Physioex: Endocrine System Lab Quiz Part 2 (Diabetes)

1. A diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus implies that

A person's urine is abnormally deficient in glucose.

Only type 1 nerve cells are responding to insulin.

The pancreas is not producing sufficient insulin.

All cells of the body are unresponsive to insulin.

A diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus implies that the pancreas is not producing sufficient insulin. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. As a result, the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. This leads to an increase in blood sugar levels and a deficiency of insulin in the body.

Explanation

A diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus implies that the pancreas is not producing sufficient insulin. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. As a result, the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. This leads to an increase in blood sugar levels and a deficiency of insulin in the body.

2. A male patient has had successive fasting plasma glucose readings of 115, 110, and 122 mg/dl. The healthcare provider will inform him that

He appears to have impairment or borderline impairment of insulin-mediated glucose uptake by his cells.

He is quite normal and can stop requesting this blood test.

He needs more fasting plasma glucose because the range of these three values is too large to reach a conclusion.

He has developed diabetes and needs to adopt lifestyle changes.

Based on the successive fasting plasma glucose readings of 115, 110, and 122 mg/dl, the patient's glucose levels are consistently elevated, indicating impairment or borderline impairment of insulin-mediated glucose uptake by his cells. This suggests a potential issue with the body's ability to properly regulate blood sugar levels, which may require further evaluation and potential lifestyle changes to manage.

Explanation

Based on the successive fasting plasma glucose readings of 115, 110, and 122 mg/dl, the patient's glucose levels are consistently elevated, indicating impairment or borderline impairment of insulin-mediated glucose uptake by his cells. This suggests a potential issue with the body's ability to properly regulate blood sugar levels, which may require further evaluation and potential lifestyle changes to manage.

3. Which of the following statements is true?

Glucose is the primary fuel for nerve cell metabolism.

Plasma glucose can be converted into glycogen stores in liver and muscle cells.

Plasma glucose levels are controlled by the opposing actions of insulin and glucagon.

All of these statements are true.

All of the statements provided in the options are true. Glucose is indeed the primary fuel for nerve cell metabolism. Plasma glucose can be converted into glycogen stores in liver and muscle cells. Additionally, plasma glucose levels are controlled by the opposing actions of insulin and glucagon.

Explanation

All of the statements provided in the options are true. Glucose is indeed the primary fuel for nerve cell metabolism. Plasma glucose can be converted into glycogen stores in liver and muscle cells. Additionally, plasma glucose levels are controlled by the opposing actions of insulin and glucagon.

4. In the spectrophotometric assay used in this experiment, the __________ as the glucose concentration in the sample increases.

Optical density remains constant

Optical density increases

Optical density decreases

Amount of color in the test tube decreases

In the spectrophotometric assay, the optical density measures the absorption of light by the sample. As the glucose concentration in the sample increases, more glucose molecules are present to absorb the light, resulting in an increase in optical density. Therefore, the correct answer is that the optical density increases.

Explanation

In the spectrophotometric assay, the optical density measures the absorption of light by the sample. As the glucose concentration in the sample increases, more glucose molecules are present to absorb the light, resulting in an increase in optical density. Therefore, the correct answer is that the optical density increases.

5. A diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus implies that

A person's urine is abnormally deficient in glucose.

Only type 2 cells are responding to insulin.

The pancreas is not producing sufficient insulin.

The cells of the body are unresponsive to circulating insulin.

A diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus implies that the cells of the body are unresponsive to circulating insulin. This means that even though insulin is being produced by the pancreas, the cells are not able to effectively use it to regulate glucose levels in the body. This leads to high blood sugar levels and is a characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes.

Explanation

A diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus implies that the cells of the body are unresponsive to circulating insulin. This means that even though insulin is being produced by the pancreas, the cells are not able to effectively use it to regulate glucose levels in the body. This leads to high blood sugar levels and is a characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes.

6. Glucagon is a hormone

That opposes the action of insulin.

Secreted into the stomach to aid with starch digestion.

Produced by the beta cells of the pancreas.

That promotes the formation of glycogen

Glucagon is a hormone that opposes the action of insulin. Insulin is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels, while glucagon works to raise blood sugar levels. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon signals the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream. This helps to maintain a stable blood sugar level. Therefore, the statement "Glucagon is a hormone that opposes the action of insulin" is correct.

Explanation

Glucagon is a hormone that opposes the action of insulin. Insulin is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels, while glucagon works to raise blood sugar levels. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon signals the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream. This helps to maintain a stable blood sugar level. Therefore, the statement "Glucagon is a hormone that opposes the action of insulin" is correct.

7. Which of the following statements is false?

Insulin is a hormone secreted into the stomach to aid with starch digestion.

Insulin is a hormone secreted from the beta cells of the endocrine of the pancreas.

Insulin decreases plasma glucose levels.

Insulin promotes the stores of glucose in the form of glycogen.

Insulin is not secreted into the stomach to aid with starch digestion. It is actually secreted from the beta cells of the endocrine of the pancreas. Insulin helps to decrease plasma glucose levels and promotes the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.

Explanation

Insulin is not secreted into the stomach to aid with starch digestion. It is actually secreted from the beta cells of the endocrine of the pancreas. Insulin helps to decrease plasma glucose levels and promotes the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.

8. A female patient has had successive fasting plasma glucose readings of 130, 140, and 128 mg/dl. The healthcare provider will inform her that

She has specifically developed type 1 diabetes.

She is making too little glucagon and will need to consider supplements.

She has developed diabetes.

She appears to have impairment or borderline impairment of insulin-mediated glucose uptake by her cells.

Based on the successive fasting plasma glucose readings, it can be concluded that the patient has developed diabetes. The readings consistently indicate elevated levels of glucose in the blood, which is a characteristic of diabetes. The other options do not provide a logical explanation for the glucose readings and are therefore incorrect.

Explanation

Based on the successive fasting plasma glucose readings, it can be concluded that the patient has developed diabetes. The readings consistently indicate elevated levels of glucose in the blood, which is a characteristic of diabetes. The other options do not provide a logical explanation for the glucose readings and are therefore incorrect.

9. A laboratory technician withdraws a blood sample from a vein in your upper arm knowing that

The plasma glucose concentration will be the same in both the arm vein and the index finger.

The plasma glucose concentration is expected to be lower in the index finger than in the arm vein.

The plasma glucose concentration in expected to be higher in the arm vein than in the index finger.

The plasma glucose concentration will be the same in both the arm vein and the index finger because blood glucose is distributed evenly throughout the circulatory system. Therefore, the concentration of glucose in the arm vein and the index finger would be expected to be the same.

Explanation

The plasma glucose concentration will be the same in both the arm vein and the index finger because blood glucose is distributed evenly throughout the circulatory system. Therefore, the concentration of glucose in the arm vein and the index finger would be expected to be the same.

10. To obtain an accurate spectrophotometric measurement of the glucose concentration in the sample

Barium hydroxide is added to prevent blood clots.

An enzymatic color reagent is added that digests and, thus, removes blood clots.

Water is added to dissolve the glucose.

Heparin is added to prevent blood clots.

Heparin is added to prevent blood clots in order to obtain an accurate spectrophotometric measurement of the glucose concentration in the sample. Blood clots can interfere with the measurement by blocking the light path or causing turbidity, leading to inaccurate results. Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents the formation of blood clots, ensuring that the glucose measurement is not affected by clotting.

Explanation

Heparin is added to prevent blood clots in order to obtain an accurate spectrophotometric measurement of the glucose concentration in the sample. Blood clots can interfere with the measurement by blocking the light path or causing turbidity, leading to inaccurate results. Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents the formation of blood clots, ensuring that the glucose measurement is not affected by clotting.

11. To maintain plasma glucose homeostasis

Glucagon-mediated transport of glucose into cells acts as negative feedback when plasma glucose levels rise.

Cells will become unresponsive to insulin if plasma glucose levels are chronically low.

Insulin-mediated transport of glucose into cells acts as negative feedback when plasma glucose levels rise.

The pancreas will release insulin and glucagon together in order to offset a rise in plasma glucose.

Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the transport of glucose into cells. When plasma glucose levels rise, insulin is released by the pancreas to promote the uptake of glucose into cells, thereby reducing blood sugar levels. This process acts as negative feedback, as it counteracts the initial increase in plasma glucose. Therefore, the correct answer is that insulin-mediated transport of glucose into cells acts as negative feedback when plasma glucose levels rise.

Explanation

Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the transport of glucose into cells. When plasma glucose levels rise, insulin is released by the pancreas to promote the uptake of glucose into cells, thereby reducing blood sugar levels. This process acts as negative feedback, as it counteracts the initial increase in plasma glucose. Therefore, the correct answer is that insulin-mediated transport of glucose into cells acts as negative feedback when plasma glucose levels rise.