Phlebotomy Final Exam Quiz

Tubes containing additives should be inverted 5-10 times to ensure proper mixing of the additives with the sample. This helps in achieving accurate and consistent results. Inverting the tubes multiple times helps to evenly distribute the additives throughout the sample, preventing any potential errors or inconsistencies in the analysis.

Fibrinogen is a protein that is involved in blood clotting. It is produced in the liver and is found in the liquid part of blood called plasma. Plasma is the component of blood that remains after the blood cells have been removed. Therefore, the correct answer is plasma.

The correct answer is 55% plasma, 45% formed elements. This means that the majority of blood is made up of plasma, which is a yellowish liquid that carries various substances such as nutrients, hormones, and waste products. The formed elements refer to the solid components of blood, which include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These formed elements make up a smaller portion of the blood compared to plasma.

The "Patients Bill of Rights" outlines the rights that patients have in regards to their healthcare. One of these rights is the ability to refuse treatment if they do not wish to proceed with a particular medical intervention. Additionally, patients have the right to not participate in experimental procedures, ensuring that they are not subjected to any experimental treatments without their consent. Lastly, patients have the right to know the name of the phlebotomist or any healthcare professional involved in their care, promoting transparency and accountability. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

A phlebotomist is a trained professional in blood drawing. They have undergone specific training to learn the proper techniques and procedures for drawing blood from patients. They are responsible for collecting blood samples for laboratory testing, transfusions, research, or donations. Phlebotomists must follow strict protocols to ensure the safety and accuracy of the blood collection process. They play a crucial role in the healthcare system by helping to diagnose and monitor medical conditions through blood analysis.

When a hematoma is forming during a blood collection, it is important to take immediate action to prevent further complications. Adjusting the needle depth, removing the tourniquet, and removing the needle and applying pressure are all appropriate actions to take in this situation. However, ignoring the hematoma and finishing the collection is not acceptable because it can lead to increased bleeding and potential harm to the patient. Therefore, ignoring the hematoma and finishing the collection is not an acceptable action to take.

The correct answer is 40 mm Hg. When performing a bleeding time test, the blood pressure cuff should be inflated to 40 mm Hg. This pressure is sufficient to temporarily stop the blood flow in the small blood vessels of the forearm. By releasing the pressure and measuring the time it takes for bleeding to stop, the bleeding time can be determined, which is an important test for assessing platelet function and the ability of blood to clot.

The slanted tip of the needle that enters the vein is not called the lumen. The lumen refers to the hollow space inside the needle or blood vessel.

The correct answer is to put the needle into a sharps container without recapping immediately after withdrawal from a patient. This is the proper way to dispose of a needle because it minimizes the risk of accidental needlestick injuries. Recapping the needle increases the chances of getting pricked by the needle, so it is important to avoid recapping. Placing the needle into a sharps container immediately after withdrawal ensures safe disposal and reduces the risk of transmission of infectious diseases.

The pink tube contains EDTA as an additive. EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) is commonly used as an anticoagulant in blood collection tubes. It works by binding to calcium ions in the blood, preventing the blood from clotting. This allows the blood to be used for various laboratory tests that require unclotted blood samples.

The correct answer is "Clot activator." A clot activator is added to the SST (Serum Separator Tube) to promote blood clotting. This allows for the separation of serum from the blood cells during the centrifugation process. The clot activator initiates the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of a clot. This clot traps the blood cells, allowing the serum to be separated and collected for further testing.

During a routine venipuncture, the normal angle of insertion between the needle and the skin is 15 degrees. This angle allows for proper insertion into the vein without causing excessive pain or damage to the surrounding tissues. Inserting the needle at a 15-degree angle also helps to ensure accurate placement within the vein, allowing for successful blood collection or medication administration.

Plasma is the correct answer because it is the liquid portion of the blood that remains after the cells, platelets, and clotting factors have been removed. It is a yellowish fluid that contains water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, waste products, and other substances. Plasma plays a crucial role in transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, maintaining blood pressure, and regulating body temperature.

The medial plantar surface is a safe area for infant heel puncture because it has a thick layer of subcutaneous fat, which helps to protect the underlying structures such as nerves and blood vessels. Puncturing the heel in this area minimizes the risk of causing any damage or injury to the infant.

Hemolysis refers to the rupturing or destruction of red blood cells. This can occur due to various factors such as infections, toxins, or certain medical conditions. When red blood cells rupture, hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream, which can lead to various symptoms and complications. Hemolysis can be detected through laboratory tests that measure the levels of free hemoglobin in the blood.

SPS stands for Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate, which is an anticoagulant used in blood cultures to prevent the blood from clotting. It helps to maintain the integrity of the blood sample by preventing coagulation and preserving the viability of microorganisms that may be present in the sample. The yellow tube with SPS additive is commonly used for blood cultures because it allows for the accurate detection and identification of bacteria or fungi in the blood.

Veins that are hard and cord-like are called "sclerosed". Sclerosed veins occur when there is a buildup of scar tissue or fibrous tissue in the walls of the veins, causing them to become hardened and rigid. This can be a result of various factors such as inflammation, injury, or chronic venous insufficiency. Sclerosed veins may also be referred to as "varicose veins" or "spider veins" depending on their appearance and location.

The component of a cell that is water is called cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that fills the cell and contains various organelles. It is composed mostly of water, along with proteins, salts, and other molecules. Cytoplasm plays a crucial role in supporting cellular processes such as metabolism, transportation, and cell division. It also helps maintain the shape and structure of the cell. DNA, nucleus, and membrane are not primarily composed of water and do not represent the aqueous component of the cell.

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes or stressors. It involves various physiological processes that work together to regulate temperature, pH levels, blood pressure, and other bodily functions. This allows the body to return to its normal conditions and maintain optimal functioning even in challenging situations.

The pituitary gland is known as the master gland because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands in the body. It produces and releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and many other bodily functions. The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and is connected to the hypothalamus, which controls its hormone production. Overall, the pituitary gland plays a crucial role in maintaining hormonal balance and ensuring the proper functioning of the body's systems.

Hemolysis refers to the breakage or destruction of red blood cells. This can occur due to various factors such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or certain medications. When red blood cells are lysed, the hemoglobin inside them is released into the bloodstream, leading to a decrease in the number of functional red blood cells. Hemolysis can result in anemia and other complications related to the decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

The mitral valve in the heart is also called the bicuspid valve. This valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. It consists of two cusps or flaps that open and close to regulate the flow of blood from the atrium to the ventricle. The term "bicuspid" refers to the valve having two cusps, distinguishing it from the tricuspid valve, which has three cusps. The mitral valve is responsible for preventing the backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium during contraction of the heart.

The patient is placed on blood and body fluid precautions because they have a transmissible blood disease. This means that the patient's blood and body fluids may contain the infectious agent and could potentially transmit the disease to others. By implementing blood and body fluid precautions, healthcare workers can minimize the risk of transmission by using appropriate personal protective equipment and following specific infection control measures. This helps protect both the patient and others from the spread of the disease.

The reason for cleansing the first drop of blood in a dermal puncture is to rid the specimen of fluid from tissue. This is important because the first drop of blood may contain contaminants from the surrounding tissue, such as sweat or interstitial fluid. By cleansing the first drop, these contaminants can be removed, ensuring a more accurate and representative blood sample for testing.

When identifying a newborn, the phlebotomist looks for the hospital identification number and the last name. This is important for ensuring that the correct newborn is being identified and that any tests or procedures are being done on the right baby. The hospital identification number helps to uniquely identify the newborn, while the last name helps to confirm their identity. The other options listed, such as the first and last name on the ID band, the date of birth, and the mother's ID bracelet, may also be important for identification purposes, but the hospital identification number and last name are the primary factors that the phlebotomist looks for.

Phagocytosis is the process in which a pathogen is surrounded and engulfed by a cell. This is a mechanism used by immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, to eliminate pathogens. During phagocytosis, the pathogen is enclosed in a vesicle called a phagosome, which then fuses with lysosomes containing enzymes to destroy the pathogen. This process is crucial for the body's defense against infections and plays a vital role in the immune response.

The femoral vein, located in the groin, is a large and deep vein that is not typically used for routine blood draws. It is more commonly accessed in emergency situations or for specific medical procedures. The median cubital, cephalic, and basilic veins in the antecubital fossa (inside the elbow) are the preferred sites for venipuncture due to their accessibility and ease of palpation.

The statement is not correct. Hematology is the study of blood and blood disorders, not a blood bank. A blood bank is a facility where blood is collected, stored, and processed for transfusion. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

An infection is typically defined as the invasion and growth of a pathogen. It does not exclusively refer to bacteria but can also involve viruses, fungi, and other disease-causing microorganisms. Infections are not limited to bacteria, and they can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including viruses, which are distinct from bacteria. So, the statement "Always caused by bacteria" and "Never caused by a virus" are not accurate.

In a clinical setting, the priority for collecting tests is determined by the urgency of the patients' conditions and the medical necessity of the tests. STAT tests should always be prioritized and based on severity hemoglobin in ICU tests should be collected first and then STAT glucose in ER. "STAT" stands for "immediately" or "urgent," and hemoglobin levels are critical for assessing a patient's oxygen-carrying capacity. The ICU typically deals with patients who are in critical condition, so addressing their needs immediately is a top priority.

The Allen test is performed to assess the collateral circulation in the hand through the ulnar artery. It involves occluding both the ulnar and radial arteries and then releasing pressure on the ulnar artery while observing the color of the hand. If the hand regains its normal color quickly, it indicates good collateral circulation through the ulnar artery. This test is commonly done before certain procedures, such as radial artery cannulation or harvest, to ensure that if the radial artery is compromised, the hand will still receive adequate blood supply through the ulnar artery.

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the capillaries. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. They have thin walls that allow for the exchange of gases between the blood and the surrounding tissues. Oxygen from the capillaries diffuses into the tissues, while carbon dioxide produced by the tissues diffuses into the capillaries to be transported back to the lungs for elimination. The alveoli and bronchioles are also involved in the respiratory system, but the actual exchange of gases occurs in the capillaries.

If the tubes are mixed vigorously, it can lead to hemolysis. Hemolysis refers to the rupture or destruction of red blood cells, causing the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid. This can happen due to the mechanical force applied during vigorous mixing, causing the fragile red blood cells to break open. Hemolysis can affect the accuracy of laboratory test results as it can alter the composition of the specimen.

Hemostasis refers to the body's ability to stop bleeding and maintain blood flow within the circulatory system. It involves a complex process that includes vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and blood clotting. The correct answer states that hemostasis is the ability of the blood to clot whenever necessary, which accurately describes one of the key mechanisms involved in hemostasis.

Reverse isolation is used for patients who have immunodeficiency disorders. Immunodeficiency disorders refer to conditions where the immune system is weakened or compromised, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases. In reverse isolation, strict infection control measures are implemented to protect these patients from any potential pathogens that could further harm their already weakened immune system. This includes limiting their exposure to individuals who may be carrying contagious diseases and ensuring a clean and sterile environment.

The O & P test is requested on fecal matter specimens. This test is used to detect the presence of parasites in the digestive system, such as worms or protozoa. By examining the fecal matter, healthcare professionals can identify and diagnose any infections or diseases caused by these parasites.

The correct answer is Arteriole, venule, capillary. This is the proper order of blood flow in the circulatory system. Arterioles are small arteries that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products occurs. Venules are small veins that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillaries and transport it back to the heart.

The correct answer is "The process of drawing blood". Phlebotomy refers to the process of drawing blood from a patient for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It involves the use of various techniques and equipment to collect blood samples safely and efficiently. Phlebotomists are trained professionals who specialize in this procedure and are responsible for performing blood draws. They follow legal standards and guidelines to ensure the accuracy and safety of the process. Therefore, the correct answer encompasses all the given options.

Reverse isolation is the correct answer because when a patient has a highly contagious disease, they are placed in reverse isolation. This means that the patient is isolated to protect them from any potential infections or diseases that could be brought in by visitors or healthcare workers. This is done by implementing strict infection control measures, such as wearing personal protective equipment and limiting contact with others. Reverse isolation helps to prevent the spread of the contagious disease to others.

Improper cleansing of a venipuncture site can cause a hematoma. A hematoma is a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, usually due to a break in the vessel wall. If the site is not properly cleansed before the procedure, bacteria can enter the bloodstream and cause an infection called septicemia. Petechiae, which are small red or purple spots on the skin, can also occur if the site is not properly cleaned. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Massage or tapping the arm above the needle can cause hemolysis (the rupture of red blood cells) and is generally not recommended during a venipuncture procedure. Instead, you should consider trying the other suggested steps, like trying another tube, redirecting the needle, or using your index finger to help locate the vein. Always follow proper medical procedures and guidelines when performing venipuncture or blood collection.

A hematoma is a common complication of venipuncture, occurring when blood leaks from the puncture site into the surrounding tissue. It can cause bruising, swelling, and discomfort. Proper venipuncture technique and applying pressure to the site after needle removal can help minimize the risk of hematoma formation.

The circulatory system consists of three main parts: the heart, blood, and blood vessels. The heart acts as the pump, continuously pumping blood throughout the body. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products, ensuring that the body's cells receive what they need and removing what they don't. Blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, transport the blood to and from the heart and deliver it to various parts of the body. Together, these three components work together to maintain circulation and support the body's overall functioning.

The antecubital fossa is a triangular region on the inside of the elbow that houses several superficial veins, making it a prime location for drawing blood. These veins are relatively large, easy to palpate, and less likely to cause discomfort during venipuncture.

Polycythemia and Hemochromatosis are the two therapeutic types of phlebotomy. Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an increased number of red blood cells, and phlebotomy is performed to reduce the excess red blood cells. Hemochromatosis, on the other hand, is a condition where there is an excessive accumulation of iron in the body. Phlebotomy is used as a treatment to remove excess iron from the body. Therefore, both polycythemia and hemochromatosis require therapeutic phlebotomy to manage the conditions.

Hemolysis can affect the accuracy of blood test results, as it releases intracellular components into the serum or plasma. Proper venipuncture technique, including using the appropriate needle size and avoiding excessive force or shaking of the blood collection tubes, can help prevent hemolysis.

Veins are the type of blood vessels responsible for carrying blood back to the heart after it has circulated through the body. This blood is usually low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide, and veins have valves that help prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring it moves in the direction of the heart efficiently.

The five modes of infection transmission are airborne, contact, droplet, vector, and vehicle. Airborne transmission occurs through the inhalation of infectious particles suspended in the air. Contact transmission happens through direct physical contact with an infected individual or contaminated surfaces. Droplet transmission occurs when respiratory droplets containing the infectious agent are expelled during coughing or sneezing. Vector transmission involves the transfer of the infectious agent through vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Vehicle transmission refers to the transmission through contaminated objects or substances, such as food or water.

The correct answer is the median cubital vein, cephalic vein, and basilic vein. These three veins are commonly used for venipuncture procedures. The median cubital vein is located in the middle of the arm and is often the first choice for venipuncture due to its accessibility and relatively large size. The cephalic vein is located on the outer side of the arm and is also frequently used for venipuncture. The basilic vein is located on the inner side of the arm and is another common choice for venipuncture. These three veins are preferred for venipuncture as they are easily accessible and have a good blood flow.

The chain of infection comprises six essential elements: infectious agent, reservoir, port of exit, mode of transmission, port of entry, and susceptible host. The infectious agent is the pathogen causing the infection. The reservoir is the source where the pathogen resides and multiplies. Port of exit and entry are the routes through which the pathogen exits and enters hosts, respectively. Mode of transmission describes how the pathogen spreads, and susceptible hosts are individuals at risk of infection.

The correct answer lists different types of infections, including bacteria, fungus, virus, protozoon, and rickettsia. These are all different categories of microorganisms that can cause infections in humans and other organisms. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can cause a wide range of infections, from minor skin infections to more serious conditions like pneumonia. Fungi are multicellular organisms that can cause infections like athlete's foot and fungal nail infections. Viruses are tiny infectious agents that can cause illnesses like the common cold, flu, and COVID-19. Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can cause infections like malaria and amoebiasis. Rickettsia are a type of bacteria that are transmitted through ticks, fleas, and lice and can cause diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus.