanation

Quality auditors play a crucial role in ensuring that products or services meet the required standards. Being properly trained is important for quality auditors as it equips them with the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively carry out audits. Proper training enables auditors to understand the audit process, identify non-conformities, and make accurate assessments. It also helps them stay updated with the latest quality standards and practices. Without proper training, auditors may lack the expertise needed to conduct thorough and accurate audits, which could compromise the overall quality assurance process.

113. What is the meaning of the acronym CSOW?

A Statement of work that is part of a Contingency plan; it is commonly linked with Contingency reserves.

A Statement of work that has been formally agreed upon by both parties and is therefore part of a Contract.

A Statement of work that is currently valid; this contrasts with the scope baseline, a formerly valid SOW.

A Statement of work on project level that cumulates statements of work on Cost account level

The correct answer is "A Statement of work that has been formally agreed upon by both parties and is therefore part of a Contract." This means that CSOW stands for a Statement of Work that has been agreed upon by both parties involved in a contract. This indicates that the CSOW is a formal document that outlines the work to be done, the deliverables, and any other relevant details that have been agreed upon by both parties.

Explanation

The correct answer is "A Statement of work that has been formally agreed upon by both parties and is therefore part of a Contract." This means that CSOW stands for a Statement of Work that has been agreed upon by both parties involved in a contract. This indicates that the CSOW is a formal document that outlines the work to be done, the deliverables, and any other relevant details that have been agreed upon by both parties.

114. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Project Management Plan?

Collection of subsidiary plans

Formal, written communication

A bar chart that shows the order of tasks and their resource assignments

Must be approved by project sponsor

The Project Management Plan includes various components such as the collection of subsidiary plans, formal written communication, and the need for approval by the project sponsor. However, a bar chart that shows the order of tasks and their resource assignments is not specifically mentioned as a characteristic of the Project Management Plan.

Explanation

The Project Management Plan includes various components such as the collection of subsidiary plans, formal written communication, and the need for approval by the project sponsor. However, a bar chart that shows the order of tasks and their resource assignments is not specifically mentioned as a characteristic of the Project Management Plan.

115. During a project Earned Value Analysis is performed and gives the following numbers: EV: 523,000; PV: 623,000; AC: 643,000. Which results are correct?

CV: +120,000; SV: +100,000

CV: +100,000; SV: +120,000

CV: -100,000; SV: -120,000

CV: -120,000; SV: -100,000

The CV (Cost Variance) is calculated by subtracting the AC (Actual Cost) from the EV (Earned Value), so CV = EV - AC. In this case, CV = 523,000 - 643,000 = -120,000. A negative CV indicates that the project is over budget.

The SV (Schedule Variance) is calculated by subtracting the PV (Planned Value) from the EV, so SV = EV - PV. In this case, SV = 523,000 - 623,000 = -100,000. A negative SV indicates that the project is behind schedule.

Therefore, the correct answer is CV: -120,000; SV: -100,000.

Explanation

The CV (Cost Variance) is calculated by subtracting the AC (Actual Cost) from the EV (Earned Value), so CV = EV - AC. In this case, CV = 523,000 - 643,000 = -120,000. A negative CV indicates that the project is over budget.

The SV (Schedule Variance) is calculated by subtracting the PV (Planned Value) from the EV, so SV = EV - PV. In this case, SV = 523,000 - 623,000 = -100,000. A negative SV indicates that the project is behind schedule.

Therefore, the correct answer is CV: -120,000; SV: -100,000.

116. Your project is executed with a globally spread virtual team. The project progress has been found to be too slow. Which measure is most likely to immediately speed up the project?

Technical training for all team members

Daily phone conferences and detailed reporting

A team meeting at a location convenient to all team members

Collocation of team members at a suitable place

Collocating team members at a suitable place is most likely to immediately speed up the project because it allows for better communication and collaboration among team members. When team members are physically located in the same place, they can have face-to-face interactions, which can help in resolving issues quickly, making decisions faster, and increasing overall productivity. It also eliminates the potential delays and misunderstandings that can occur when working with a globally spread virtual team.

Explanation

Collocating team members at a suitable place is most likely to immediately speed up the project because it allows for better communication and collaboration among team members. When team members are physically located in the same place, they can have face-to-face interactions, which can help in resolving issues quickly, making decisions faster, and increasing overall productivity. It also eliminates the potential delays and misunderstandings that can occur when working with a globally spread virtual team.

117. What is the purpose of the following diagram?

Describing the influence of extreme weather conditions on progress and on the achievement of project objectives.

Comparing the relative importance of variables that have a high degree of uncertainty with those that are more stable.

Evaluating team performance and identifying team members with low productivity and work effectiveness.

Evaluating the degree to which project work and deliverables conform to the expectations of key stakeholders.

The purpose of the diagram is to compare the relative importance of variables that have a high degree of uncertainty with those that are more stable. The diagram is likely designed to visually represent and analyze the impact of different variables on project progress and achievement of objectives. By comparing the importance of uncertain variables with more stable ones, the diagram can help in identifying and prioritizing the factors that may have the most significant influence on the project.

Explanation

The purpose of the diagram is to compare the relative importance of variables that have a high degree of uncertainty with those that are more stable. The diagram is likely designed to visually represent and analyze the impact of different variables on project progress and achievement of objectives. By comparing the importance of uncertain variables with more stable ones, the diagram can help in identifying and prioritizing the factors that may have the most significant influence on the project.

118. A project manager is negotiating with a contractor. Neither has a good idea of how long the project will take, or how much the materials will cost. Which contract type is MOST appropriate for this project?

Cost plus fixed fee (CPFF)

Time and Materials (T&M)

Cost plus award fee (CPAF)

Firm fixed price (FFP)

In a situation where neither the project manager nor the contractor have a good idea of the project duration or material costs, a Time and Materials (T&M) contract is most appropriate. This type of contract allows for flexibility in both time and materials, as the contractor is reimbursed for the actual time spent on the project and the materials used. This allows for adjustments to be made as the project progresses and more accurate estimates can be made.

Explanation

In a situation where neither the project manager nor the contractor have a good idea of the project duration or material costs, a Time and Materials (T&M) contract is most appropriate. This type of contract allows for flexibility in both time and materials, as the contractor is reimbursed for the actual time spent on the project and the materials used. This allows for adjustments to be made as the project progresses and more accurate estimates can be made.

119. Which of the following is NOT an output of the Manage Stakeholder Expectations process?

Change requests

Deliverables

Updates to the project management plan

Organizational process asset updates

The Manage Stakeholder Expectations process involves identifying and managing the needs, wants, and expectations of stakeholders. This process focuses on ensuring that stakeholders are satisfied with the project outcomes. Change requests, updates to the project management plan, and organizational process asset updates are all outputs of this process as they are necessary to address stakeholder expectations and manage any changes that arise. However, deliverables are not directly related to managing stakeholder expectations, but rather the tangible outputs of the project that are created and delivered to meet project objectives.

Explanation

The Manage Stakeholder Expectations process involves identifying and managing the needs, wants, and expectations of stakeholders. This process focuses on ensuring that stakeholders are satisfied with the project outcomes. Change requests, updates to the project management plan, and organizational process asset updates are all outputs of this process as they are necessary to address stakeholder expectations and manage any changes that arise. However, deliverables are not directly related to managing stakeholder expectations, but rather the tangible outputs of the project that are created and delivered to meet project objectives.

120. Which of the following tools is used to create a Risk Management Plan?

Risk planning meetings

Documentation reviews

Data precision rankings

Diagramming techniques

Risk planning meetings are used to create a Risk Management Plan. During these meetings, project stakeholders come together to identify potential risks, assess their impact and likelihood, and develop strategies to mitigate or manage them. The meetings provide a platform for collaboration and discussion, allowing the team to gather input from various perspectives and ensure that all potential risks are considered and addressed in the plan. This process helps in identifying and analyzing risks, determining appropriate risk responses, and ultimately creating a comprehensive Risk Management Plan.

Explanation

Risk planning meetings are used to create a Risk Management Plan. During these meetings, project stakeholders come together to identify potential risks, assess their impact and likelihood, and develop strategies to mitigate or manage them. The meetings provide a platform for collaboration and discussion, allowing the team to gather input from various perspectives and ensure that all potential risks are considered and addressed in the plan. This process helps in identifying and analyzing risks, determining appropriate risk responses, and ultimately creating a comprehensive Risk Management Plan.

121. Which should be included in a Requirements management plan?

The document should trace requirements to project scope / WBS deliverables.

It should describe how requirements activities will be planned, tracked, and reported.

It should trace high-level requirements to more detailed requirements.

It should trace requirements to business needs, opportunities, goals, and objectives.

The correct answer is "It should describe how requirements activities will be planned, tracked, and reported." This answer is correct because a requirements management plan should outline the process for planning, tracking, and reporting on requirements activities. This includes identifying how requirements will be gathered, documented, and validated, as well as how changes to requirements will be managed and communicated. By including this information in the plan, the project team can ensure that requirements are effectively managed throughout the project lifecycle.

Explanation

The correct answer is "It should describe how requirements activities will be planned, tracked, and reported." This answer is correct because a requirements management plan should outline the process for planning, tracking, and reporting on requirements activities. This includes identifying how requirements will be gathered, documented, and validated, as well as how changes to requirements will be managed and communicated. By including this information in the plan, the project team can ensure that requirements are effectively managed throughout the project lifecycle.

122. What are the cost types in modern quality management?

Costs of good quality – costs of bad quality

Planning costs – assurance costs – control costs

Planning costs – doing costs – checking costs – acting costs

Prevention costs – appraisal costs – failure costs

The cost types in modern quality management are prevention costs, appraisal costs, and failure costs. Prevention costs refer to the expenses incurred to prevent defects from occurring in the first place. Appraisal costs are the costs associated with inspecting and evaluating products or services to ensure they meet quality standards. Failure costs are the costs incurred as a result of defects or failures, such as warranty repairs, customer returns, or lost sales. These cost types are important in quality management as they help identify areas for improvement and ensure that products or services meet customer expectations.

Explanation

The cost types in modern quality management are prevention costs, appraisal costs, and failure costs. Prevention costs refer to the expenses incurred to prevent defects from occurring in the first place. Appraisal costs are the costs associated with inspecting and evaluating products or services to ensure they meet quality standards. Failure costs are the costs incurred as a result of defects or failures, such as warranty repairs, customer returns, or lost sales. These cost types are important in quality management as they help identify areas for improvement and ensure that products or services meet customer expectations.

123. While applying procurement management processes in your project you have identified the need to gain a more objective understanding of sellers' capabilities in order to rank proposals and develop a negotiating sequence. Which technique may help avoid bias and subjective decisions best?

Bidder conference

Weighting system

Oral contract

Letter of intent

A weighting system can help avoid bias and subjective decisions by assigning specific weights or values to different criteria or factors that are important in evaluating proposals. This allows for a more objective assessment of sellers' capabilities and helps in ranking proposals and developing a negotiating sequence based on predetermined criteria. By using a weighting system, the evaluation process becomes more transparent and consistent, reducing the chances of bias or subjective judgments.

Explanation

A weighting system can help avoid bias and subjective decisions by assigning specific weights or values to different criteria or factors that are important in evaluating proposals. This allows for a more objective assessment of sellers' capabilities and helps in ranking proposals and developing a negotiating sequence based on predetermined criteria. By using a weighting system, the evaluation process becomes more transparent and consistent, reducing the chances of bias or subjective judgments.

124. You found the following Earned Value Analysis information for a recently closed out project: SPI = 0.7, CPI = 1.0

The project has been cancelled while it was executed. At that time the project was behind schedule and on budget.

The project's deliverables have all been finished. The project came in behind schedule but on budget.

The project's deliverables have all been finished. The project came in ahead of schedule but on budget.

The project's deliverables have all been finished. The project came in on schedule but over budget.

The Earned Value Analysis information states that the SPI (Schedule Performance Index) is 0.7, which indicates that the project is behind schedule. The CPI (Cost Performance Index) is 1.0, which means that the project is on budget. Since the project has been cancelled while it was executed and the project's deliverables have all been finished, it can be inferred that the project came in behind schedule but on budget.

Explanation

The Earned Value Analysis information states that the SPI (Schedule Performance Index) is 0.7, which indicates that the project is behind schedule. The CPI (Cost Performance Index) is 1.0, which means that the project is on budget. Since the project has been cancelled while it was executed and the project's deliverables have all been finished, it can be inferred that the project came in behind schedule but on budget.

125. You want to perform active risk acceptance. What should you do?

Create contingency reserves in resources, money and time.

Develop a plan to minimize impact in case that an identified risk occurs.

Develop a plan to minimize the probability of occurrence for identified risks.

Make additional resources available to speed up the project.

To perform active risk acceptance, you need to create contingency reserves in resources, money, and time. Contingency reserves are set aside to address any potential risks that may occur during the project. By allocating extra resources, money, and time, you are prepared to handle any unexpected events or issues that may arise. This proactive approach helps to mitigate the impact of identified risks and ensures that the project can continue smoothly even in the face of uncertainties.

Explanation

To perform active risk acceptance, you need to create contingency reserves in resources, money, and time. Contingency reserves are set aside to address any potential risks that may occur during the project. By allocating extra resources, money, and time, you are prepared to handle any unexpected events or issues that may arise. This proactive approach helps to mitigate the impact of identified risks and ensures that the project can continue smoothly even in the face of uncertainties.

126. During a company event, you had the opportunity to talk to a colleague project manager. He told you that in his current project actual costs are 15% under cumulated costs budgeted for today. What do you think?

The information given to you by the colleague is not sufficient to assess project performance.

The project will probably be completed with total costs remaining under budget until the end.

A significant cost increase during the further course of the project will probably bring the costs back to baseline level.

Original cost forecasting and budgeting for the project must have been poor to allow this variance.

The given explanation states that the information provided by the colleague is not enough to evaluate the project's performance. This is because knowing that the actual costs are 15% under the budgeted costs does not provide any context or comparison to other factors such as the project timeline, scope, or quality. Without these additional details, it is impossible to determine if the project is on track or if there are any potential issues. Therefore, more information is needed to make a proper assessment of the project's performance.

Explanation

The given explanation states that the information provided by the colleague is not enough to evaluate the project's performance. This is because knowing that the actual costs are 15% under the budgeted costs does not provide any context or comparison to other factors such as the project timeline, scope, or quality. Without these additional details, it is impossible to determine if the project is on track or if there are any potential issues. Therefore, more information is needed to make a proper assessment of the project's performance.

127. How should change management be planned for?

Changes are generally not predictable, therefore planning for change management cannot be sensible.

Planning for change management should be done while the various change control processes are being applied.

Change management can be planned in a set of management plans or a specific change management plan.

Changes are a sign of bad planning. One should avoid changes during a project thus eliminating the need to manage them.

Change management should be planned in a set of management plans or a specific change management plan because it allows for a systematic and organized approach to managing changes. By having a dedicated plan, organizations can anticipate and prepare for potential changes, establish clear roles and responsibilities, and ensure effective communication and coordination throughout the change process. This approach helps minimize disruptions, mitigate risks, and increase the likelihood of successful implementation of changes.

Explanation

Change management should be planned in a set of management plans or a specific change management plan because it allows for a systematic and organized approach to managing changes. By having a dedicated plan, organizations can anticipate and prepare for potential changes, establish clear roles and responsibilities, and ensure effective communication and coordination throughout the change process. This approach helps minimize disruptions, mitigate risks, and increase the likelihood of successful implementation of changes.

128. Which statement describes best handling of assumptions during the Initiating processes?

It is the responsibility of the sales person in charge to identify all risks related to a customer project.

Managing and organizing assumptions means avoiding risks right from the start of the project.

Organizational, environmental and external assumptions should be addressed by the project charter.

Risks are a sign of uncertainty. Avoiding all uncertainties means that a project should have no risks at all.

The best way to handle assumptions during the Initiating processes is to address organizational, environmental, and external assumptions in the project charter. This ensures that these assumptions are acknowledged and taken into consideration from the beginning of the project. By addressing these assumptions in the project charter, the project team can proactively plan and mitigate any potential risks that may arise from these assumptions. This approach helps to establish a solid foundation for the project and increases the chances of its success.

Explanation

The best way to handle assumptions during the Initiating processes is to address organizational, environmental, and external assumptions in the project charter. This ensures that these assumptions are acknowledged and taken into consideration from the beginning of the project. By addressing these assumptions in the project charter, the project team can proactively plan and mitigate any potential risks that may arise from these assumptions. This approach helps to establish a solid foundation for the project and increases the chances of its success.

129. You are in the process of planning a project and found that stakeholders often have varying objectives and requirements, which makes it hard to some up a plan in such way that all objectives will be met. What is probably most helpful to ensure common understanding?

Ask the project stakeholders to build focus groups in order to discuss and remedy conflicting interests.

Create an exhaustive document describing your point of view and ask stakeholders to review it.

Let each stakeholder write a statement of work, merge the documents to a project scope statement.

Use your authorization as the project manager to clearly prioritize the different objectives.

To ensure common understanding among stakeholders with varying objectives and requirements, it would be most helpful to ask them to build focus groups. By creating these focus groups, stakeholders can come together to discuss and address any conflicting interests that may arise. This collaborative approach allows for open communication and the opportunity to find solutions that meet the needs and objectives of all stakeholders involved.

Explanation

To ensure common understanding among stakeholders with varying objectives and requirements, it would be most helpful to ask them to build focus groups. By creating these focus groups, stakeholders can come together to discuss and address any conflicting interests that may arise. This collaborative approach allows for open communication and the opportunity to find solutions that meet the needs and objectives of all stakeholders involved.

130. During Risk identification sessions, you and your team identified more than 150 risks for your project. You are afraid that evaluating each of these risks quantitatively will cost you an enormous amount of time, while not all of them are really relevant and important enough to justify such a measure. What should you do next?

Identify Risk triggers where possible. Analyze only those risks quantitatively for which no trigger could be found.

Use Qualitative risk analysis in order to prioritize risks for further action, such as Quantitative risk analysis.

Assess the probability of each risk qualitatively and further analyze only those risks with high probability.

Assess the potential impact of each risk qualitatively and further analyze only those risks with high impact.

In this scenario, the team has identified a large number of risks for the project and is concerned about the time and effort required to evaluate each risk quantitatively. The best next step would be to use qualitative risk analysis to prioritize the risks for further action. This involves assessing the risks based on their likelihood and potential impact, without assigning specific numerical values. By prioritizing the risks qualitatively, the team can focus their resources on analyzing and addressing the risks that are deemed to be the most important and relevant. This will help save time and ensure that the team is addressing the most critical risks first.

Explanation

In this scenario, the team has identified a large number of risks for the project and is concerned about the time and effort required to evaluate each risk quantitatively. The best next step would be to use qualitative risk analysis to prioritize the risks for further action. This involves assessing the risks based on their likelihood and potential impact, without assigning specific numerical values. By prioritizing the risks qualitatively, the team can focus their resources on analyzing and addressing the risks that are deemed to be the most important and relevant. This will help save time and ensure that the team is addressing the most critical risks first.

131. During execution of a project, you observe that the performance of some of your team members is dropping, while others are doing a consistently good job. What should you try first to bring the team as a whole back to performance?

Organize a team meeting and discuss openly the bad performance of the weak team members. Try to find a joint solution during the meeting.

Introduce a competitive incentive system with a bonus for the 20% of your team which is performing better than the other 80%.

Do not interfere, but allow the team some time to organize itself and sort the problem out by low-level conflict management.

Introduce a system of formal and informal performance appraisals, research causes for bad performance and solicit mutual feedback.

The best approach to address the dropping performance of team members is to introduce a system of formal and informal performance appraisals. This allows for a structured evaluation of each individual's performance and helps identify the causes for the decline. By researching the reasons behind the poor performance, the team leader can then take appropriate actions to address the issues. Additionally, soliciting mutual feedback encourages open communication and collaboration within the team, fostering a supportive environment for improvement.

Explanation

The best approach to address the dropping performance of team members is to introduce a system of formal and informal performance appraisals. This allows for a structured evaluation of each individual's performance and helps identify the causes for the decline. By researching the reasons behind the poor performance, the team leader can then take appropriate actions to address the issues. Additionally, soliciting mutual feedback encourages open communication and collaboration within the team, fostering a supportive environment for improvement.

132. You identified a technical risk in your project and assigned a contingency for that. Planning contingency reserves is part of which risk response strategy?

Active risk mitigation

Passive risk avoidance

Passive risk acceptance

Active risk acceptance

When you identify a technical risk in your project and assign a contingency for it, you are actively accepting the risk. This means that you acknowledge the risk and its potential impact on the project, but instead of trying to mitigate or avoid it, you choose to allocate resources (contingency reserves) to deal with the risk if it occurs. This strategy is called active risk acceptance because you are actively planning and preparing for the risk rather than simply accepting it passively or trying to avoid it altogether.

Explanation

When you identify a technical risk in your project and assign a contingency for it, you are actively accepting the risk. This means that you acknowledge the risk and its potential impact on the project, but instead of trying to mitigate or avoid it, you choose to allocate resources (contingency reserves) to deal with the risk if it occurs. This strategy is called active risk acceptance because you are actively planning and preparing for the risk rather than simply accepting it passively or trying to avoid it altogether.

133. You are managing an industrial design project for an important client. Two of your team members have a disagreement on project priorities. One person wants to do certain activities first, while the other feels they should be left until the end of the project. You work with both people to forge a compromise where those activities are neither first nor last, but instead done in the middle of the project. Nobody is particularly unhappy with this solution. Another name for a compromise is a:

Win-win solution

Win-lose solution

Lose-lose solution

Standoff solution

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

134. Which is normally not regarded as an element of Cost of quality?

Prevention costs

Maintenance cost

Appraisal costs

Failure costs

Maintenance costs are not typically considered a part of the cost of quality. The cost of quality refers to the expenses incurred to ensure that a product or service meets the required standards and customer expectations. Prevention costs are incurred to prevent defects and errors from occurring in the first place. Appraisal costs are associated with inspecting and evaluating products or services to ensure they meet quality standards. Failure costs are the expenses incurred due to defects or errors in products or services. However, maintenance costs are generally considered separate from the cost of quality as they are more related to the ongoing upkeep and repair of equipment or facilities.

Explanation

Maintenance costs are not typically considered a part of the cost of quality. The cost of quality refers to the expenses incurred to ensure that a product or service meets the required standards and customer expectations. Prevention costs are incurred to prevent defects and errors from occurring in the first place. Appraisal costs are associated with inspecting and evaluating products or services to ensure they meet quality standards. Failure costs are the expenses incurred due to defects or errors in products or services. However, maintenance costs are generally considered separate from the cost of quality as they are more related to the ongoing upkeep and repair of equipment or facilities.

135. Which of the following documents is not used as input for the Verify scope process?

The Project management plan, containing the scope baseline consisting of the project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary.

The Validated deliverables, completed and checked for correctness by the Perform quality control process.

The Requirements traceability matrix, linking requirements to their origin and tracing them throughout the project lifecycle.

The RACI matrix, describing accountabilities in case of product rejection.

The RACI matrix is not used as input for the Verify scope process. The Verify scope process is concerned with formalizing acceptance of the completed project deliverables. It involves reviewing the deliverables to ensure that they meet the acceptance criteria defined in the project scope statement. The Project management plan, Validated deliverables, and Requirements traceability matrix are all relevant documents that provide information and support the verification of the project scope. However, the RACI matrix is not directly related to the verification of scope and is therefore not used as input for this process.

Explanation

The RACI matrix is not used as input for the Verify scope process. The Verify scope process is concerned with formalizing acceptance of the completed project deliverables. It involves reviewing the deliverables to ensure that they meet the acceptance criteria defined in the project scope statement. The Project management plan, Validated deliverables, and Requirements traceability matrix are all relevant documents that provide information and support the verification of the project scope. However, the RACI matrix is not directly related to the verification of scope and is therefore not used as input for this process.

136. Which of the following is NOT a tool of the Define Scope process?

Facilitated Workshops

Constrained Optimization

Alternatives Identification

Product Analysis

Constrained Optimization is not a tool of the Define Scope process because it is a technique used in the Plan Schedule Management process. In Define Scope, the tools used include Facilitated Workshops, Alternatives Identification, and Product Analysis. Facilitated Workshops involve bringing stakeholders together to gather requirements and define the project scope. Alternatives Identification helps identify different options for achieving project objectives. Product Analysis involves analyzing the product requirements and characteristics. However, Constrained Optimization is not directly related to defining the project scope and is therefore not a tool used in the Define Scope process.

Explanation

Constrained Optimization is not a tool of the Define Scope process because it is a technique used in the Plan Schedule Management process. In Define Scope, the tools used include Facilitated Workshops, Alternatives Identification, and Product Analysis. Facilitated Workshops involve bringing stakeholders together to gather requirements and define the project scope. Alternatives Identification helps identify different options for achieving project objectives. Product Analysis involves analyzing the product requirements and characteristics. However, Constrained Optimization is not directly related to defining the project scope and is therefore not a tool used in the Define Scope process.

137. You are performing a project management audit in your company and find that most of the project plans are neither consistent nor up-to-date. Which of the following statements is not true?

Projects should never be executed without a valid, updated and working project management plan.

The consistency of the project management plan is secondary because it is only the results that matter.

A great deal of effort is required to develop and update a project plan, but the benefits include less pressure on all stakeholders and a resulting product that will satisfy the requirements.

Poor planning and insufficient updating of project management plans are common reasons for cost and time overruns.

The given statement suggests that the consistency of the project management plan is not important as long as the desired results are achieved. However, this is not true. Consistency in the project management plan is crucial as it ensures that all stakeholders are on the same page and that the project is being executed in a systematic and organized manner. Inconsistent project plans can lead to confusion, miscommunication, and ultimately, project failure. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize the consistency of the project management plan alongside achieving the desired results.

Explanation

The given statement suggests that the consistency of the project management plan is not important as long as the desired results are achieved. However, this is not true. Consistency in the project management plan is crucial as it ensures that all stakeholders are on the same page and that the project is being executed in a systematic and organized manner. Inconsistent project plans can lead to confusion, miscommunication, and ultimately, project failure. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize the consistency of the project management plan alongside achieving the desired results.

138. _________ are/is usually not a manifestation of unique organizational cultures and styles.

Shared visions, values, norms, beliefs, and expectations

Individual traits and attitudes of co-workers

View of authority relationships

Policies, methods, and procedures

Individual traits and attitudes of co-workers are usually not a manifestation of unique organizational cultures and styles. While shared visions, values, norms, beliefs, and expectations, the view of authority relationships, and policies, methods, and procedures can all be influenced by the organizational culture and style, individual traits and attitudes of co-workers are more likely to be influenced by personal factors rather than the organization as a whole.

Explanation

Individual traits and attitudes of co-workers are usually not a manifestation of unique organizational cultures and styles. While shared visions, values, norms, beliefs, and expectations, the view of authority relationships, and policies, methods, and procedures can all be influenced by the organizational culture and style, individual traits and attitudes of co-workers are more likely to be influenced by personal factors rather than the organization as a whole.

139. As a project manager, when should you especially consider cultural differences?

When you break down scope to create a Work breakdown structure (WBS).

When you assign a human resources to do the work in a Schedule activity.

When you develop acceptance criteria for work results to be achieved by the team members.

When you decide upon recognition and awards during Team development

When you decide upon recognition and awards during Team development, you should especially consider cultural differences. This is because different cultures may have varying preferences and values when it comes to recognition and rewards. What may be considered appropriate or motivating in one culture may not be the same in another culture. Therefore, it is important for a project manager to consider cultural differences in order to ensure that the recognition and awards provided are meaningful and well-received by team members from different cultural backgrounds.

Explanation

When you decide upon recognition and awards during Team development, you should especially consider cultural differences. This is because different cultures may have varying preferences and values when it comes to recognition and rewards. What may be considered appropriate or motivating in one culture may not be the same in another culture. Therefore, it is important for a project manager to consider cultural differences in order to ensure that the recognition and awards provided are meaningful and well-received by team members from different cultural backgrounds.

140. You are the project manager for the development of a new type of power plant. Your project is making fast progress, and it is getting nearer to the day of product acceptance. Which technique will be most important for product acceptance?

Inspection

Quality audit

Impact analysis

Team review

Inspection is the most important technique for product acceptance in this scenario. Inspection involves a thorough examination of the product to ensure that it meets the required standards and specifications. As the project manager, it is crucial to ensure that the power plant has been built according to the agreed-upon design and meets all the necessary safety and quality requirements. Inspection allows for the identification of any defects or deviations from the desired outcome, allowing for corrective actions to be taken before product acceptance. This ensures that the power plant is reliable, efficient, and safe for operation.

Explanation

Inspection is the most important technique for product acceptance in this scenario. Inspection involves a thorough examination of the product to ensure that it meets the required standards and specifications. As the project manager, it is crucial to ensure that the power plant has been built according to the agreed-upon design and meets all the necessary safety and quality requirements. Inspection allows for the identification of any defects or deviations from the desired outcome, allowing for corrective actions to be taken before product acceptance. This ensures that the power plant is reliable, efficient, and safe for operation.

141. What is typical for High-context cultures?

Technical means for communications can focus on transfer of spoken and written language.

Communication is preferred which avoids passing over a great deal of additional information.

A message has little meaning without an understanding of the surrounding context.

To understand a message, no information on history or personal opinions is needed.

In high-context cultures, a message has little meaning without an understanding of the surrounding context. This means that the context in which a message is delivered is extremely important for its interpretation and understanding. In these cultures, communication is often indirect and relies heavily on nonverbal cues, such as body language and tone of voice. Additionally, high-context cultures value relationships and prioritize the group over the individual. This means that personal connections and shared history play a significant role in communication and decision-making.

Explanation

In high-context cultures, a message has little meaning without an understanding of the surrounding context. This means that the context in which a message is delivered is extremely important for its interpretation and understanding. In these cultures, communication is often indirect and relies heavily on nonverbal cues, such as body language and tone of voice. Additionally, high-context cultures value relationships and prioritize the group over the individual. This means that personal connections and shared history play a significant role in communication and decision-making.

142. A project was budgeted at $1,000,000. The project is meanwhile being executed, and the following current figures have been assessed: PV:$500,000 EV:$450,000 AC:$550,000 Assuming that the Cost variance was caused by one-time cost drivers, which are no more effective, what Estimate at completion (EaC) can you derive from these figures?

$900,000

$1,000,000

$1,100,000

$1,222,222

The Estimate at Completion (EaC) can be derived by using the formula: EaC = AC + (BAC - EV). In this case, the AC is $550,000, the BAC (Budget at Completion) is $1,000,000, and the EV (Earned Value) is $450,000. By plugging these values into the formula, we get EaC = $550,000 + ($1,000,000 - $450,000) = $1,100,000. Therefore, the correct answer is $1,100,000.

Explanation

The Estimate at Completion (EaC) can be derived by using the formula: EaC = AC + (BAC - EV). In this case, the AC is $550,000, the BAC (Budget at Completion) is $1,000,000, and the EV (Earned Value) is $450,000. By plugging these values into the formula, we get EaC = $550,000 + ($1,000,000 - $450,000) = $1,100,000. Therefore, the correct answer is $1,100,000.

143. Which of the following is true in regard to the Code of Accounts?

It allows one to easily identify the breakdown level of the item in the resource structure.

It describes the coding structure used by the performing organization to report financial information in its general ledger.

It is the collection of unique identifiers generally assigned to WBS items.

It defines ethical behavior in the project and the responsibilities to the customer and the profession.

The Code of Accounts is a collection of unique identifiers that are generally assigned to Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) items. These identifiers help in easily identifying and categorizing the different components or elements of the project. Each WBS item is assigned a unique code, which allows for easy tracking and organization of project information. This helps in efficient reporting and management of the project's resources and tasks.

Explanation

The Code of Accounts is a collection of unique identifiers that are generally assigned to Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) items. These identifiers help in easily identifying and categorizing the different components or elements of the project. Each WBS item is assigned a unique code, which allows for easy tracking and organization of project information. This helps in efficient reporting and management of the project's resources and tasks.

144. Product acceptance criteria should be laid down in which document?

Project scope statement

Work breakdown structure

Resource assignments

Project scope management plan

The product acceptance criteria should be laid down in the project scope statement. This document outlines the deliverables, objectives, and requirements of the project. It provides a clear understanding of what needs to be accomplished and how success will be measured. By including the acceptance criteria in the project scope statement, all stakeholders can align their expectations and ensure that the final product meets the desired standards.

Explanation

The product acceptance criteria should be laid down in the project scope statement. This document outlines the deliverables, objectives, and requirements of the project. It provides a clear understanding of what needs to be accomplished and how success will be measured. By including the acceptance criteria in the project scope statement, all stakeholders can align their expectations and ensure that the final product meets the desired standards.

145. A Run chart is a useful tool to show…

…patterns and trends in a row of data points.

…behavior of data points against control criteria.

…behavior of data points against specifications.

…the error margin of a sample versus a whole population.

A Run chart is a useful tool to show patterns and trends in a row of data points. It helps to visualize how the data points are changing over time and identify any consistent patterns or trends that may be occurring. By plotting the data points on a graph, it becomes easier to analyze the data and make informed decisions based on the observed patterns and trends.

Explanation

A Run chart is a useful tool to show patterns and trends in a row of data points. It helps to visualize how the data points are changing over time and identify any consistent patterns or trends that may be occurring. By plotting the data points on a graph, it becomes easier to analyze the data and make informed decisions based on the observed patterns and trends.

146. You monitored figures on cost and planned/earned value for each individual project week until the data date at the end of the sixth week. What is the status of this project at this date?

The project is ahead of schedule and over budget.

The project is ahead of schedule and under budget.

The project is behind schedule and over budget.

The project is behind schedule and under budget.

Based on the information provided, the project is behind schedule because it is stated that the figures on cost and planned/earned value were monitored until the end of the sixth week. Since the project is still ongoing at this date, it indicates that the project is behind schedule. Additionally, it is mentioned that the project is over budget, which means that the actual cost of the project exceeds the planned budget. Therefore, the correct answer is that the project is behind schedule and over budget.

Explanation

Based on the information provided, the project is behind schedule because it is stated that the figures on cost and planned/earned value were monitored until the end of the sixth week. Since the project is still ongoing at this date, it indicates that the project is behind schedule. Additionally, it is mentioned that the project is over budget, which means that the actual cost of the project exceeds the planned budget. Therefore, the correct answer is that the project is behind schedule and over budget.

147. Which of the following are not common Barriers to project team building?

Differing outlooks, priorities, and interests

Role conflicts

Excessive team member commitment

Unclear project objectives/outcomes

Excessive team member commitment is not a common barrier to project team building because it is generally seen as a positive attribute. When team members are highly committed to the project, they are likely to be motivated, engaged, and willing to go the extra mile to achieve success. This level of commitment can foster a strong team dynamic and collaboration. However, it is important to ensure that team members do not become overcommitted to the point of burnout, as this can have negative effects on their well-being and overall team performance.

Explanation

Excessive team member commitment is not a common barrier to project team building because it is generally seen as a positive attribute. When team members are highly committed to the project, they are likely to be motivated, engaged, and willing to go the extra mile to achieve success. This level of commitment can foster a strong team dynamic and collaboration. However, it is important to ensure that team members do not become overcommitted to the point of burnout, as this can have negative effects on their well-being and overall team performance.

148. You are managing an accounting project when a new CFO is hired at your company. He'll be affected by all accounting projects in your company. What's the BEST thing for you to do?

Show him the Project Charter so that he knows that you are in charge of the project.

Work with him to understand the current requirements and determine if he has new ones to add to the project.

Keep working on the project and get his feedback when he can review the finished product.

Add him to the communications plan.

The best thing to do in this situation is to work with the new CFO to understand the current requirements of the accounting project and determine if he has any new ones to add. This ensures that the project aligns with the CFO's goals and expectations, and allows for any necessary adjustments to be made. Simply showing him the Project Charter or adding him to the communications plan may not provide the same level of collaboration and understanding.

Explanation

The best thing to do in this situation is to work with the new CFO to understand the current requirements of the accounting project and determine if he has any new ones to add. This ensures that the project aligns with the CFO's goals and expectations, and allows for any necessary adjustments to be made. Simply showing him the Project Charter or adding him to the communications plan may not provide the same level of collaboration and understanding.

149. During procurement closure, a procurement audit includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Reviewing the contract terms to ensure that they have all been met

Identifying successes and failures that should be recognized

Documenting lessons learned

Using the payment system to process consideration as per the terms of the contract

During procurement closure, a procurement audit is conducted to review the entire procurement process and ensure that it was executed according to the contract terms. This includes reviewing the contract terms to ensure they have all been met, identifying successes and failures that should be recognized, and documenting lessons learned. However, using the payment system to process consideration as per the terms of the contract is not a part of the procurement audit. This task falls under the responsibility of the finance or accounting department, rather than the procurement team.

Explanation

During procurement closure, a procurement audit is conducted to review the entire procurement process and ensure that it was executed according to the contract terms. This includes reviewing the contract terms to ensure they have all been met, identifying successes and failures that should be recognized, and documenting lessons learned. However, using the payment system to process consideration as per the terms of the contract is not a part of the procurement audit. This task falls under the responsibility of the finance or accounting department, rather than the procurement team.

150. Liquidated damages (LDs) are contractually agreed payments in order to...

...give the contractor an incentive to meet an aggressive schedule or challenging quality objectives.

...penalize the contractor for late completion of a project or failure to meet specifications.

...cover the customer's costs caused by late completion or failure to meet specifications by the contractor.

...make a bid or proposal binding for the offerer while the customer has time to select among various bidders.

Liquidated damages (LDs) are contractually agreed payments that are intended to cover the customer's costs caused by the contractor's late completion of a project or failure to meet specifications. This serves as a form of compensation for the customer, ensuring that they are not financially burdened by the contractor's shortcomings. By including LDs in the contract, the customer can hold the contractor accountable for any delays or failure to meet the agreed-upon specifications, ultimately protecting their interests and offsetting any potential losses.

Explanation

Liquidated damages (LDs) are contractually agreed payments that are intended to cover the customer's costs caused by the contractor's late completion of a project or failure to meet specifications. This serves as a form of compensation for the customer, ensuring that they are not financially burdened by the contractor's shortcomings. By including LDs in the contract, the customer can hold the contractor accountable for any delays or failure to meet the agreed-upon specifications, ultimately protecting their interests and offsetting any potential losses.

151. You recently assigned staff members to activities, estimated work and scheduled your project. You then created the following resource histogram for your staff:

What does this diagram tell you?

The project can probably not be finished as scheduled.

You may be able to finish the project early by reassigning work.

You should avoid network logic diagramming for scheduling.

You may run into problems with dual reporting relationships.

The resource histogram shows the allocation of resources over time. In this case, the histogram indicates that there is a shortage of resources during certain periods, suggesting that the project may not be completed as scheduled. This shortage of resources can lead to delays and difficulties in completing the project on time.

Explanation

The resource histogram shows the allocation of resources over time. In this case, the histogram indicates that there is a shortage of resources during certain periods, suggesting that the project may not be completed as scheduled. This shortage of resources can lead to delays and difficulties in completing the project on time.

152. You took over a customer project for your company. From the inputs available, including Contract, Statement of work and Project charter, you have developed a Project management plan. You already presented that plan in a meeting with key stakeholders including your project sponsor and some representatives from the customer organization. During the meeting you sensed a high level of dissatisfaction by the customer executives, who signaled that the project might not produce the results that their company had expected. In your understanding, all necessary actions have been planned to meet the customer's requirements. What should you do next?

Request a written statement from the customer detailing the requirements which they believe are not addressed by your plan. Use this statement to update the project plan.

Arrange meetings with the customer to identify their needs, wants and expectations for the project. Then create a narrative Scope statement from this information to document the agreed upon project scope.

Request a formal meeting on top executive level to get the misunderstandings sorted out, then arrange a change request, re-plan your project where necessary and go ahead with the project work.

Do not over-react. Performed according to your plan, the project will produce a convincing product for the customer. As soon as the executives will see it, they will probably change their opinion and accept it.

Based on the information provided, the customer executives have expressed dissatisfaction with the project's expected results. To address this, it is important to arrange meetings with the customer to understand their needs, wants, and expectations for the project. By gathering this information, a narrative Scope statement can be created to document the agreed-upon project scope. This will help ensure that the project plan aligns with the customer's requirements and expectations, potentially resolving the customer's concerns and improving satisfaction.

Explanation

Based on the information provided, the customer executives have expressed dissatisfaction with the project's expected results. To address this, it is important to arrange meetings with the customer to understand their needs, wants, and expectations for the project. By gathering this information, a narrative Scope statement can be created to document the agreed-upon project scope. This will help ensure that the project plan aligns with the customer's requirements and expectations, potentially resolving the customer's concerns and improving satisfaction.

153. You are developing the project scope statement for a new project. Which of the following is NOT part of creating a project scope statement?

Verify Scope

Using the Project Charter

Alternatives Identification

Obtaining Plan Approval

Verify Scope is not part of creating a project scope statement. The project scope statement is developed during the planning phase of a project and includes the project objectives, deliverables, milestones, and constraints. It is used to define the boundaries of the project and ensure that all stakeholders have a clear understanding of what is included and excluded from the project. Verify Scope, on the other hand, is a process that occurs during the monitoring and controlling phase of a project to validate that the project deliverables meet the defined scope.

Explanation

Verify Scope is not part of creating a project scope statement. The project scope statement is developed during the planning phase of a project and includes the project objectives, deliverables, milestones, and constraints. It is used to define the boundaries of the project and ensure that all stakeholders have a clear understanding of what is included and excluded from the project. Verify Scope, on the other hand, is a process that occurs during the monitoring and controlling phase of a project to validate that the project deliverables meet the defined scope.

154. Which statement describes best why you should document assumptions?

Assumptions might prove to be wrong. Knowing which assumptions were incorrect allows baseline adjustments in case of project crisis.

Assumption analysis is a valuable tool and technique to explore the validity of assumptions during risk identification.

Assumptions limit the project management team's options for decision making because they can not be controlled by the team.

In case of schedule or budget overruns, the documentation of assumptions supports a clear assignment of responsibility.

Documenting assumptions is important because assumptions might prove to be wrong. By documenting assumptions, the project team can analyze and explore their validity during risk identification. This allows for adjustments to be made to the project baseline in case of a project crisis. It helps in identifying potential risks and developing strategies to mitigate them. It also enables the project management team to make informed decisions based on accurate information rather than relying on assumptions.

Explanation

Documenting assumptions is important because assumptions might prove to be wrong. By documenting assumptions, the project team can analyze and explore their validity during risk identification. This allows for adjustments to be made to the project baseline in case of a project crisis. It helps in identifying potential risks and developing strategies to mitigate them. It also enables the project management team to make informed decisions based on accurate information rather than relying on assumptions.

155. When should Lessons learned be organized?

During the project lifecycle and at the end.

At the end of the project during closing.

After the end of the project at a project post-mortem meeting.

Lessons learned can be organized when there is time available.

Lessons learned should be organized during the project lifecycle and at the end because it allows for continuous improvement and learning throughout the project. By organizing lessons learned during the project lifecycle, project teams can identify and address issues or challenges in real-time, making necessary adjustments to improve project performance. Additionally, organizing lessons learned at the end of the project provides an opportunity to reflect on the overall project experience, capture valuable insights, and document best practices for future reference. This approach ensures that lessons learned are not only addressed at the end, but also throughout the project, leading to better project outcomes.

Explanation

Lessons learned should be organized during the project lifecycle and at the end because it allows for continuous improvement and learning throughout the project. By organizing lessons learned during the project lifecycle, project teams can identify and address issues or challenges in real-time, making necessary adjustments to improve project performance. Additionally, organizing lessons learned at the end of the project provides an opportunity to reflect on the overall project experience, capture valuable insights, and document best practices for future reference. This approach ensures that lessons learned are not only addressed at the end, but also throughout the project, leading to better project outcomes.

156. During project execution you found out that work is often not performed at the right time and in the right order. Deliverables are made by one team member that cannot be processed by another one. This already leads to timely rework and bad morale among team members. Which project management tool is most appropriate to deal with problems like this?

Organization chart

RACI matrix

Communications management plan

Work authorization system

A work authorization system is the most appropriate project management tool to deal with problems like work not being performed at the right time and in the right order, and deliverables being made by one team member that cannot be processed by another. A work authorization system ensures that work is authorized and coordinated in a systematic manner, allowing for proper sequencing and coordination of tasks. This helps to minimize rework, improve efficiency, and maintain good morale among team members.

Explanation

A work authorization system is the most appropriate project management tool to deal with problems like work not being performed at the right time and in the right order, and deliverables being made by one team member that cannot be processed by another. A work authorization system ensures that work is authorized and coordinated in a systematic manner, allowing for proper sequencing and coordination of tasks. This helps to minimize rework, improve efficiency, and maintain good morale among team members.

157. You are assigned as a project manager for an internal project. During cost planning and budgeting you discovered that there are peak times of costs during the project and other times when costs are fairly low. What could this mean for the project?

The fiscal budget mechanism which is used by the performing organization may not allow for cost peaks in your project, and you may have to level out expenditures over time.

You can silently create budget contingencies during low-cost periods and re-use them later during those periods when you have to cover peak levels in project costs.

You may find another project manager with a project which has a different rhythm of high and low costs. Then, you may be able to move budget during one project’s low cost periods to the other project.

You are a project manager and work with a lifecycle budget for your project. Fiscal budgets are a matter of the functional organization, and you have generally not to care about them.

The correct answer suggests that the fiscal budget mechanism used by the performing organization may not allow for cost peaks in the project. This means that the project manager may need to evenly distribute the project expenditures over time to accommodate the budget limitations. This implies that the project manager will need to carefully plan and manage the project's costs to ensure that they align with the organization's budgeting constraints.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that the fiscal budget mechanism used by the performing organization may not allow for cost peaks in the project. This means that the project manager may need to evenly distribute the project expenditures over time to accommodate the budget limitations. This implies that the project manager will need to carefully plan and manage the project's costs to ensure that they align with the organization's budgeting constraints.

158. A production process has been defined as part of an industrial equipment manufacturing project. The process is intended to produce steel bolts with a length of 20 cm. The control limits are 19.955cm and 20.045cm. The measurements made at the end of the process yielded the following results: 20.033cm, 19.982cm, 19,995cm, 20.006cm, 19.970cm, 19.968cm, 19.963cm, 19.958cm, 19.962cm, 19.979cm, 19.959cm. What should be done?

The process is under control. It should not be adjusted.

A special cause should be investigated, the process should be adjusted.

The control limits should be adjusted.

The measuring equipment should be recalibrated.

The measurements made at the end of the process are consistently falling outside the control limits of 19.955cm and 20.045cm. This indicates that there is a special cause variation present in the process, which is causing the steel bolts to have a length different from the intended 20 cm. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the special cause and make adjustments to the process in order to bring it back under control and produce steel bolts with the desired length.

Explanation

The measurements made at the end of the process are consistently falling outside the control limits of 19.955cm and 20.045cm. This indicates that there is a special cause variation present in the process, which is causing the steel bolts to have a length different from the intended 20 cm. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the special cause and make adjustments to the process in order to bring it back under control and produce steel bolts with the desired length.

159. A project management team has subcontracted work to a service company. Which of the following tools is the best choice to assure that this company will be able to meet the quality requirements of the project?

Quality audit

Deliverable inspection

Fixed price contract

Service level agreement

A quality audit is the best choice to assure that the service company will be able to meet the quality requirements of the project. A quality audit involves systematically examining the service company's processes, procedures, and deliverables to ensure that they comply with the project's quality standards. This helps to identify any potential issues or non-compliance early on, allowing corrective actions to be taken before the project is negatively impacted. It provides an objective assessment of the service company's performance and helps to ensure that the project's quality requirements are met.

Explanation

A quality audit is the best choice to assure that the service company will be able to meet the quality requirements of the project. A quality audit involves systematically examining the service company's processes, procedures, and deliverables to ensure that they comply with the project's quality standards. This helps to identify any potential issues or non-compliance early on, allowing corrective actions to be taken before the project is negatively impacted. It provides an objective assessment of the service company's performance and helps to ensure that the project's quality requirements are met.

160. A project management team wants to procure some customized products which are available in identical grade and quality from many vendors. What should be included in the procurement package to ensure that their offers will be comparable?

A statement of work describing the needs of the project in sufficient detail to enable vendors to make suitable proposals

A statement of work specifying attributes and metrics of the requested deliverables in detail to allow vendors submission of bids

The approved project scope statement, the WBS which should be broken down to Work Package level and the WBS dictionary

The risk management plan and the reports from those risk management reviews which have been made so far

The correct answer is to include a statement of work specifying attributes and metrics of the requested deliverables in detail to allow vendors to submit bids. This is important because it provides vendors with clear information about the project's requirements, allowing them to understand what is expected and submit proposals that can be compared effectively. Without this level of detail, it would be difficult for vendors to accurately assess their ability to meet the project's needs and for the project management team to compare the offers received.

Explanation

The correct answer is to include a statement of work specifying attributes and metrics of the requested deliverables in detail to allow vendors to submit bids. This is important because it provides vendors with clear information about the project's requirements, allowing them to understand what is expected and submit proposals that can be compared effectively. Without this level of detail, it would be difficult for vendors to accurately assess their ability to meet the project's needs and for the project management team to compare the offers received.

161. You are assigned as the project manager to a project which had a one-time cost variance in the past caused by unexpected rework which has meanwhile been finished. You perform Earned Value Analysis and find the following results: EV: 250,000; PV: 200,000; AC 275,000 BAC is 500,000. What is right?

EAC = 550,000

EAC = 525,000

EAC = 500,000

EAC = 425,000

The correct answer is EAC = 525,000. This can be calculated using the formula EAC = AC + (BAC - EV). In this case, AC is 275,000, BAC is 500,000, and EV is 250,000. Plugging in these values, we get EAC = 275,000 + (500,000 - 250,000) = 525,000. This represents the estimated total cost of the project based on the current performance.

Explanation

The correct answer is EAC = 525,000. This can be calculated using the formula EAC = AC + (BAC - EV). In this case, AC is 275,000, BAC is 500,000, and EV is 250,000. Plugging in these values, we get EAC = 275,000 + (500,000 - 250,000) = 525,000. This represents the estimated total cost of the project based on the current performance.

162. What is typical for Critical chain project management?

Management of buffers

Management of total floats and free floats

Management of leads and lags

Management of resource over-allocations

Critical chain project management is a project management approach that focuses on managing buffers. Buffers are time or resource reserves strategically placed in the project schedule to protect it from uncertainties and delays. These buffers are used to absorb any variations or disruptions that may occur during the project execution, ensuring that the project stays on track and meets its deadlines. By actively managing buffers, critical chain project management aims to improve project performance and increase the likelihood of project success.

Explanation

Critical chain project management is a project management approach that focuses on managing buffers. Buffers are time or resource reserves strategically placed in the project schedule to protect it from uncertainties and delays. These buffers are used to absorb any variations or disruptions that may occur during the project execution, ensuring that the project stays on track and meets its deadlines. By actively managing buffers, critical chain project management aims to improve project performance and increase the likelihood of project success.

163. Following the cultural approach of the corporation for which you are starting to manage a project, you are guiding your project team through the first life-cycle phase of conceptualization. Your next step is to call for a team meeting to let ideas emerge in an unrestricted creative process. What exactly should that look like?

You write down the ideas of team members and structure them into categories of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats during the session.

You creatively gather thoughts and ideas without any discussion or frowning. These ideas are only filtered and structured after the end of the brainstorming session.

Your team members wear hats with different colors, each of which stands for a way of thinking. Each member discusses topics from the viewpoint of their thinking.

You try to eradicate deviating ideas and concepts of team members during the meeting, so that the entire project team follows your principles.

In this phase of conceptualization, it is important to allow ideas to freely flow without any restrictions or biases. By creatively gathering thoughts and ideas without discussion or frowning, the team members are encouraged to express their ideas without fear of judgment. This approach promotes a more open and collaborative environment, allowing for a wider range of ideas to emerge. After the brainstorming session, the ideas can then be filtered and structured into categories of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This allows for a more organized and systematic approach to analyzing and evaluating the ideas generated.

Explanation

In this phase of conceptualization, it is important to allow ideas to freely flow without any restrictions or biases. By creatively gathering thoughts and ideas without discussion or frowning, the team members are encouraged to express their ideas without fear of judgment. This approach promotes a more open and collaborative environment, allowing for a wider range of ideas to emerge. After the brainstorming session, the ideas can then be filtered and structured into categories of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This allows for a more organized and systematic approach to analyzing and evaluating the ideas generated.

164. During procurement closure, a procurement audit includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Reviewing the contract terms to ensure that they have all been met

Identifying successes and failures that should be recognized

Documenting lessons learned

Using the payment system to process consideration as per the terms of the contract

During procurement closure, a procurement audit includes reviewing the contract terms to ensure that they have all been met, identifying successes and failures that should be recognized, and documenting lessons learned. However, using the payment system to process consideration as per the terms of the contract is not a part of the procurement audit. This is because the payment system is typically handled separately by the finance department and is not directly related to the audit process.

Explanation

During procurement closure, a procurement audit includes reviewing the contract terms to ensure that they have all been met, identifying successes and failures that should be recognized, and documenting lessons learned. However, using the payment system to process consideration as per the terms of the contract is not a part of the procurement audit. This is because the payment system is typically handled separately by the finance department and is not directly related to the audit process.

165. Which of the following is generally not regarded as an element of active listening:

Making eye contact

Paraphrasing

Interpreting the information

Interrupting when appropriate

Interrupting when appropriate is generally not regarded as an element of active listening because active listening involves giving the speaker your full attention and allowing them to fully express their thoughts and feelings without interruption. Interrupting can disrupt the flow of the conversation and make the speaker feel unheard or disrespected. Active listening focuses on understanding and empathizing with the speaker, rather than interjecting with one's own thoughts or opinions.

Explanation

Interrupting when appropriate is generally not regarded as an element of active listening because active listening involves giving the speaker your full attention and allowing them to fully express their thoughts and feelings without interruption. Interrupting can disrupt the flow of the conversation and make the speaker feel unheard or disrespected. Active listening focuses on understanding and empathizing with the speaker, rather than interjecting with one's own thoughts or opinions.

166. The term Baseline is used in both disciplines Project management and Configuration management. Which statement is not true?

Baselines in system configurations are often also referred to as Deltas.

In configuration management, baselines are used to control change.

Project management baselines are used for performance measurement.

In project management, baselines help assessing variance and trends.

The statement "Baselines in system configurations are often also referred to as Deltas" is not true. Baselines in system configurations and deltas are two different concepts in configuration management. Baselines represent a stable configuration that serves as a reference point, while deltas represent the changes made to the baseline.

Explanation

The statement "Baselines in system configurations are often also referred to as Deltas" is not true. Baselines in system configurations and deltas are two different concepts in configuration management. Baselines represent a stable configuration that serves as a reference point, while deltas represent the changes made to the baseline.

167. Your management announced that they want to put you on a Stretch assignment. In this situation, you should consider that…

…a stretch assignment is going beyond your qualifications right from the start. Whatever your education, knowledge and skills are, you cannot fail personally. Congratulations.

…key stakeholders must have timely and complete information regarding your qualifications to make decisions regarding your suitability for the assignment.

…stretch assignments bear an increased risk of failure, and this is rarely outweighed by the learning and development experience expected to come with the assignment.

…you should avoid the increased hassle coming with the assignment. It will not be enough for you to simply satisfy requirements and achieve objectives. You will have to learn a lot.

When management announces a stretch assignment, it is important to consider that key stakeholders need to have accurate and comprehensive information about your qualifications. This is necessary for them to make informed decisions about whether you are suitable for the assignment. This suggests that the success of the assignment depends on having the right qualifications and skills, and that it is not simply about going beyond your qualifications from the start. It implies that your qualifications will be evaluated and considered in the decision-making process.

Explanation

When management announces a stretch assignment, it is important to consider that key stakeholders need to have accurate and comprehensive information about your qualifications. This is necessary for them to make informed decisions about whether you are suitable for the assignment. This suggests that the success of the assignment depends on having the right qualifications and skills, and that it is not simply about going beyond your qualifications from the start. It implies that your qualifications will be evaluated and considered in the decision-making process.

168. In most jurisdictions, a legally required order of formal statements establishing a contract is:

Invitation to treat, offer, PO

Inquiry, bid, order

Offer, acceptance

MoU, LoI, final agreement

The correct answer is "Offer, acceptance". In contract law, an offer is a proposal made by one party to another, expressing a willingness to enter into a legally binding agreement. Acceptance, on the other hand, is the unequivocal agreement to the terms of the offer. This sequence is the fundamental basis for the formation of a contract in most jurisdictions. The other options mentioned in the question, such as "Invitation to treat, offer, PO" and "MoU, LoI, final agreement", do not accurately represent the standard order of establishing a contract.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Offer, acceptance". In contract law, an offer is a proposal made by one party to another, expressing a willingness to enter into a legally binding agreement. Acceptance, on the other hand, is the unequivocal agreement to the terms of the offer. This sequence is the fundamental basis for the formation of a contract in most jurisdictions. The other options mentioned in the question, such as "Invitation to treat, offer, PO" and "MoU, LoI, final agreement", do not accurately represent the standard order of establishing a contract.

169. Which statement on conflicts is true?

Conflict resolution should focus on people, not issues.

Conflict is natural and forces a search for alternatives.

Conflict should always be handled in private and not in the team.

Too much openness is a common cause of conflict.

Conflict is a natural occurrence in any group or organization, and it often arises due to differing opinions, perspectives, or interests. When conflicts arise, they can serve as a catalyst for exploring different alternatives and finding creative solutions. By engaging in conflict resolution, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of the issues at hand and work towards finding mutually beneficial outcomes. This statement highlights the positive aspect of conflict, emphasizing its potential to stimulate innovation and problem-solving.

Explanation

Conflict is a natural occurrence in any group or organization, and it often arises due to differing opinions, perspectives, or interests. When conflicts arise, they can serve as a catalyst for exploring different alternatives and finding creative solutions. By engaging in conflict resolution, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of the issues at hand and work towards finding mutually beneficial outcomes. This statement highlights the positive aspect of conflict, emphasizing its potential to stimulate innovation and problem-solving.

170. As the project manager in a software project which is currently being initiated, you want to assess high level risks. What should you do?

Develop the Project charter and a Risk management plan to start identifying risks based on those and other documents.

Identify and analyze risk events using qualitative and quantitative techniques.

Develop contingency plans and fallback plans in case the original plan proves wrong.

Discuss the risks documented in your Risk register with the project key stakeholders.

The correct answer is to develop the Project charter and a Risk management plan to start identifying risks based on those and other documents. This is because the initiation phase of a project is the ideal time to assess high-level risks. By developing the Project charter and Risk management plan, the project manager can outline the project's objectives, scope, and stakeholders, and identify potential risks that may impact the project. This allows for proactive risk management and the development of strategies to mitigate or respond to these risks effectively.

Explanation

The correct answer is to develop the Project charter and a Risk management plan to start identifying risks based on those and other documents. This is because the initiation phase of a project is the ideal time to assess high-level risks. By developing the Project charter and Risk management plan, the project manager can outline the project's objectives, scope, and stakeholders, and identify potential risks that may impact the project. This allows for proactive risk management and the development of strategies to mitigate or respond to these risks effectively.

171. You scheduled a kick-off meeting in order to announce the start of your project, present the plan and develop consensus on it. Another topic will be explanation of each team member's role. In addition, you planned some time for discussions. You published the agenda of the kick-off meeting some weeks ago to all invited attendees. Now, short term before the event, you receive various cancellations by team members, who say that they cannot join the meeting. But they will be with you when project work will start.

The kick-off meeting is secondary, you are happy if the team members will do their jobs.

You should insist on the presence of the team members to the appointed date.

If you force team members’ presence, they would anyway be distracted by their current problems.

It is probably a good idea to reschedule the meeting to a day, when all team members can attend.

Given the scenario, the explanation for the correct answer is that it is important to insist on the presence of team members on the appointed date for the kick-off meeting. The kick-off meeting serves as an opportunity to announce the start of the project, present the plan, and develop consensus on it. It also involves explaining each team member's role, which is crucial for a successful project. Rescheduling the meeting would delay the dissemination of important information and hinder the team's ability to work collaboratively from the start. While team members may have current problems, it is still essential for them to attend the kick-off meeting to ensure alignment and understanding of the project goals and expectations.

Explanation

Given the scenario, the explanation for the correct answer is that it is important to insist on the presence of team members on the appointed date for the kick-off meeting. The kick-off meeting serves as an opportunity to announce the start of the project, present the plan, and develop consensus on it. It also involves explaining each team member's role, which is crucial for a successful project. Rescheduling the meeting would delay the dissemination of important information and hinder the team's ability to work collaboratively from the start. While team members may have current problems, it is still essential for them to attend the kick-off meeting to ensure alignment and understanding of the project goals and expectations.

172. What do you expect when you are submitting an Invitation to Bid to sellers?

Offers which will differ significantly in solution approach and price.

Offers which are similar enough to allow a selection based on price.

Offers which are not primarily written to win against competition.

General information on a seller’s ability to provide the goods or services.

When submitting an Invitation to Bid to sellers, you expect to receive offers that are similar enough to allow a selection based on price. This means that the sellers should provide bids that are comparable and can be easily compared in terms of cost. This allows the buyer to evaluate the different offers and select the one that offers the best value for money. It is important for the offers to be similar in order to make an informed decision based on price.

Explanation

When submitting an Invitation to Bid to sellers, you expect to receive offers that are similar enough to allow a selection based on price. This means that the sellers should provide bids that are comparable and can be easily compared in terms of cost. This allows the buyer to evaluate the different offers and select the one that offers the best value for money. It is important for the offers to be similar in order to make an informed decision based on price.

173. You are running a major project with four sub-projects. Each of the sub-project managers has developed a risk management plan, identified many risks, analyzed them and planned for risk response. It is now two months later. What should you not do?.

Ensure that they handle all risks to save you from project level risk monitoring and control.

Make sure that the sub project managers monitor their project work for new and changing risks.

Make sure that the sub project managers keep track of the identified risks and those on the watch list.

Make sure that the sub-project managers monitor trigger conditions for contingency plans.

The correct answer is to ensure that they handle all risks to save you from project level risk monitoring and control. This is because as the project manager, it is your responsibility to monitor and control the risks at the project level. By delegating this task to the sub-project managers, you would be neglecting your role and potentially missing important risks that could affect the overall project. It is important for the sub-project managers to monitor their own project work for new and changing risks, keep track of identified risks and those on the watch list, and monitor trigger conditions for contingency plans, but ultimate responsibility for project level risk monitoring and control lies with the project manager.

Explanation

The correct answer is to ensure that they handle all risks to save you from project level risk monitoring and control. This is because as the project manager, it is your responsibility to monitor and control the risks at the project level. By delegating this task to the sub-project managers, you would be neglecting your role and potentially missing important risks that could affect the overall project. It is important for the sub-project managers to monitor their own project work for new and changing risks, keep track of identified risks and those on the watch list, and monitor trigger conditions for contingency plans, but ultimate responsibility for project level risk monitoring and control lies with the project manager.

174. Geert Hofstede's cultural dimension of Individualism refers to…

…the degree of dependence relationships between individuals.

…the significance of the person versus that of the group.

…the identification with the gender role of an individual.

…the tolerance for ambiguity or uncertainty in the workplace.

Geert Hofstede's cultural dimension of Individualism refers to the significance of the person versus that of the group. This dimension measures the extent to which individuals prioritize their own interests and goals over the collective interests and goals of a group or society. In individualistic cultures, such as the United States, personal achievements and autonomy are highly valued, and individuals tend to focus on their own success and well-being. In contrast, collectivist cultures, such as many Asian countries, prioritize the needs and goals of the group and emphasize interdependence and harmony within the community.

Explanation

Geert Hofstede's cultural dimension of Individualism refers to the significance of the person versus that of the group. This dimension measures the extent to which individuals prioritize their own interests and goals over the collective interests and goals of a group or society. In individualistic cultures, such as the United States, personal achievements and autonomy are highly valued, and individuals tend to focus on their own success and well-being. In contrast, collectivist cultures, such as many Asian countries, prioritize the needs and goals of the group and emphasize interdependence and harmony within the community.

175. Which of the following statements describes best the relationship between project phases and the Project life cycle?

The Project life cycle includes the time when the project is performed and the expected product lifespan after that.

In project management, the sequence of project phases and phase gates is often referred to as Project life cycle.

The Project life cycle is regarded as a sequence of project activities while phases are defined to control overlapping activities.

The Project life cycle describes how iterations of project management processes are used when a project schedule is developed.

The correct answer states that in project management, the sequence of project phases and phase gates is often referred to as the Project life cycle. This means that the project life cycle encompasses the different phases and gates that a project goes through, from initiation to closure. It implies that the project life cycle is a framework that guides the overall structure and progression of a project, ensuring that all necessary activities and milestones are completed in a systematic manner.

Explanation

The correct answer states that in project management, the sequence of project phases and phase gates is often referred to as the Project life cycle. This means that the project life cycle encompasses the different phases and gates that a project goes through, from initiation to closure. It implies that the project life cycle is a framework that guides the overall structure and progression of a project, ensuring that all necessary activities and milestones are completed in a systematic manner.

176. Being the project manager in a high risk electronics project with a lot of new technologies, you developed a Risk management plan and identified risks which you documented in a Risk register. Then, the risks were analyzed and response planned. It is getting obvious during Risk monitoring and control meetings: The documents which you created are not very helpful. What have you probably done wrong?

You failed to use an RBS.

You did the first processes alone.

You did not identify Triggers.

You did not calculate EMVs.

By stating that the project manager did the first processes alone, it implies that they did not involve the project team or other stakeholders in the risk management activities. This could be a reason why the documents created, such as the Risk Management Plan and Risk Register, are not helpful. Risk management is a collaborative effort that requires input and involvement from various stakeholders to ensure a comprehensive and effective approach to identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks.

Explanation

By stating that the project manager did the first processes alone, it implies that they did not involve the project team or other stakeholders in the risk management activities. This could be a reason why the documents created, such as the Risk Management Plan and Risk Register, are not helpful. Risk management is a collaborative effort that requires input and involvement from various stakeholders to ensure a comprehensive and effective approach to identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks.

177. There have been several rounds of layoffs at your company. Now your project team is worried about their job security, and you've noticed that their performance has decreased significantly because of it. This is predicted by which motivational theory?

McGregor’s Theory of X and Y

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

McClellands Achievement Theory

Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests that individuals have a hierarchy of needs that must be fulfilled in order to be motivated. The theory states that once basic physiological and safety needs are met, individuals seek higher-level needs such as social belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization. In this scenario, the fear of job loss is likely affecting the employees' sense of safety and security, which is a lower-level need. As a result, their motivation and performance have decreased.

Explanation

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests that individuals have a hierarchy of needs that must be fulfilled in order to be motivated. The theory states that once basic physiological and safety needs are met, individuals seek higher-level needs such as social belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization. In this scenario, the fear of job loss is likely affecting the employees' sense of safety and security, which is a lower-level need. As a result, their motivation and performance have decreased.

178. Which of the following tools is used to document the lessons that were learned when the contract was administered?

Quality audit

Buyer-conducted performance review

Contract review

Procurement audit

A procurement audit is a tool used to document the lessons learned during the administration of a contract. It involves a systematic review and assessment of the procurement process to identify areas of improvement and best practices. It helps in evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of the contract management activities and documenting any lessons learned for future reference. The other options, such as quality audit, buyer-conducted performance review, and contract review, may be relevant in the overall contract management process but do not specifically focus on documenting the lessons learned.

Explanation

A procurement audit is a tool used to document the lessons learned during the administration of a contract. It involves a systematic review and assessment of the procurement process to identify areas of improvement and best practices. It helps in evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of the contract management activities and documenting any lessons learned for future reference. The other options, such as quality audit, buyer-conducted performance review, and contract review, may be relevant in the overall contract management process but do not specifically focus on documenting the lessons learned.

179. Your company's quality assurance department has performed a quality audit on your project. They have found that your team has implemented something inefficiently, and that could lead to defects. What's the NEXT thing that should happen on your project?

You work with the quality department to implement a change to the way your team does their work

You document recommended corrective actions and submit them to the change control board

You add the results of the audit to the lessons learned

You meet with the manager of the quality assurance department to figure out the root cause of the problem

After the quality audit has identified an inefficiency that could lead to defects, the next step should be to document recommended corrective actions and submit them to the change control board. This is important to ensure that the identified issue is addressed and corrected in a systematic and controlled manner. By involving the change control board, the necessary changes can be reviewed, approved, and implemented effectively to prevent further defects and improve the overall quality of the project.

Explanation

After the quality audit has identified an inefficiency that could lead to defects, the next step should be to document recommended corrective actions and submit them to the change control board. This is important to ensure that the identified issue is addressed and corrected in a systematic and controlled manner. By involving the change control board, the necessary changes can be reviewed, approved, and implemented effectively to prevent further defects and improve the overall quality of the project.

180. Which of the following is generally not regarded to be a motivator according to Frederick Herzberg?

Working conditions and interpersonal relations

Responsibility for enlarged task

Interest in the task

Recognition for achievement

According to Frederick Herzberg, working conditions and interpersonal relations are generally not regarded as motivators. Herzberg's two-factor theory suggests that these factors are considered hygiene factors, which are necessary for an individual's satisfaction and absence of dissatisfaction, but they do not directly motivate employees. Instead, motivators such as responsibility for enlarged tasks, interest in the task, and recognition for achievement are considered to be more effective in motivating employees and increasing job satisfaction.

Explanation

According to Frederick Herzberg, working conditions and interpersonal relations are generally not regarded as motivators. Herzberg's two-factor theory suggests that these factors are considered hygiene factors, which are necessary for an individual's satisfaction and absence of dissatisfaction, but they do not directly motivate employees. Instead, motivators such as responsibility for enlarged tasks, interest in the task, and recognition for achievement are considered to be more effective in motivating employees and increasing job satisfaction.

181. What is the meaning of a concept called the "Journey to Abilene"?

Committee decisions can have the paradox outcome, that a jointly made or approved decision is not desired by any individual group member.

Project managers should visit their customers far more often than what is usual in order to avoid misunderstandings and bad emotions.

International projects may have an increased need for traveling which can lead to additional costs and troubles with time zones.

A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result. Repeating it would be similar to making the same journey twice.

The meaning of the concept called the "Journey to Abilene" is that committee decisions can sometimes lead to a paradoxical outcome where a decision that is jointly made or approved by the committee is not actually desired by any individual group member. This suggests that group decision-making processes can sometimes result in a lack of individual accountability or a failure to voice dissenting opinions, leading to decisions that may not align with the preferences or desires of the individuals involved.

Explanation

The meaning of the concept called the "Journey to Abilene" is that committee decisions can sometimes lead to a paradoxical outcome where a decision that is jointly made or approved by the committee is not actually desired by any individual group member. This suggests that group decision-making processes can sometimes result in a lack of individual accountability or a failure to voice dissenting opinions, leading to decisions that may not align with the preferences or desires of the individuals involved.

182. ________ is typically not referred to as a buffer type in Critical Chain project management.

Resource buffer

Free buffer

Feeding buffer

Project buffer

In Critical Chain project management, a free buffer is typically not referred to as a buffer type. The free buffer is a concept used to protect non-critical tasks from delays, allowing them to be completed without impacting the project's overall timeline. It is different from other buffer types like the resource buffer, feeding buffer, and project buffer, which are all used to protect the critical path and ensure the project is completed on time.

Explanation

In Critical Chain project management, a free buffer is typically not referred to as a buffer type. The free buffer is a concept used to protect non-critical tasks from delays, allowing them to be completed without impacting the project's overall timeline. It is different from other buffer types like the resource buffer, feeding buffer, and project buffer, which are all used to protect the critical path and ensure the project is completed on time.

183. A project management team is evaluating the causes that might contribute to unsatisfactory performance and quality. Which of the following statements is not true?

Normal process variation is attributable to random causes and sometimes also called "white noise".

Special causes are easier to predict and handle than random causes (also called common causes).

Special causes are unusual events which are difficult to foresee and often produce outliers.

A process can be optimized to limit the bandwidth of variations due to random causes.

Special causes are actually more difficult to predict and handle than random causes. Special causes are unusual events that occur sporadically and are difficult to anticipate or plan for. They often produce outliers or extreme variations in performance and quality. On the other hand, random causes, also known as common causes, are inherent in the normal process variation and are more predictable and manageable. Therefore, the statement that special causes are easier to predict and handle than random causes is not true.

Explanation

Special causes are actually more difficult to predict and handle than random causes. Special causes are unusual events that occur sporadically and are difficult to anticipate or plan for. They often produce outliers or extreme variations in performance and quality. On the other hand, random causes, also known as common causes, are inherent in the normal process variation and are more predictable and manageable. Therefore, the statement that special causes are easier to predict and handle than random causes is not true.

184. Which of the following statements is not true?

Attribute sampling is the process of assessing whether results conform to specifications or not.

Prevention means keeping errors out of the process by applying actions before the process starts changing its input.

Variables sampling means that the result is classified into one of the 3 categories:"acceptable" - "acceptable after rework" - "rejected".

Inspection is often mainly done to keep errors out of the hands of the customer instead of as a means of process control.

Variables sampling does not classify the result into three categories of "acceptable," "acceptable after rework," and "rejected." Variables sampling is a statistical sampling technique used to estimate the numerical value of a characteristic of a population. It involves measuring and recording the actual values of the variable being sampled, rather than classifying them into categories.

Explanation

Variables sampling does not classify the result into three categories of "acceptable," "acceptable after rework," and "rejected." Variables sampling is a statistical sampling technique used to estimate the numerical value of a characteristic of a population. It involves measuring and recording the actual values of the variable being sampled, rather than classifying them into categories.

185. Which statement describes best the term Sink node?

It is a node in a WBS, where several branches are brought back together.

It is a node in a Conditional network diagram, at which it becomes deterministic.

It is a node in a Decision tree, showing various branches with the same chance.

It is a node in a Network logic diagram which has multiple predecessors.

A sink node in a network logic diagram refers to a node that has multiple predecessors. In other words, there are multiple activities or events that lead to this particular node. It is the endpoint where multiple branches or paths converge in the network diagram. This term is commonly used in project management or network analysis to represent a point where multiple activities or events come together.

Explanation

A sink node in a network logic diagram refers to a node that has multiple predecessors. In other words, there are multiple activities or events that lead to this particular node. It is the endpoint where multiple branches or paths converge in the network diagram. This term is commonly used in project management or network analysis to represent a point where multiple activities or events come together.

186. Post-mortem analysis after scheduled finish date of a project shows a CPI of 0.8 and an SPI of 1.25. What is a plausible explanation for that?

The project was terminated early. At that time, it was over budget and ahead of schedule.

The project has produced additional deliverables which were originally not required.

The project has evidently been finished under budget and behind of schedule.

The project has evidently been finished over budget and ahead of schedule.

The given answer is plausible because a CPI of 0.8 indicates that the project is over budget, while an SPI of 1.25 indicates that the project is ahead of schedule. This suggests that the project was terminated early due to being over budget, but still managed to complete more work than originally planned, resulting in being ahead of schedule.

Explanation

The given answer is plausible because a CPI of 0.8 indicates that the project is over budget, while an SPI of 1.25 indicates that the project is ahead of schedule. This suggests that the project was terminated early due to being over budget, but still managed to complete more work than originally planned, resulting in being ahead of schedule.

187. The project manager for a construction project discovers that the local city council will vote on a zoning change that would open up a new neighborhood to commercial building. She contacts other construction companies in the area that would benefit from the change to ask them to attend the council meeting in order to convince the city council to vote for the change. A "Yes" vote will benefit all of the companies. This is an example of which risk response strategy?

Mitigate

Share

Exploit

Enhance

The project manager is proactively reaching out to other construction companies to join forces and collectively influence the city council's decision. By sharing the task of convincing the council, the project manager is reducing the risk of the zoning change not being approved. This risk response strategy is known as "share," as it involves sharing the risk with others and seeking their support to increase the chances of a positive outcome.

Explanation

The project manager is proactively reaching out to other construction companies to join forces and collectively influence the city council's decision. By sharing the task of convincing the council, the project manager is reducing the risk of the zoning change not being approved. This risk response strategy is known as "share," as it involves sharing the risk with others and seeking their support to increase the chances of a positive outcome.

188. In order to speed up a project, you made a decision to fast-track a phase currently performed with five team members and another one which was planned to begin in four weeks time with another five team members. Which of the following activities should you do first?

Make sure that all exit criteria of the consecutive phase have been met to ensure the flow of communications in a team situation which is more complex by a factor of 2.

Make sure that all entry criteria of the previous phase have been met by planning and performing a phase gate meeting to assess technical aptness.

Make sure that all exit criteria of the previous phase have been met by planning and performing a phase gate meeting to assess technical performance.

Restructure your team and delegate tasks in order to ensure the flow of communications in a team with the number of communication channels increased by a factor of 4.5.

The first step should be to restructure the team and delegate tasks in order to ensure the flow of communications. This is important because fast-tracking a phase and adding more team members can make the team situation more complex. By restructuring the team and delegating tasks, the project manager can ensure that there are clear lines of communication and that everyone knows their roles and responsibilities. This will help to prevent any confusion or delays in the project. Additionally, the mention of the number of communication channels being increased by a factor of 4.5 suggests that this step is necessary to manage the increased complexity.

Explanation

The first step should be to restructure the team and delegate tasks in order to ensure the flow of communications. This is important because fast-tracking a phase and adding more team members can make the team situation more complex. By restructuring the team and delegating tasks, the project manager can ensure that there are clear lines of communication and that everyone knows their roles and responsibilities. This will help to prevent any confusion or delays in the project. Additionally, the mention of the number of communication channels being increased by a factor of 4.5 suggests that this step is necessary to manage the increased complexity.

189. What is defined by control limits?

A measuring instrument solely used to describe process capability. The process is found capable if the ±3 Sigma range is exceeded by not more than 0.3% of a tested sample lot.

The limits of the six Sigma area on either side of a control chart to plot measured values; data found outside the area are out of specification and can lead to rejection of an entire batch.

The area consisting of typically three standard deviations on either side of a mean value of a control chart to plot measured values found in statistical quality control

The area consisting of typically three standard deviations on either side of a mean value of a control chart to plot measured values found in quality assurance

Control limits are defined as the area consisting of typically three standard deviations on either side of a mean value of a control chart to plot measured values found in statistical quality control. These limits help to identify whether a process is in control or out of control. Data points that fall outside of these limits are considered out of specification and may indicate a need for corrective action. By monitoring the data within the control limits, organizations can ensure that their processes are stable and producing consistent results.

Explanation

Control limits are defined as the area consisting of typically three standard deviations on either side of a mean value of a control chart to plot measured values found in statistical quality control. These limits help to identify whether a process is in control or out of control. Data points that fall outside of these limits are considered out of specification and may indicate a need for corrective action. By monitoring the data within the control limits, organizations can ensure that their processes are stable and producing consistent results.

190. Ou have been assigned as a project manager to a software project. While you and your team are working on a WBS (Work breakdown structure), estimations for activity durations based on the activity list vary significantly. Which additional documents may help you clarify this situation?

Milestone list and scope baseline.

Project schedule network diagrams and human resource plan.

Activity cost estimates and scope baseline.

Activity attributes and project scope statement.

Activity attributes and project scope statement are additional documents that can help clarify the situation of varying estimations for activity durations. The activity attributes provide detailed information about each activity, including its duration, resource requirements, and dependencies. This document can help in identifying any discrepancies or misunderstandings in the estimations. On the other hand, the project scope statement defines the project's objectives, deliverables, and boundaries. It provides a clear understanding of what needs to be accomplished, which can help in aligning the estimations for activity durations with the project's overall scope.

Explanation

Activity attributes and project scope statement are additional documents that can help clarify the situation of varying estimations for activity durations. The activity attributes provide detailed information about each activity, including its duration, resource requirements, and dependencies. This document can help in identifying any discrepancies or misunderstandings in the estimations. On the other hand, the project scope statement defines the project's objectives, deliverables, and boundaries. It provides a clear understanding of what needs to be accomplished, which can help in aligning the estimations for activity durations with the project's overall scope.

191. Your organization discusses running a project which will entail an investment of $1,000,000. The product from the project is forecasted to create revenues of $250,000 in the first year after the end of the project and of $420,000 in each of the two following years. What is true for the Net present value of the project over the three years cycle at a Discount rate of 10%?

The net present value is positive, which makes the project attractive.

The net present value is positive, which makes the project unattractive.

The net present value is negative, which makes the project attractive.

The net present value is negative, which makes the project unattractive.

The net present value (NPV) of a project is calculated by subtracting the initial investment from the present value of the expected cash flows. In this case, the initial investment is $1,000,000. The cash flows are $250,000 in the first year and $420,000 in each of the two following years. To calculate the present value, we discount each cash flow using a discount rate of 10%. The present value of the cash flows is then subtracted from the initial investment. If the NPV is negative, it means that the present value of the cash flows is less than the initial investment, indicating that the project is unattractive. Therefore, the correct answer is "The net present value is negative, which makes the project unattractive."

Explanation

The net present value (NPV) of a project is calculated by subtracting the initial investment from the present value of the expected cash flows. In this case, the initial investment is $1,000,000. The cash flows are $250,000 in the first year and $420,000 in each of the two following years. To calculate the present value, we discount each cash flow using a discount rate of 10%. The present value of the cash flows is then subtracted from the initial investment. If the NPV is negative, it means that the present value of the cash flows is less than the initial investment, indicating that the project is unattractive. Therefore, the correct answer is "The net present value is negative, which makes the project unattractive."

192. Which is the BEST description of project scope?

All of the features and deliverables your project will deliver

All of the products your project will make

All of the people involved in your project

All of the work you will do to build the product

The BEST description of project scope is "All of the work you will do to build the product." This answer accurately captures the essence of project scope, which refers to the specific tasks, activities, and efforts that are required to complete a project and produce the desired product or outcome. It encompasses all the work that needs to be done, including planning, designing, developing, testing, and implementing the product. The other options mentioned in the question (features and deliverables, products, people involved) are not comprehensive enough to fully describe the project scope.

Explanation

The BEST description of project scope is "All of the work you will do to build the product." This answer accurately captures the essence of project scope, which refers to the specific tasks, activities, and efforts that are required to complete a project and produce the desired product or outcome. It encompasses all the work that needs to be done, including planning, designing, developing, testing, and implementing the product. The other options mentioned in the question (features and deliverables, products, people involved) are not comprehensive enough to fully describe the project scope.

193. You are the project manager in an engineering project and have recently signed a contract with a software vendor for the development of a complicated control solution. The software will be used to control machinery equipment which your project team is currently developing. The contract is a lump-sum contract. The contractor has target cost estimated which seem rather low to you. Which of the following statements is not true for this situation?

It is the contractor's risk in this type of contract that their profit may vanish if costs have been underestimated.

This form of contract should only be chosen when all the requirements for the building of the product are well-known by all parties involved.

In a fixed-price contract, change requests can cause issues regarding additional time and extra costs for the changes to be applied.

It is likely that your organization may have to assume any unexpected additional costs for the software development.

In a lump-sum contract, the contractor agrees to complete the project for a fixed price, regardless of any unexpected additional costs that may arise. Therefore, it is not true that the organization may have to assume any unexpected additional costs for the software development in this situation. The risk of underestimating costs and potentially losing profit falls on the contractor in a lump-sum contract.

Explanation

In a lump-sum contract, the contractor agrees to complete the project for a fixed price, regardless of any unexpected additional costs that may arise. Therefore, it is not true that the organization may have to assume any unexpected additional costs for the software development in this situation. The risk of underestimating costs and potentially losing profit falls on the contractor in a lump-sum contract.

194. You are the manager of your company's project management office. The company is running many concurrent projects; most of them share a resource pool of technical staff. Understanding how resources are utilized across projects has been found essential to overall project performance, including cost effectiveness and profitability. This morning you received a message that the resource pool members will be unable to perform as planned for the next months because the overall work load has grown too high and while delays are adding up, the morale of the staff is going down. What should you do next?

Ensure that quantitative information for all projects is being made available in a uniform and reliable fashion and verify that the project management methodology is adhered to. Then consolidate the information to get an understanding of the problems related with the use of shared resources.

Implement an enterprise project management software solution which is able to level the human resources across the various projects and which has the capability to model resource assignment on a percentage level thus optimizing resource utilization for the overall organization.

Do nothing related to the described problem unless you are explicitly requested by the organizations upper management. Supporting decision making on the level on which project portfolio management is done, is not the project management office's business.

Evaluate project management software which supports planning and scheduling across enterprise-wide project portfolios. Avoid managing the availability of shared enterprise resources for the projects run by an organization because this is not the business of a project management office.

The correct answer suggests that the manager should ensure that quantitative information is available for all projects in a uniform and reliable manner. This is important because it allows the manager to assess the problems related to the use of shared resources. By verifying that the project management methodology is being followed, the manager can identify any deviations or inefficiencies that may be contributing to the resource overload. Consolidating the information will provide a clear understanding of the situation and help the manager make informed decisions to address the issue.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that the manager should ensure that quantitative information is available for all projects in a uniform and reliable manner. This is important because it allows the manager to assess the problems related to the use of shared resources. By verifying that the project management methodology is being followed, the manager can identify any deviations or inefficiencies that may be contributing to the resource overload. Consolidating the information will provide a clear understanding of the situation and help the manager make informed decisions to address the issue.

195. _______ are not necessarily used to establish the Cost baseline of a project.

Schedule activity or work package cost estimates

The Work breakdown structure and WBS dictionary

The Project schedule and Resource calendars.

The Risk breakdown structure and the Risk register.

The Risk breakdown structure and the Risk register are not necessarily used to establish the Cost baseline of a project. The Cost baseline is typically established using schedule activity or work package cost estimates, the Work breakdown structure and WBS dictionary, and the Project schedule and Resource calendars. The Risk breakdown structure and the Risk register are used to identify and manage project risks, but they do not directly contribute to determining the project's cost baseline.

Explanation

The Risk breakdown structure and the Risk register are not necessarily used to establish the Cost baseline of a project. The Cost baseline is typically established using schedule activity or work package cost estimates, the Work breakdown structure and WBS dictionary, and the Project schedule and Resource calendars. The Risk breakdown structure and the Risk register are used to identify and manage project risks, but they do not directly contribute to determining the project's cost baseline.

196. Which of the following statement(s) regarding whistle-blowing is/are not true?

It is a term used to define an employee's decision to disclose information on unethical, immoral or illegal actions at work to an authority figure.
An employee should always discuss the matter with people external to the company before following the "chain of command" and discuss it with the immediate superior.
The consequences of whistle-blowing are often extreme and include possible being branded as having bad judgment, firing, civil action and imprisonment.
Carefully considered whistle-blowing can lead to the end of unethical business practices.

A

B

B, c

C, d

The correct answer is b. An employee should always discuss the matter with people external to the company before following the "chain of command" and discuss it with the immediate superior. This statement is not true because it is not necessary for an employee to discuss the matter with people external to the company before following the "chain of command" and discussing it with the immediate superior. Whistle-blowing can be done internally within the company first before seeking external help or intervention.

Explanation

The correct answer is b. An employee should always discuss the matter with people external to the company before following the "chain of command" and discuss it with the immediate superior. This statement is not true because it is not necessary for an employee to discuss the matter with people external to the company before following the "chain of command" and discussing it with the immediate superior. Whistle-blowing can be done internally within the company first before seeking external help or intervention.

197. A project sponsor requested Earned Value Data on two concurrent projects from the project managers. Both projects are regarded as equally important and strategically beneficial and have been finished by over 80%. He received the following information: Project A: PV: $1,800,000 EV: $2,300,000 AC: $2,100,000 Project B: PV: $2,000,000 EV: $1,500,000 AC: $1,600,000 The sponsor considers to shift some resources from Project A to Project B to speed up the second project which is currently behind schedule. What is the most likely outcome of such a measure?

Changing team assignments during late course of a project typically increases cost efficiency.

Changing team assignments during late course of a project typically increases time efficiency.

According to the Law of diminishing returns, the consolidated Cost variance of the two projects will decrease.

According to the Law of diminishing returns, the consolidated Cost variance of the two projects will increase.

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

198. Which is not a goal in both Project management and Quality management?

Prevention over inspection

Customer satisfaction

Management responsibility

Triple constraint

The triple constraint is not a goal in both project management and quality management. The triple constraint refers to the three factors that are interdependent and must be balanced in a project: time, scope, and cost. It is a principle in project management that highlights the trade-off between these three factors. On the other hand, prevention over inspection, customer satisfaction, and management responsibility are goals in both project management and quality management. Prevention over inspection emphasizes the importance of identifying and addressing potential issues before they occur. Customer satisfaction aims to meet or exceed customer expectations. Management responsibility involves the accountability of management in ensuring the success of a project or maintaining quality standards.

Explanation

The triple constraint is not a goal in both project management and quality management. The triple constraint refers to the three factors that are interdependent and must be balanced in a project: time, scope, and cost. It is a principle in project management that highlights the trade-off between these three factors. On the other hand, prevention over inspection, customer satisfaction, and management responsibility are goals in both project management and quality management. Prevention over inspection emphasizes the importance of identifying and addressing potential issues before they occur. Customer satisfaction aims to meet or exceed customer expectations. Management responsibility involves the accountability of management in ensuring the success of a project or maintaining quality standards.

199. A company has to make a choice between two projects, because the available resources in money and kind are not sufficient to run both at the same time. Each project would take 9 months and would cost $250,000.

The first project is a process optimization which would result in a cost reduction of $120,000 per year. This benefit would be achieved immediately after the end of the project.
The second project would be the development of a new product which could produce the following net profits after the end of the project:

1. year:	$	15,000
2. year:	$	125,000
3. year:	$	220,000

Assumed is a discount rate of 5% per year. Looking at the present values of the benefits of these projects in the first 3 years, what is true?

Both projects are equally attractive.

The first project is more attractive by app. 7%.

The second project is more attractive by app. 5%.

The first project is more attractive by app. 3%.

The present value of the benefits for the first project can be calculated by discounting the cost reduction of $120,000 per year at a rate of 5% per year. The present value of the benefits for the second project can be calculated by discounting the net profits of each year at a rate of 5% per year. By comparing the present values of the benefits for both projects, it can be determined that the first project is more attractive by approximately 3%.

Explanation

The present value of the benefits for the first project can be calculated by discounting the cost reduction of $120,000 per year at a rate of 5% per year. The present value of the benefits for the second project can be calculated by discounting the net profits of each year at a rate of 5% per year. By comparing the present values of the benefits for both projects, it can be determined that the first project is more attractive by approximately 3%.

200. Processes of Configuration management do in general not include…

…identification and documentation of system or item characteristics.

…controlling changes to these characteristics in an integrative fashion.

…documenting and auditing changes and the implementation status.

…assigning responsibilities for change control and documentation.

The processes of configuration management involve various activities such as identifying and documenting system or item characteristics, controlling changes to these characteristics, and documenting and auditing changes and the implementation status. However, assigning responsibilities for change control and documentation is not a part of the configuration management processes.

Explanation

The processes of configuration management involve various activities such as identifying and documenting system or item characteristics, controlling changes to these characteristics, and documenting and auditing changes and the implementation status. However, assigning responsibilities for change control and documentation is not a part of the configuration management processes.