Phlebotomy Quiz # 2

Negligence refers to the failure of an individual to exercise reasonable care or caution in a given situation. This means that they did not take the necessary precautions or act in a manner that a reasonable person would in order to prevent harm or damage. Negligence can occur in various contexts, such as in a professional setting or in everyday situations, and it can result in legal consequences if it causes harm or injury to others.

Hyperglycemia refers to a condition where there is an excessive amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It occurs when the body is unable to properly regulate blood sugar levels, often due to a lack of insulin or insulin resistance. High blood sugar can lead to a variety of symptoms and complications, including increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and long-term damage to organs and blood vessels. Therefore, the statement "Hyperglycemia means high blood sugar" is true.

Ethics refers to a set of principles or values that guide individuals in making moral decisions and determining what is right or wrong. It involves considering the impact of one's actions on others and society as a whole. Moral conduct, on the other hand, refers specifically to adhering to the laws and regulations set by a governing body. While moral conduct may align with ethical principles, it is not synonymous with ethics as it focuses solely on legal obligations. Therefore, the correct answer is ethics.

The statement is true because a consent is given when a patient agrees to undergo a particular treatment or procedure. It is a legal and ethical requirement for healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from patients before performing any medical intervention. This ensures that patients are fully aware of the risks, benefits, and alternatives associated with the treatment, allowing them to make an informed decision about their healthcare. Therefore, a consent signifies the patient's affirmative agreement to receive the proposed treatment.

The correct answer is "ALL OF THE ABOVE" because modes of transmission refer to the different ways in which a disease or infection can spread from one person to another. Airborne transmission occurs when the disease-causing agents are present in the air and can be inhaled by others. Droplet transmission happens when respiratory droplets containing the infectious agents are produced through activities like coughing or sneezing and are inhaled by others. Contact transmission occurs when there is direct physical contact with an infected person or indirect contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. Vector transmission refers to the transmission of diseases through vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Therefore, all of these modes of transmission are possible ways for diseases or infections to spread.

The correct answer is true because M.D.R. stands for multiple drug resistance. This term is used to describe a situation where a microorganism, such as a bacterium, is resistant to multiple drugs or antibiotics that are commonly used to treat infections. This can occur when the microorganism acquires genetic mutations or resistance genes that allow it to survive and multiply even in the presence of these drugs. Multiple drug resistance is a significant concern in healthcare as it limits the effectiveness of treatment options and can lead to more severe or untreatable infections.

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is considered "good" because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transports it back to the liver for processing and elimination. This helps prevent the buildup of plaque in the arteries and reduces the risk of heart disease. High levels of HDL are generally associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular problems.

The statement is true. Oxygen enters the body through the airways, specifically the nose or mouth, then travels down the trachea and into the bronchial tubes. From there, it reaches the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the lungs. Oxygen diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli and enters the pulmonary capillaries, which are small blood vessels surrounding the alveoli. This is where oxygen is picked up by red blood cells and transported to the rest of the body.

The statement is true because tort refers to a civil wrong or injury caused by one party to another, resulting in legal liability. In healthcare, torts are common due to medical malpractice, negligence, or failure to provide a standard level of care. Patients who suffer harm or injury due to healthcare professionals' actions or omissions can file a tort claim seeking compensation for damages. Therefore, tort is indeed the most common civil action in healthcare.

The correct answer is "ALL OF THE ABOVE" because all three terms - ischemia, injury, and infarct - are related to heart conditions. Ischemia refers to a restriction in blood supply to the heart muscle, which can lead to injury. Injury occurs when there is damage to the heart muscle due to reduced blood flow. Infarct refers to the death of heart tissue caused by a lack of blood flow. Therefore, all three terms are interconnected and encompass different stages or aspects of heart-related problems.

The term "hemat/oma" is a medical term that is used to describe swelling or a mass in the blood. It is derived from the Greek word "haima" which means blood, and "oma" which means swelling or mass. Therefore, "hemat/oma" refers to the swelling or mass in the blood.

The statement "Surrounding the alveoli is pulmonary capillary" is true. The alveoli are small air sacs located in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Surrounding these alveoli are a network of tiny blood vessels called pulmonary capillaries. These capillaries allow for the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the bloodstream. This exchange is essential for the oxygenation of the blood and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body.

Smoking causes blood clots. Smoking damages the lining of blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clot formation. When blood clots form, they can block blood flow, leading to serious health problems such as heart attacks, strokes, and deep vein thrombosis. The chemicals in cigarettes, particularly nicotine, can also make blood more likely to clot. Therefore, smoking cessation is crucial to reduce the risk of blood clots and associated complications.

Viruses are considered intracellular parasites because they are unable to reproduce or carry out metabolic processes outside of a host cell. They rely on the host cell's machinery to replicate and produce more virus particles. Once inside the host cell, viruses hijack the cellular machinery to replicate their genetic material and assemble new virus particles. This parasitic behavior of viruses, where they depend on the host cell for their survival and reproduction, classifies them as intracellular parasites.

The given statement is true. The statute of limitations refers to the time period within which a person is allowed to file a lawsuit. It sets a deadline for initiating legal action after a certain event has occurred. Generally, the statute of limitations for filing a lawsuit is around 2 to 3 years, although it can vary depending on the jurisdiction and the nature of the case. After the statute of limitations has expired, the individual loses their right to bring the matter to court.

Omission means failing to do something that you should have done. It refers to the act of neglecting or not taking action on a task or responsibility that is expected or required of you. This can occur due to various reasons such as forgetfulness, laziness, or lack of awareness. Omission is the opposite of doing the right thing, as it involves neglecting or disregarding one's duties or obligations.

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The correct answer is "VERBAL OR WRITTEN" because informed consent can be obtained through either verbal or written communication. Verbal consent involves a discussion between the healthcare provider and the patient, where the provider explains the procedure, risks, benefits, and alternatives, and the patient expresses their understanding and agreement. Written consent involves the patient signing a consent form after receiving the necessary information. Both methods ensure that the patient is fully informed and has given their permission before any medical intervention takes place.

Etiology refers to the cause or origin of a disease. It involves studying the factors that contribute to the development of a specific illness or condition. By understanding the etiology of a disease, healthcare professionals can better diagnose, treat, and prevent it. Therefore, etiology plays a crucial role in identifying the underlying reasons for the occurrence of a disease.

The symbol "Hg" is used to represent the chemical element Mercury on the periodic table. Mercury is a heavy, silvery-white liquid metal that is commonly known for its use in thermometers. It has a high density and is highly toxic. Therefore, "Hg" is the correct symbol for Mercury.

"Let the master respond" is the correct answer because respondent superior is a legal doctrine that holds an employer or principal responsible for the actions of their employees or agents. It means that the master or employer is held liable for the acts or omissions of their subordinates. Therefore, when respondent superior is invoked, the responsibility for responding or answering for the actions falls on the master or employer.

The statement "IMPLIED CONSENT MEANS SOMEONE HAS A HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL SIGN" is true. Implied consent refers to a situation where a person's consent for medical treatment is assumed based on their actions or circumstances. In healthcare, it means that if a person seeks medical attention or voluntarily enters a healthcare facility, they are giving implied consent for healthcare professionals to provide necessary treatment. This can be seen as a form of consent without explicitly signing any consent forms.

The given statement is true. The T shape is indeed called the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery is a major blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It is shaped like a T, with one main trunk that branches into two smaller arteries, one for each lung. This allows the blood to be oxygenated in the lungs before returning to the heart.

A tort is a legal term that refers to a wrongful act committed by one person against another, causing harm or injury. It can include actions such as negligence, intentional harm, or strict liability. In this context, the correct answer is "wrongful act" because it accurately describes the nature of a tort. A tort is a civil wrong that allows the injured party to seek compensation for the harm caused by the wrongful act.

LDL, also known as low-density lipoprotein, is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. This is because LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells in the body, and if there is an excess of LDL, it can build up in the arteries and lead to atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. Therefore, having high levels of LDL in the blood is considered detrimental to one's health.

High cholesterol is a known risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). When cholesterol levels in the blood are elevated, it can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow to the heart. This can ultimately result in CAD, a condition where the arteries become partially or completely blocked, leading to chest pain, heart attacks, and other cardiovascular complications. Therefore, high cholesterol is a significant contributor to the development of CAD.

When the right ventricles contract, it is referred to as systolic. Systolic refers to the phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers and into the arteries. In this case, the right ventricle contracts to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. This is an important part of the overall cardiac function and helps maintain circulation throughout the body.

An emancipated minor is someone who is legally recognized as an adult, despite being under the age of majority. This means they have the rights and responsibilities of an adult, including the ability to make decisions for themselves and be financially independent. Being married or self-supported are two common ways in which a minor can become emancipated.

"Res judicata" is a Latin term that translates to "the thing has been decided (final)". This legal principle refers to a case that has already been adjudicated and cannot be pursued further by the same parties. Once a matter has been decided by a court, it is considered final and binding, and cannot be reopened or litigated again. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "THE THING HAS BEEN DECIDED (FINAL)".

Coronary arteries are the blood vessels that branch off the aorta and deliver blood to the heart muscles. They supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle, allowing it to pump and deliver blood to the chambers of the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is "Arteries that branch off the aorta and deliver blood to the heart muscles."

The correct answer is "UNOXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE LUNG TO BE OXYGENATED." The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets oxygenated. This oxygenated blood is then returned to the heart through the pulmonary veins. Therefore, the pulmonary artery carries unoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated.

The correct answer is 15 SEC. Washing hands for about 15 seconds is recommended to effectively remove dirt, germs, and bacteria. This duration allows enough time to thoroughly clean all areas of the hands, including the palms, back of hands, fingers, and nails. Washing hands for a shorter duration may not effectively remove all contaminants, while washing for a longer duration may cause skin dryness or irritation. Therefore, washing hands for about 15 seconds strikes a balance between cleanliness and skin health.

The four valves of the heart are the aortic valve, pulmonic valve, tricuspid valve, and mitral valve. These valves play a crucial role in ensuring the proper flow of blood through the heart. The aortic valve controls the flow of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the aorta, which carries blood to the rest of the body. The pulmonic valve regulates the flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, which transports blood to the lungs. The tricuspid valve allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle, while the mitral valve permits blood to pass from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

When the left ventricles contract, it pushes the oxygenated blood out of the heart and into the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. This contraction is known as systole. Therefore, the correct answer is "AORTIC."

Stasis refers to the act of controlling or stopping bleeding. It involves the cessation or restriction of blood flow to a particular area, typically through the application of pressure or the use of medical techniques or devices. By controlling or stopping bleeding, stasis helps prevent further blood loss and promotes healing.

When you inhale oxygen, it enters your bloodstream and is transported to the cells in your body. During cellular respiration, oxygen is used by the cells to produce energy, and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product. This carbon dioxide then diffuses out of the cells, enters the bloodstream, and is carried back to the lungs. From there, it is exhaled out of the body. Therefore, when you inhale oxygen, you exhale carbon dioxide in your blood.

The heart is divided into four chambers: the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The atria are the upper chambers that receive blood from the body and lungs, while the ventricles are the lower chambers that pump blood out to the body and lungs. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs to be oxygenated, while the left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

The risk factors of a heart attack include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking. High blood pressure can damage the arteries and increase the workload on the heart, increasing the risk of a heart attack. High cholesterol can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, narrowing them and restricting blood flow to the heart. Smoking damages the blood vessels and decreases the amount of oxygen that reaches the heart, making it more vulnerable to a heart attack. These risk factors can contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and increase the likelihood of experiencing a heart attack.