Pharmacology Exam 3 Study Guide Quiz

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  • 1/153 Questions

    _____________ is the most important fuel for the brain.

    • Fructose
    • Sucrose
    • Galactose
    • Glucose
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Pharmacology Exam 3 Study Guide Quiz - Quiz
About This Quiz

There are different ways that one can review the materials they have learnt in class and this can either be through study groups, checking past tests or looking for practice questions. The study guide quiz below is the third in a series of tests designed to adequately prepare you for the pharmacology exam. Why don’t you give it a shot and see just how high you will score?

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  • 2. 

    Insulin-stimulated glucose transport is impaired in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of obese insulin resistant and diabetic patients.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The statement suggests that in obese insulin resistant and diabetic patients, the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose transport in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle is impaired. This means that these patients have difficulty in properly utilizing glucose, leading to higher blood sugar levels. Therefore, the answer "True" is correct as it aligns with the information provided.

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  • 3. 

    Glucagon increases gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Glucagon is a hormone that is released by the pancreas in response to low blood sugar levels. It acts to increase the production of glucose in the body through a process called gluconeogenesis, where new glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids. Glucagon also stimulates glycogenolysis, which is the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. Therefore, it is correct to say that glucagon increases both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.

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  • 4. 

    _______________ occurs when the body cannot use glucose as a fuel source because the body has no insulin or not enough insulin, and fat is used instead.

    • Diabetic ketoacidosis

    • Nonketotic coma

    • Diabetic retinopathy

    • Hypertension

    Correct Answer
    A. Diabetic ketoacidosis
    Explanation
    Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when the body is unable to use glucose as a fuel source due to insufficient insulin. In this condition, fat is used as an alternative source of energy, leading to the production of ketones. This can result in a buildup of ketones in the blood, causing a state of acidosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes and requires immediate medical attention.

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  • 5. 

    Bone remodeling is carried out by "bone remodeling units", ______________ and _____________.

    • Osteoblasts; osteoclasts

    • Vitamin D; vitamin E

    • Parathyroid hormones; GnRH

    • Epinephrine; norepinephrine

    Correct Answer
    A. Osteoblasts; osteoclasts
    Explanation
    Bone remodeling is a process that involves the continuous breakdown and formation of bone tissue. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, as they secrete the proteins and minerals needed to build new bone. On the other hand, osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption, as they break down and remove old or damaged bone tissue. Together, these two cell types work in harmony to maintain the balance and integrity of the skeletal system.

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  • 6. 

    Some critically ill patients require immediate antibiotic treatment prior to bacterial ID and susceptibility testing.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Critically ill patients often have severe infections that can be life-threatening. In such cases, waiting for bacterial identification and susceptibility testing can delay the initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment. Immediate antibiotic therapy is necessary to control the infection and prevent further complications. Therefore, it is true that some critically ill patients require immediate antibiotic treatment prior to bacterial ID and susceptibility testing.

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  • 7. 

    If the liver is insulin-resistant, it will continue to produce glucose leading to marked hyperglycemia.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Insulin resistance occurs when the liver and other tissues do not respond properly to the hormone insulin, which is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. When the liver is insulin-resistant, it fails to suppress glucose production, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels, a condition known as hyperglycemia. This is because insulin normally signals the liver to stop producing glucose, but when the liver is resistant to insulin, it continues to produce glucose, leading to marked hyperglycemia. Therefore, the statement is true.

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  • 8. 

    Glycosylated hemoglobin is a critical biomarker for glucose control.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Glycosylated hemoglobin, also known as HbA1c, is indeed a critical biomarker for glucose control. It provides an average measure of a person's blood sugar levels over the past two to three months. By monitoring HbA1c levels, healthcare professionals can assess the effectiveness of diabetes management and make necessary adjustments to treatment plans. This biomarker is commonly used in diagnosing and managing diabetes, making the statement true.

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  • 9. 

    Insulin resistance/Metabolic syndrome is constellation of symptoms most often associated with obesity.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Insulin resistance/Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of symptoms that are commonly found in individuals who are obese. These symptoms include high blood pressure, high blood sugar levels, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol levels. Therefore, it is true that insulin resistance/Metabolic syndrome is often associated with obesity.

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  • 10. 

    One of the glycemic goals is to maintain fasting blood glucose between ____________.

    • 70-130 mg/dL

    • 10-60 mg/dL

    • 150-220 mg/dL

    • 240-300 mg/dL

    Correct Answer
    A. 70-130 mg/dL
    Explanation
    The correct answer is 70-130 mg/dL. This range is considered to be the optimal fasting blood glucose level for individuals with diabetes. Maintaining blood glucose within this range helps to prevent complications associated with high or low blood sugar levels.

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  • 11. 

    As insulin is a polypeptide, it can be taken orally.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Note: As insulin is a polypeptide, it cannot be taken orally due to degradation in GI tract. Therefore typically administered as sc injection.

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  • 12. 

    Ca2+ in the plasma is the main factor in regulating PTH release.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The statement is true because calcium ions (Ca2+) in the plasma play a crucial role in regulating the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH). When the calcium levels in the blood decrease, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH, which then acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase calcium levels. Conversely, when calcium levels are high, PTH release is inhibited. Therefore, the concentration of Ca2+ in the plasma is the main factor determining the release of PTH.

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  • 13. 

    Calcitriol is the active form of Vitamin D.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Calcitriol is indeed the active form of Vitamin D. Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for enhancing the absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate in the intestines. Calcitriol, also known as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is the biologically active form of Vitamin D that is produced in the kidneys. It plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body, promoting bone health, and supporting proper immune function. Therefore, the statement that Calcitriol is the active form of Vitamin D is true.

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  • 14. 

    __________________ are involved in the maintenance of electrolyte balance.

    • Glucocorticoids

    • Mineralocorticoids

    • Androgens

    • Inuslin

    • 1α-hydroxylase

    Correct Answer
    A. Mineralocorticoids
    Explanation
    Mineralocorticoids are involved in the maintenance of electrolyte balance. They are a class of steroid hormones that are primarily produced in the adrenal cortex. One of the main functions of mineralocorticoids is to regulate the balance of minerals, such as sodium and potassium, in the body. They do this by acting on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium. This helps to maintain the proper levels of these electrolytes in the body, which is important for various physiological processes, including nerve and muscle function, fluid balance, and blood pressure regulation.

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  • 15. 

    ________________ is a failure to produce sufficient thyroid hormone.

    • Primary hypothyroidism

    • Secondary hypothyroidism

    • Tertiary hypothyroidism

    Correct Answer
    A. Primary hypothyroidism
    Explanation
    Primary hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland fails to produce sufficient thyroid hormone. This can be caused by various factors such as autoimmune diseases, iodine deficiency, or damage to the thyroid gland. In primary hypothyroidism, the problem originates in the thyroid gland itself, leading to a decrease in the production of thyroid hormone. Secondary hypothyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when there is a problem with the pituitary gland, which fails to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce enough hormone. Tertiary hypothyroidism is caused by a dysfunction of the hypothalamus, which affects the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland.

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  • 16. 

    Type 1 diabetics have essentially no functional Î² cells therefore they cannot maintain basal insulin secretion, nor respond to variations in circulating fuels.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    This statement is true because type 1 diabetics have a condition where their β cells, which are responsible for producing insulin in the pancreas, are essentially non-functional. As a result, they are unable to maintain basal insulin secretion, which is necessary for regulating blood glucose levels during periods of fasting. Additionally, they are also unable to respond to variations in circulating fuels, such as glucose, which further contributes to their inability to regulate blood sugar levels.

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  • 17. 

    In the early proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the uterine is relatively thin compared to the late proliferative phase where the endometrium thickens.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    During the early proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the uterine lining is indeed relatively thin compared to the late proliferative phase. This is because in the early proliferative phase, the hormones estrogen and progesterone are low, causing the endometrium to shed and the uterine lining to be thin. As the menstrual cycle progresses and estrogen levels rise, the endometrium begins to thicken in preparation for possible pregnancy. Therefore, it is true that the uterine lining is thinner in the early proliferative phase compared to the late proliferative phase.

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  • 18. 

    Ionic inhibitors interfere with the concentrations of iodide by the thyroid gland.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Ionic inhibitors are substances that interfere with the normal functioning of ions in the body. In this case, they specifically interfere with the concentrations of iodide by the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in producing hormones that regulate metabolism, and iodide is an essential component for the synthesis of these hormones. Therefore, if ionic inhibitors interfere with the concentrations of iodide, it can disrupt the normal functioning of the thyroid gland and affect the production of hormones. Hence, the statement "Ionic inhibitors interfere with the concentrations of iodide by the thyroid gland" is true.

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  • 19. 

    Calcitriol controls 1α-hydroxylase synthesis and PTH secretion via negative feedback loops

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Calcitriol, also known as active vitamin D, plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. It controls the synthesis of 1α-hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts inactive vitamin D into its active form. This synthesis is regulated by negative feedback loops, meaning that when the levels of calcitriol are high, it inhibits the production of 1α-hydroxylase to prevent excessive activation of vitamin D. Additionally, calcitriol also controls parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion through negative feedback. When calcitriol levels are high, it inhibits PTH secretion, which helps maintain calcium homeostasis in the body. Therefore, the statement is true.

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  • 20. 

    What type of cells releases insulin?

    • Pancreatic β cells

    • Pancreatic α cells

    • Follicular cells

    • Pancreatic δ cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Pancreatic β cells
    Explanation
    Pancreatic β cells are responsible for releasing insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing cells in the body to take in glucose from the bloodstream. These cells are located in the pancreas, specifically in the islets of Langerhans. When blood sugar levels rise, pancreatic β cells release insulin to facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells, thereby lowering blood sugar levels.

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  • 21. 

    Hyperinsulinemia is a condition in which normal amounts of insulin are ineffective in lowering plasma glucose concentrations.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Hyperinsulinemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of insulin in the blood. In this condition, even though there are normal amounts of insulin present, it is unable to effectively lower the concentration of glucose in the blood. This can lead to persistently high blood glucose levels, which is a characteristic feature of hyperinsulinemia. Therefore, the statement that hyperinsulinemia is a condition in which normal amounts of insulin are ineffective in lowering plasma glucose concentrations is true.

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  • 22. 

    Insulin secretagogues promote insulin secretion from Î² cells.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Insulin secretagogues are substances that stimulate the release of insulin from β cells in the pancreas. These substances can include certain medications or natural compounds. When insulin secretagogues are present, they enhance the secretion of insulin, leading to increased levels of insulin in the bloodstream. This can help regulate blood sugar levels and promote glucose uptake by cells. Therefore, the statement that insulin secretagogues promote insulin secretion from β cells is true.

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  • 23. 

    ___________ are oral insulin sensitizer, and 1st line therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

    • Actos

    • Avandia

    • Glipizide

    • Metformin

    Correct Answer
    A. Metformin
    Explanation
    Metformin is the correct answer because it is an oral insulin sensitizer and is widely recognized as the first-line therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. It works by reducing glucose production in the liver, increasing insulin sensitivity, and improving glucose uptake in the muscles. Metformin is also beneficial in managing weight and reducing the risk of cardiovascular complications. Actos and Avandia are thiazolidinediones, another class of oral antidiabetic drugs, while Glipizide is a sulfonylurea.

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  • 24. 

    Anti-thyroid drugs block the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Anti-thyroid drugs, as the name suggests, are medications that are used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the production of thyroid hormones. These drugs work by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called thyroid peroxidase, which is responsible for the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. By blocking this process, anti-thyroid drugs effectively reduce the production of thyroid hormones, helping to normalize thyroid function. Therefore, the statement that anti-thyroid drugs block the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin is true.

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  • 25. 

    Vitamin D plays an active role in Ca2+ homeostasis.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Vitamin D is known to play an active role in maintaining calcium homeostasis in the body. It helps in the absorption of calcium from the intestines and promotes its reabsorption in the kidneys, thus ensuring that the levels of calcium in the blood are regulated. Additionally, vitamin D also plays a role in bone health by aiding in the mineralization of bones. Therefore, it is correct to say that vitamin D plays an active role in Ca2+ homeostasis.

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  • 26. 

    Levels of the enzyme 1α-hydroxylase are tightly regulated in order to keep Ca2+ levels in homeostasis

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The levels of the enzyme 1α-hydroxylase play a crucial role in maintaining calcium levels in homeostasis. This enzyme is responsible for converting inactive vitamin D into its active form, which helps in the absorption of calcium from the intestines. By tightly regulating the levels of 1α-hydroxylase, the body can ensure that the active form of vitamin D is produced in the right amount, allowing for proper calcium absorption and maintaining calcium levels within the desired range. Therefore, the statement "Levels of the enzyme 1α-hydroxylase are tightly regulated in order to keep Ca2+ levels in homeostasis" is true.

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  • 27. 
    Indicate Step 1: - ProProfs

    Indicate Step 1:

    • Insulin receptor binds insulin and undergoes autophosphorylation on its carboxyl-terminal Tyr residues.

    • Insulin receptor phosphorylates IRS-1 on its Tyr residues.

    • SH2 domain of Grb2 binds to P-Tyr of IRS-1. Sos binds to Grb2, then to Ras, causing GDP release and GTP binding to Ras.

    • Activated Ras binds and activates Raf-1.

    • Raf-1 phosphorylates MEK on two Ser residues, activating it. MEK phosphorylates ERK on a Thr and a Tyr residue activating it.

    • ERK moves into the nucleus and phophorylates nuclear transcription factors such as Elk1, activating them.

    • Phosphorylated Elk1 joins SRF to stimulate the transcription and translation of a set of genes needed for cell division.

    Correct Answer
    A. Insulin receptor binds insulin and undergoes autophosphorylation on its carboxyl-terminal Tyr residues.
    Explanation
    The given answer correctly identifies the first step in the signaling pathway. It states that the insulin receptor binds insulin and undergoes autophosphorylation on its carboxyl-terminal Tyr residues. This is an important step in the insulin signaling pathway, as it activates the receptor and initiates the downstream signaling cascade. Autophosphorylation of the receptor allows it to recruit and phosphorylate other proteins, such as IRS-1, leading to the activation of various signaling pathways involved in glucose uptake and metabolism.

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  • 28. 

    _____________ signaling events involved in "metabolic" signaling by insulin.

    • PI-1 Kinase

    • PI-2 Kinase

    • PI-3 Kinase

    • PI-4 Kinase

    Correct Answer
    A. PI-3 Kinase
    Explanation
    PI-3 Kinase is the correct answer because it is a key signaling molecule involved in metabolic signaling by insulin. Insulin binds to its receptor on the cell surface, leading to the activation of PI-3 Kinase. This enzyme then phosphorylates specific proteins, initiating a cascade of intracellular events that regulate glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and lipid metabolism. PI-3 Kinase plays a crucial role in mediating insulin's metabolic effects, making it a critical component of the insulin signaling pathway.

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  • 29. 

    ________________ is the most common adverse event due to insulin Rx.

    • Hyperglycemia

    • Hypoglycemia

    • Lipodystrophy

    • Weight gain

    Correct Answer
    A. Hypoglycemia
    Explanation
    Hypoglycemia is the most common adverse event due to insulin Rx. This is because insulin lowers blood sugar levels, and if too much insulin is administered or if a person's blood sugar levels are already low, it can result in hypoglycemia. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include dizziness, sweating, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness. It is important for individuals taking insulin to monitor their blood sugar levels regularly and adjust their insulin dosage accordingly to avoid hypoglycemia.

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  • 30. 

    The gonads (ovaries) secretes the following, except: 

    • Estradiol (E2)

    • Progesterone (P4)

    • GnRH

    Correct Answer
    A. GnRH
    Explanation
    The gonads, specifically the ovaries, secrete estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), which are important hormones involved in the menstrual cycle and reproductive processes. However, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is not secreted by the ovaries. GnRH is actually produced and released by the hypothalamus, and it plays a crucial role in regulating the secretion of other hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which in turn stimulate the ovaries to produce estradiol and progesterone. Therefore, GnRH is not secreted by the ovaries.

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  • 31. 

    Only free T4 and T3 are biologically active.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Only free T4 and T3 are biologically active because these are the unbound forms of thyroid hormones that can freely enter cells and interact with their receptors to regulate various physiological processes. Bound forms of T4 and T3, which are attached to proteins in the blood, are considered inactive because they cannot easily cross cell membranes and exert their effects. Therefore, it is true that only free T4 and T3 are biologically active.

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  • 32. 

    _____________ is the main carrier of T4 and and T3.

    • Albumin

    • Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

    • GLUT2

    • Hemoglobin

    Correct Answer
    A. Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
    Explanation
    Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is the main carrier of T4 and T3. TBG is a protein produced by the liver that binds to thyroid hormones and transports them through the bloodstream. It has a high affinity for T4 and T3, allowing it to effectively carry and deliver these hormones to target tissues throughout the body. This binding and transport mechanism helps regulate the levels and availability of thyroid hormones in the body, ensuring their proper functioning and distribution.

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  • 33. 

    At high plasma thyroid levels, thyrotropin-releasing hormones (TRH) and thyrotropin-stimulating hormones (TSH) synthesis and secretion are inhibited.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    High plasma thyroid levels indicate that there is already an excess of thyroid hormones in the body. In this situation, the body's feedback mechanism works to inhibit the synthesis and secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH). This is because the high levels of thyroid hormones signal that the body does not need any more stimulation for thyroid hormone production. Therefore, it is true that at high plasma thyroid levels, TRH and TSH synthesis and secretion are inhibited.

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  • 34. 

    Grave's disease is most common form of hyperthyroidism.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Grave's disease is indeed the most common form of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormone. This results in symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and irritability. Other forms of hyperthyroidism, such as toxic nodular goiter or thyroiditis, are less common compared to Grave's disease. Therefore, the statement "Grave's disease is the most common form of hyperthyroidism" is true.

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  • 35. 

    Calcium and phosphate ion levels in the body are hormonally regulated.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Calcium and phosphate ion levels in the body are hormonally regulated because hormones such as parathyroid hormone and calcitonin play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of these ions. Parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels in the blood by stimulating the release of calcium from bones and increasing its absorption in the intestines. Calcitonin, on the other hand, decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown and increasing its excretion by the kidneys. This hormonal regulation ensures that calcium and phosphate levels are maintained within a narrow range, which is essential for various physiological processes in the body.

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  • 36. 

    The main effect of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is on glucocorticoid secretion.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The main effect of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is on glucocorticoid secretion. This means that ACTH primarily stimulates the production and release of glucocorticoid hormones, such as cortisol, from the adrenal glands. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Therefore, it is true that the main effect of ACTH is on glucocorticoid secretion.

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  • 37. 

    Somatostatin inhibits growth hormone secretion by its actions at the levels of the hypothalamus and the pituitary.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Somatostatin is a hormone that plays a role in inhibiting the secretion of growth hormone. It acts at both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland to suppress the release of growth hormone. Therefore, it is correct to say that somatostatin inhibits growth hormone secretion at these levels.

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  • 38. 

    Macrolides:

    • Bind reversibly to 50S ribosomal subunits

    • Inhibit the translocation step

    • Cause conformational change that terminates protein synthesis by interfering with transpeptidation

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "All of the above." Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that bind reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunits, inhibiting the translocation step of protein synthesis. They also cause a conformational change that terminates protein synthesis by interfering with transpeptidation. Therefore, all of the given statements are true about macrolides.

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  • 39. 

    The hypothalamus makes and secretes releasing factors into the portal blood.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The hypothalamus is a region of the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. One of its functions is to produce and release releasing factors into the portal blood. These releasing factors then travel to the pituitary gland, where they stimulate the release of specific hormones. This communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is vital for maintaining hormonal balance in the body. Therefore, the statement that the hypothalamus makes and secretes releasing factors into the portal blood is true.

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  • 40. 

    ______________ arrest the growth and replication of bacteria at clinical serum concentrations, and ______________ kill bacteria at clinical serum concentrations. Used in seriously ill patients.

    • Bacteriostatic; Bactericidal

    • Bactericidal; Bacteriostatic

    • Macrophage; Dendrites

    Correct Answer
    A. Bacteriostatic; Bactericidal
    Explanation
    Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit the growth and replication of bacteria at clinical serum concentrations, while bactericidal drugs kill bacteria at clinical serum concentrations. These drugs are used in seriously ill patients to control and eliminate bacterial infections.

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  • 41. 

    Insulin secretion is biphasic.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Insulin secretion is biphasic, meaning that it occurs in two distinct phases. The first phase is a rapid and transient release of insulin immediately after a meal, which helps to quickly lower blood glucose levels. The second phase is a slower and sustained release of insulin that occurs over a longer period of time, helping to maintain stable blood glucose levels. This biphasic secretion pattern is important for regulating glucose metabolism in the body.

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  • 42. 

    What is the therapy of choice for hypothyroidism?

    • Levothyroxine sodium

    • Liothyronine sodium

    • Methimazole

    • Carbimazole

    Correct Answer
    A. Levothyroxine sodium
    Explanation
    Levothyroxine sodium is the therapy of choice for hypothyroidism because it is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4), which is the hormone that is deficient in hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine sodium is able to replace the deficient thyroid hormone in the body and restore normal thyroid function. It is considered the standard treatment for hypothyroidism due to its effectiveness and safety profile. Liothyronine sodium, methimazole, and carbimazole are not typically used as first-line therapies for hypothyroidism.

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  • 43. 
    Indicate Step 5: - ProProfs

    Indicate Step 5:

    • Insulin receptor phosphorylates IRS-1 on its Tyr residues.

    • Phosphorylated Elk1 joins SRF to stimulate the transcription and translation of a set of genes needed for cell division.

    • ERK moves into the nucleus and phophorylates nuclear transcription factors such as Elk1, activating them.

    • Raf-1 phosphorylates MEK on two Ser residues, activating it. MEK phosphorylates ERK on a Thr and a Tyr residue activating it.

    • Insulin receptor binds insulin and undergoes autophosphorylation on its carboxyl-terminal Tyr residues.

    • SH2 domain of Grb2 binds to P-Tyr of IRS-1. Sos binds to Grb2, then to Ras, causing GDP release and GTP binding to Ras.

    • Activated Ras binds and activates Raf-1.

    Correct Answer
    A. Raf-1 phosphorylates MEK on two Ser residues, activating it. MEK phosphorylates ERK on a Thr and a Tyr residue activating it.
    Explanation
    Raf-1 phosphorylates MEK on two Ser residues, activating it. MEK is a kinase that phosphorylates ERK on a Thr and a Tyr residue, which further activates ERK. This phosphorylation cascade is a key step in the insulin signaling pathway. The activation of ERK leads to the activation of nuclear transcription factors such as Elk1, which stimulates the transcription and translation of genes required for cell division. This step is important for insulin-mediated cell growth and proliferation.

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  • 44. 

    What type of cells releases glucagon?

    • Pancreatic F cells

    • Pancreatic β cells

    • Pancreatic δ cells

    • Pancreatic α cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Pancreatic α cells
    Explanation
    Pancreatic α cells are responsible for releasing glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. These α cells are located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and play a crucial role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in the body.

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  • 45. 

    Just prior to the preovulatory GnRH/LH/FSH surges, estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) are stimulatory to GnRH release.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Prior to the preovulatory GnRH/LH/FSH surges, estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) are stimulatory to GnRH release. This means that the levels of E2 and P4 increase and signal the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH. These hormones are essential for the ovulation process and the preparation of the uterus for potential pregnancy. Therefore, the statement "True" is correct as it accurately reflects the relationship between E2, P4, and GnRH release.

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  • 46. 

    Congenital hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency remains the major preventable cause of mental retardation worldwide.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Congenital hypothyroidism is a condition where a baby is born with an underactive thyroid gland. This can lead to mental retardation if not treated promptly. Iodine deficiency is a known cause of congenital hypothyroidism, and it is preventable by ensuring an adequate intake of iodine. Therefore, it is true that congenital hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency is a major preventable cause of mental retardation globally.

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  • 47. 

    The following are main classes of adrenocortical hormones, except:

    • Corticosteroids

    • Androgens

    • Glucagon

    Correct Answer
    A. Glucagon
    Explanation
    Glucagon is not a class of adrenocortical hormones. Adrenocortical hormones are mainly classified into two classes: corticosteroids and androgens. Corticosteroids, such as cortisol, are involved in regulating various metabolic processes and immune responses. Androgens, such as testosterone, are responsible for the development and maintenance of male characteristics. Glucagon, on the other hand, is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a role in increasing blood sugar levels.

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  • 48. 

    Which of the following are patient-specific variables to determine the appropriate antimicrobial?

    • Immune function

    • Renal function

    • Liver function

    • Blood flow/perfusion

    • Age

    • Pregnancy

    • Lactation

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Immune function
    A. Renal function
    A. Liver function
    A. Blood flow/perfusion
    A. Age
    A. Pregnancy
    A. Lactation
    Explanation
    The appropriate antimicrobial for a patient is determined by considering various patient-specific variables. Immune function, renal function, liver function, blood flow/perfusion, age, pregnancy, and lactation are all important factors to consider when determining the appropriate antimicrobial. These variables can affect the metabolism, clearance, and efficacy of the antimicrobial in the patient's body.

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  • 49. 

    _________________ is used only in patients with life-threatening infections where no other alternatives exist.

    • Chloramphenicol

    • Tetracycline

    • Macrolides

    • Clindamycin

    Correct Answer
    A. Chloramphenicol
    Explanation
    Chloramphenicol is used only in patients with life-threatening infections where no other alternatives exist. This suggests that chloramphenicol is a last resort antibiotic, reserved for cases where other antibiotics have failed or are not effective. It may be used when the infection is severe and poses a significant risk to the patient's life, and there are no other suitable options available.

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  • Mar 22, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Nov 18, 2010
    Quiz Created by
    Nhv031000
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