Anesthesia Pharmacology Exam: Hardest Quiz

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  • 1/171 Questions

    What is MAC?

    • Minimum absorbed Carbon monoxie
    • Minimum acceptable analgesia
    • Maximum allowable Carbon dioxide
    • Minimum alveolar concentration
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About This Quiz

Anaesthesia pharmacology exam: hardest quiz! There are different types of anaesthetic drugs with varying results. It is important for a medical practitioner to know the difference between them and how to administer them. If you are sure in your ability to give these drugs to your patients, this quiz will give you the practice you need. Do check it out See moreand see if you might need a refresher on this course.

Anesthesia Pharmacology Exam: Hardest Quiz - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Define general anesthesia.

    • An altered physiologic state characterized by loss of consciousness analgesia of the entire body, amnesia, and to some degree muscle relaxation

    • When 50 percent of the population between 33 and 55 years old has complete muscle relaxation

    • When a patient is able to respond to commands during anesthesia however is able to make their own adjustments in regards to airway management

    • Minimum alveolar concentration

    Correct Answer
    A. An altered physiologic state characterized by loss of consciousness analgesia of the entire body, amnesia, and to some degree muscle relaxation
    Explanation
    General anesthesia is defined as an altered physiologic state where the patient experiences loss of consciousness, analgesia of the entire body, amnesia, and some degree of muscle relaxation. This state is induced to perform surgical procedures and ensure the patient's comfort and safety. It involves the administration of medications that render the patient unconscious and pain-free, while also causing temporary memory loss and muscle relaxation. General anesthesia allows the medical team to perform invasive procedures without the patient feeling any pain or having any recollection of the surgery.

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  • 3. 

    What does MAC stand for.

    • Maximum allowable hematocrit loss

    • Minimum arterial capacity

    • Minimum alveolar concentration

    • Manageable airway contacts

    Correct Answer
    A. Minimum alveolar concentration
  • 4. 

    What factors affect uptake

    • Solubility

    • Partial pressure difference

    • Flow

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the factors mentioned in the options (solubility, partial pressure difference, and flow) can affect uptake. Solubility refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, and it can impact how easily a substance can be taken up. Partial pressure difference refers to the difference in pressure between two areas, and it can affect the movement of gases or substances across a membrane. Flow refers to the movement or circulation of a substance, and it can influence the rate at which uptake occurs. Therefore, all of these factors can play a role in uptake.

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  • 5. 

    What factors increase the production of CO

    • High temperatures

    • Dryness

    • Type of absorbent

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the factors mentioned in the options can increase the production of CO. High temperatures can accelerate chemical reactions that produce CO, dryness can create favorable conditions for combustion reactions that generate CO, and the type of absorbent used can affect the absorption capacity and efficiency of CO production. Therefore, considering all of these factors can contribute to an increase in CO production.

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  • 6. 

    Transfer of drugs across membranes are dependent upon what?

    • Molecular size

    • Degree of ionization

    • Lipid solubility

    • Protein binding

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The transfer of drugs across membranes is dependent on various factors. Molecular size plays a role as larger molecules may have difficulty passing through the membrane. The degree of ionization is also important as ionized drugs may have different solubility and charge properties that affect their ability to cross the membrane. Lipid solubility is another factor as drugs that are more soluble in lipids can easily pass through the lipid bilayer of the membrane. Lastly, protein binding can impact drug transfer as drugs that are highly bound to proteins may be less available for transport across the membrane. Therefore, all of the mentioned factors are important in determining the transfer of drugs across membranes.

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  • 7. 

    What factors affect flow alveolar

    • Concentration

    • Uptake

    • Ventilation

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the factors mentioned (concentration, uptake, and ventilation) can affect flow alveolar. Concentration refers to the amount of a substance present in the alveolar air, uptake refers to the absorption of the substance into the blood, and ventilation refers to the movement of air in and out of the alveoli. These factors are interconnected and can influence the rate at which a substance is exchanged between the alveoli and the blood, ultimately affecting flow alveolar.

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  • 8. 

    PK and PD can vary between patients.  Which of the following would be a reason for variation?

    • AGE

    • Concominant Medications

    • Concurrent Illness

    • All of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the Above
    Explanation
    PK (pharmacokinetics) and PD (pharmacodynamics) can vary between patients due to several factors, including age, concomitant medications, and concurrent illness. Age can affect the way drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in the body. Concomitant medications can interact with the drug of interest, altering its pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Concurrent illness can also impact drug metabolism and response. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to the variation in PK and PD between patients.

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  • 9. 

    What factors are responsible for variability in both PK&PD of drugs among patients?

    • Age

    • Concurrent illnesses

    • Concomitant medications

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The variability in both PK&PD of drugs among patients can be attributed to multiple factors. Age plays a crucial role as it affects the metabolism and elimination of drugs. Concurrent illnesses can alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs due to changes in organ function and overall health status. Concomitant medications can interact with the drug of interest, leading to changes in its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Therefore, all of the mentioned factors - age, concurrent illnesses, and concomitant medications - contribute to the variability observed in PK&PD of drugs among patients.

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  • 10. 

    Which two anesthetics are no longer in use because of their toxicity and flammability (choose two)

    • Ether

    • Sevoflurane

    • Isoflurane

    • Chloroform

    • Desflurane

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Ether
    A. Chloroform
    Explanation
    Ether and chloroform are no longer in use as anesthetics due to their toxicity and flammability. These two substances have been replaced by safer alternatives such as sevoflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane. Ether, although once widely used as an anesthetic, has a high risk of causing respiratory depression and irritation to the airways. Chloroform, on the other hand, has been found to have carcinogenic effects and can cause liver and kidney damage. Therefore, the medical community has phased out the use of ether and chloroform in anesthesia practice.

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  • 11. 

    Where do inhaled anesthetics go first?

    • Adipose tissue

    • Bone

    • The blood vessel rich group such as the lungs heart liver brain

    • Scavenger system

    Correct Answer
    A. The blood vessel rich group such as the lungs heart liver brain
    Explanation
    When inhaled, anesthetics first go to the blood vessel-rich group, which includes organs like the lungs, heart, liver, and brain. This is because these organs have a high blood supply, allowing the anesthetics to quickly enter the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body. Adipose tissue and bone do not have the same level of blood vessels, so they are not the initial destination for inhaled anesthetics.

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  • 12. 

    What does clinical pharmacokinetics describe?

    • Absorption

    • Distribution

    • Metabolism

    • Elimination

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Clinical pharmacokinetics describes all of the above aspects, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. It is the study of how a drug is absorbed into the body, how it is distributed throughout the body, how it is metabolized or broken down, and how it is eliminated from the body. Understanding these processes is essential in determining the appropriate dosage and dosing intervals for a drug, as well as predicting its effects and potential drug interactions.

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  • 13. 

    How is elimination accomplishes?

    • Exhalation

    • Biotransformation

    • Transcutaneous loss

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the above options, namely exhalation, biotransformation, and transcutaneous loss, contribute to the process of elimination. Exhalation refers to the release of waste products through breathing, while biotransformation involves the conversion of substances into less harmful or more easily excretable forms by the body's metabolic processes. Transcutaneous loss refers to the elimination of substances through the skin. Therefore, all three mechanisms play a role in eliminating waste and toxins from the body.

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  • 14. 

    What factors affect flow inspired

    • FGF rate

    • Absorption in circuit

    • Volume in circuit

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the above factors affect flow inspired FGF rate and absorption in the circuit volume. Flow inspired FGF rate refers to the rate at which fresh gas flows into the breathing circuit during anesthesia. Factors such as the size of the patient, the type of surgery being performed, and the anesthesia machine settings can all influence the flow inspired FGF rate. Similarly, the absorption in the circuit volume is affected by factors such as the type and concentration of the anesthetic gases used, the duration of anesthesia, and the patient's ventilation parameters. Therefore, all of these factors play a role in determining the flow inspired FGF rate and absorption in the circuit volume.

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  • 15. 

    What is the MAC of Desflurane?

    • 1.15

    • 2

    • 6

    • 104

    Correct Answer
    A. 6
    Explanation
    The MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) is a measure of the potency of an inhaled anesthetic. It represents the concentration of the anesthetic in the alveoli of the lungs that prevents movement in response to a surgical stimulus in 50% of patients. The MAC of Desflurane is 6.

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  • 16. 

    What happens to a drug when the Pka and the pH are the same?

    • 30% inoized & 70% unionized

    • 60% inoized & 40% unionized

    • 50% inoized & 50% unionized

    • 75% inoized & 25% unionized

    Correct Answer
    A. 50% inoized & 50% unionized
    Explanation
    When the pKa and the pH are the same, it means that the drug is in its half-ionized and half-unionized form. This is because the pKa represents the pH at which 50% of the drug is ionized and 50% is unionized. Therefore, when the pKa and the pH are equal, the drug will be 50% ionized and 50% unionized.

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  • 17. 

    How does age effect MAC?

    • Older patient less MAC, younger patient more MAC

    • Older patients More MAC, younger patients less MAC

    • Older women less MAC older men more MAC

    • Teenagers usually need th most MAC

    Correct Answer
    A. Older patient less MAC, younger patient more MAC
    Explanation
    As individuals age, their sensitivity to anesthesia medications increases. This means that older patients require a lower minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of anesthesia to achieve the desired effect compared to younger patients. On the other hand, younger patients typically have a higher MAC requirement due to their decreased sensitivity to anesthesia medications. Therefore, the statement "Older patient less MAC, younger patient more MAC" accurately explains the relationship between age and MAC.

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  • 18. 

    What makes up the peripheral compartment

    • Muscle

    • Skin

    • Fat

    • Bone

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The peripheral compartment is made up of various components including muscle, skin, fat, and bone. These elements collectively constitute the peripheral compartment of the body.

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  • 19. 

    What is the MAC of N2O

    • 1.15

    • 2

    • 6

    • 104

    Correct Answer
    A. 104
    Explanation
    The MAC of N2O is 104.

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  • 20. 

    What is the MAC of sevoflurane?

    • 1.15

    • 2

    • 6

    • 106

    Correct Answer
    A. 2
    Explanation
    The MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) is a measure of the potency of an inhaled anesthetic. It represents the concentration of the anesthetic in the alveoli of the lungs that prevents movement in response to a surgical stimulus in 50% of patients. The MAC of sevoflurane is 2, indicating that a concentration of 2% of sevoflurane in the alveoli is required to achieve this effect.

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  • 21. 

    What is the pKa of a drug?

    • An estimate of the osmotic gradient of the drug

    • Is the ph at which ionized vs nonionized form of the drug are the same.

    • The kick after a touchdown worth one point.

    • The amount of drug bound to protein.

    Correct Answer
    A. Is the ph at which ionized vs nonionized form of the drug are the same.
    Explanation
    The pKa of a drug refers to the pH at which the ionized and nonionized forms of the drug are in equal proportions. This is important because the ionization state of a drug affects its solubility, absorption, distribution, and ability to bind to receptors. Understanding the pKa of a drug can help in determining its optimal formulation, dosing, and pharmacokinetic properties.

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  • 22. 

    What is the MAC of desflurane

    • 1.7

    • 1.15

    • 6

    • 105

    • 0.77

    Correct Answer
    A. 6
    Explanation
    The MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration) of desflurane is a measure of its potency as an anesthetic. It represents the concentration of desflurane in the alveoli of the lungs that prevents movement in response to a surgical stimulus in 50% of patients. In this case, the correct answer is 6, which means that 6% of desflurane in the alveoli is required to achieve the desired anesthetic effect.

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  • 23. 

    What is the CRNA's concerns with a patient who takes Valerian

    • Tremors

    • Headache

    • Dysrythmias

    • Liver dysfunction

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    When a patient takes Valerian, a CRNA may have concerns regarding various potential side effects. Tremors can be a concern as Valerian has been known to cause muscle spasms and shaking. Headaches can also be a concern as Valerian can sometimes lead to this side effect. Dysrhythmias, or irregular heart rhythms, can be another concern as Valerian has been associated with changes in heart rate and rhythm. Lastly, liver dysfunction can be a concern as Valerian has been linked to liver damage in some cases. Therefore, all of the above options are valid concerns for a CRNA when a patient takes Valerian.

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  • 24. 

    The transfer of drug across a membrane is based on what?

    • Molecular size

    • Degree of ionization

    • Lipid solublity

    • Protein binding

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The transfer of drugs across a membrane is based on multiple factors, including molecular size, degree of ionization, lipid solubility, and protein binding. The size of the drug molecule can affect its ability to pass through the membrane. The degree of ionization determines whether the drug will be charged or uncharged, which can impact its ability to cross the membrane. Lipid solubility refers to how well the drug can dissolve in lipids, which can affect its ability to pass through the lipid bilayer of the membrane. Protein binding refers to the extent to which the drug binds to proteins in the blood, which can influence its distribution and transport across membranes. Therefore, all of these factors play a role in the transfer of drugs across a membrane.

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  • 25. 

    What are the factors that influence the magnitude of carbon monoxide production from volatile anesthetics?

    • Dryness of the carbon dioxide absorbent with hydration preventing formation

    • High temperatures of carbon dioxide absorbent as during fresh gas flow and/or increased metabolic production of carbon dioxide

    • Prolonged high fresh gas flow that causes dryness

    • Type of carbon dioxide absorbent

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the factors mentioned in the options can influence the magnitude of carbon monoxide production from volatile anesthetics. The dryness of the carbon dioxide absorbent, when not hydrated, can prevent the formation of carbon monoxide. High temperatures of the carbon dioxide absorbent, which can occur during fresh gas flow or due to increased metabolic production of carbon dioxide, can also affect carbon monoxide production. Prolonged high fresh gas flow can cause dryness, which can further contribute to carbon monoxide production. Additionally, the type of carbon dioxide absorbent used can also influence the magnitude of carbon monoxide production.

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  • 26. 

    When giving N2O what respiratory concerns will you have as a CRNA?

    • Increased Apneic threshold

    • Tachypnea

    • Increased respiratory rate

    • Decreased tidal volume

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    When giving N2O, a CRNA (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist) will have respiratory concerns including increased apneic threshold, tachypnea, increased respiratory rate, and decreased tidal volume. N2O is a potent respiratory depressant, which can cause a decrease in the drive to breathe, leading to an increased apneic threshold. Tachypnea and increased respiratory rate can occur as compensatory mechanisms to maintain adequate oxygenation. Additionally, N2O can decrease tidal volume, resulting in shallow breathing. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

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  • 27. 

    Which anesthetic agent has analgesic effects?

    • Desflurane

    • Sevoflurane

    • Isoflurane

    • Nitrous oxide

    Correct Answer
    A. Nitrous oxide
    Explanation
    Nitrous oxide is the correct answer because it is known to have analgesic effects. It is commonly used as an anesthetic agent in dentistry and minor surgical procedures due to its ability to provide pain relief. Nitrous oxide works by inhibiting the transmission of pain signals in the central nervous system, making it an effective analgesic agent. Desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane are all inhalation anesthetics but do not possess significant analgesic properties.

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  • 28. 

    Which gas causes the most coronary steal?

    • Desflurane

    • Isoflurane

    • Sevoflurane

    • N2O

    Correct Answer
    A. Isoflurane
    Explanation
    Isoflurane causes the most coronary steal among the given options. Coronary steal refers to the phenomenon where blood vessels in healthy regions of the heart dilate more than those in ischemic regions, diverting blood flow away from the ischemic area. Isoflurane is known to cause significant coronary vasodilation, which can lead to steal phenomenon and worsen ischemia in the heart. Desflurane, sevoflurane, and N2O do not have as strong of a vasodilatory effect on the coronary arteries.

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  • 29. 

    What is the MAC of Isoflurane?

    • 1.15

    • 2

    • 6

    • 104

    Correct Answer
    A. 1.15
  • 30. 

    What is assumed if the oral dose of a drug is the same as the IV dose of the same drug?

    • The drug is liquid in oral form.

    • The drug is bound to protein.

    • There is little first dose metabolism

    • The patient has a big mouth

    Correct Answer
    A. There is little first dose metabolism
    Explanation
    If the oral dose of a drug is the same as the IV dose of the same drug, it can be assumed that there is little first dose metabolism. This means that the drug is not significantly metabolized or broken down by the liver or other organs before it reaches the systemic circulation. This assumption is made because when a drug is administered orally, it must first pass through the liver before entering the bloodstream, and this process can result in a significant amount of the drug being metabolized and rendered inactive. However, if the oral dose is the same as the IV dose, it suggests that the drug is not extensively metabolized during this "first pass" through the liver.

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  • 31. 

    Why is isoflurane not the best choice for inhalation induction in children

    • Agent is too powerful for a child

    • Agent has pungent odor

    • Isoflurane is the best choice for inhalation induction

    • It requires higher peak pressures to deliver the agent to the patient

    Correct Answer
    A. Agent has pungent odor
    Explanation
    Isoflurane is not the best choice for inhalation induction in children because it has a pungent odor. This can be unpleasant and may cause discomfort or anxiety in children, especially during the induction process. It is important to use an agent with a more tolerable odor to ensure a smooth and comfortable induction experience for pediatric patients.

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  • 32. 

    What is the only inorganic agent used

    • N2O

    • Sevoflurane

    • Isoflurane

    • Desflurane

    Correct Answer
    A. N2O
    Explanation
    N2O is the only inorganic agent used among the given options. Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, is a colorless and odorless gas commonly used as an anesthetic. It is considered inorganic because it does not contain carbon. Sevoflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane are all organic compounds that are used as inhalation anesthetics.

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  • 33. 

    What is the CRNA's concerns with a patient who takes Kava-Kava

    • Interaction with levodopa

    • Potentiation of barbituates

    • Potentiation of benzodiazepines

    • Decrease in MAC

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The CRNA's concerns with a patient who takes Kava-Kava include its interaction with levodopa, which can affect the effectiveness of the medication. Kava-Kava can also potentiate the effects of barbiturates and benzodiazepines, leading to increased sedation and respiratory depression. Additionally, Kava-Kava can decrease the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), which is the concentration of an inhaled anesthetic required to prevent movement in 50% of patients. Therefore, all of the mentioned concerns are valid when a patient takes Kava-Kava.

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  • 34. 

    Emergence is mainly dependent on what?

    • Fresh gas flow

    • Pulmonary elimination

    • Kidney elimination

    • Nephrotoxicity

    Correct Answer
    A. Pulmonary elimination
    Explanation
    Emergence refers to the process of a patient waking up and recovering from anesthesia after a surgical procedure. Pulmonary elimination refers to the elimination of anesthesia gases through the lungs. During emergence, anesthesia gases are eliminated from the body through respiration, primarily via the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer suggests that emergence is mainly dependent on pulmonary elimination, as the anesthesia gases need to be eliminated from the body for the patient to wake up and recover.

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  • 35. 

    What is the MAC of desflurane?

    • 1

    • 2

    • 4

    • 6

    • 7

    Correct Answer
    A. 6
    Explanation
    The MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration) of desflurane is 6. MAC is a measure of the potency of an inhaled anesthetic and represents the concentration at which 50% of patients do not respond to a surgical stimulus. In this case, a MAC of 6 indicates that desflurane is a potent anesthetic, requiring a higher concentration to achieve the desired effect compared to other anesthetics with lower MAC values.

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  • 36. 

    What is the blood-gas solubility coefficient an indicator of? 

    • Which fluid compartment the anesthetic will occupy

    • Speed of uptake and elimination

    • If the anesthetic is a gas or liquid at room temperature

    • The relative toxicity of the drug

    Correct Answer
    A. Speed of uptake and elimination
    Explanation
    The blood-gas solubility coefficient is an indicator of the speed at which an anesthetic is taken up by the body and eliminated from it. An anesthetic with a higher solubility coefficient will take longer to reach its desired effect and longer to be eliminated from the body compared to an anesthetic with a lower solubility coefficient. Therefore, the blood-gas solubility coefficient is a measure of how quickly an anesthetic can induce and recover from anesthesia.

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  • 37. 

    All of these factors affect pharmacokinetics of a drug except?

    • Extremes of age

    • Hydration

    • Renal or hepatic disease

    • Skeletal muscle mass

    • Skin pigmentation

    Correct Answer
    A. Skin pigmentation
    Explanation
    Skin pigmentation does not affect the pharmacokinetics of a drug. Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body processes a drug, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Extremes of age, hydration, renal or hepatic disease, and skeletal muscle mass can all affect these processes. However, skin pigmentation does not have a direct impact on drug metabolism or elimination.

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  • 38. 

    What is Compound A?

    • A medicine that allows all CRNA student to get A's

    • CO2 absorbents containing Na/K OH react with Sevo and form a by-product that may cause Nephrotoxicity

    • A compound associated with increased MAC levels

    • Only found with the use of epinepherine

    Correct Answer
    A. CO2 absorbents containing Na/K OH react with Sevo and form a by-product that may cause Nephrotoxicity
    Explanation
    CO2 absorbents containing Na/K OH react with Sevo and form a by-product that may cause Nephrotoxicity. This means that Compound A is a by-product formed when CO2 absorbents containing Na/K OH react with Sevo. This by-product has the potential to cause damage to the kidneys.

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  • 39. 

    Which inhalation agent is good for pediatric induction?

    • Isoflurane

    • Sevoflurane

    • Desflurane

    • Halothane

    Correct Answer
    A. Sevoflurane
    Explanation
    Sevoflurane is a suitable inhalation agent for pediatric induction because it has a rapid onset and offset of action, allowing for smooth and quick induction and emergence from anesthesia. It has a low blood-gas solubility, which means it is rapidly eliminated from the body, reducing the risk of accumulation. Sevoflurane also has a pleasant odor and taste, making it more tolerable for children. It is considered safe and effective for use in pediatric patients, making it a preferred choice for induction of anesthesia in this population.

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  • 40. 

    Which gas is the Least irritating to the airway

    • Sevoflurane

    • Desflurane

    • Isoflurane

    • Halothane

    Correct Answer
    A. Sevoflurane
    Explanation
    Sevoflurane is the least irritating gas to the airway compared to the other options. Sevoflurane is a volatile inhalation anesthetic that is commonly used in anesthesia due to its low airway irritation properties. It has a lower incidence of airway irritability, coughing, and breath-holding compared to the other gases listed. This makes it a preferred choice for patients, especially children, who may be more sensitive to airway irritation during anesthesia.

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  • 41. 

    What is the MAC of Isoflurane

    • 1.7

    • 1.15

    • 6

    • 105

    • 0.77

    Correct Answer
    A. 1.15
    Explanation
    The MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) of Isoflurane is 1.15. MAC is a measure of the potency of an inhalation anesthetic, and it represents the concentration of the anesthetic in the alveoli of the lungs that prevents movement in response to a surgical stimulus in 50% of patients. Therefore, a MAC of 1.15 indicates that Isoflurane is a potent anesthetic and a relatively low concentration is needed to achieve the desired effect.

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  • 42. 

    What is coronary steal.

    • When the heart become less compliant and there is an inotropic decrease

    • When the heart slows down decreasing CO

    • When O2 is stolen from ischemic areas of the heart and brought to non ischemic areas.

    • Occurs in lateral decubiti position and placement of the kidney rest.

    Correct Answer
    A. When O2 is stolen from ischemic areas of the heart and brought to non ischemic areas.
    Explanation
    Coronary steal refers to a phenomenon where blood flow is redirected away from areas of the heart that are already ischemic (lacking oxygen) towards non-ischemic areas. This occurs when blood vessels in the ischemic areas dilate in response to certain medications or stimuli, causing a decrease in resistance and subsequent diversion of blood flow. As a result, oxygen is "stolen" from the ischemic areas and supplied to the non-ischemic areas, potentially worsening the ischemia.

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  • 43. 

    What makes up the hypothetical central compartment 

    • Brain

    • Lungs

    • Liver

    • Heart

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "all of the above." The hypothetical central compartment is made up of the brain, lungs, liver, and heart. These organs are essential for the proper functioning of the body and are interconnected in various physiological processes. The central compartment is a theoretical concept used in pharmacokinetics to describe the distribution and elimination of drugs within the body. It represents the organs and tissues that have a high blood flow and are most influential in drug distribution.

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  • 44. 

    In which of the following surgeries will N2O be contraindicated?

    • Craniotomy

    • Eye globe

    • Pneumothorax

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    N2O, or nitrous oxide, is contraindicated in all of the surgeries mentioned: craniotomy, eye globe, and pneumothorax. This is because N2O can expand air-filled spaces, leading to an increased risk of complications in these surgeries. In a craniotomy, the expansion of air-filled spaces in the skull can lead to increased intracranial pressure. In an eye globe surgery, the expansion of air-filled spaces in the eye can cause damage to the delicate structures. In a pneumothorax surgery, the expansion of air-filled spaces in the chest can worsen the condition and lead to further complications.

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  • 45. 

    Which of the following agents does not have any muscle relaxing properties?

    • Isoflurane

    • Sevoflurane

    • N2O

    • Desflurane

    • Halothane

    Correct Answer
    A. N2O
    Explanation
    N2O, also known as nitrous oxide or laughing gas, does not have any muscle relaxing properties. While the other agents listed (isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, and halothane) are all inhalation anesthetics that have muscle relaxing properties, N2O does not produce significant muscle relaxation. Instead, it primarily provides analgesia and sedation during medical procedures.

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  • 46. 

    What are the cardiac effects of N20?

    • Prolonger PR interval

    • Peaked T waves

    • Torsades de pointe

    • Can cause myocardial ischemia in hypovolemic patients and in patients with CAD.

    Correct Answer
    A. Can cause myocardial ischemia in hypovolemic patients and in patients with CAD.
    Explanation
    N20, also known as nitrous oxide, can cause myocardial ischemia in hypovolemic patients and in patients with CAD. This means that it can lead to a reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, which can result in damage or dysfunction of the heart. This effect is particularly significant in patients who already have low blood volume or pre-existing coronary artery disease. It is important to be aware of this potential cardiac effect when administering N20 to these patients.

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  • 47. 

    The Pka of the drug delineates what % of a drug is in an ionized form?

    • 25%

    • 35%

    • 50%

    • 75%

    Correct Answer
    A. 50%
    Explanation
    The pKa of a drug refers to the pH at which 50% of the drug is in its ionized form and 50% is in its non-ionized form. Therefore, the correct answer is 50%. This means that at a pH equal to the drug's pKa, half of the drug molecules will be ionized and half will be non-ionized.

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  • 48. 

    What is a potential side effect of Halothane

    • Halothane induced neuropathy

    • Halothane induced hepatitis

    • Halothane induced ESRD

    • Halothane induced myopathy

    Correct Answer
    A. Halothane induced hepatitis
    Explanation
    Halothane induced hepatitis is a potential side effect of Halothane. Halothane is a volatile inhalation anesthetic that can cause liver damage in some individuals. This condition is known as halothane-induced hepatitis, which is characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver cells. It can lead to symptoms such as jaundice, abdominal pain, and elevated liver enzymes. In severe cases, it can progress to liver failure. Regular monitoring of liver function is important when using Halothane to detect and manage this potential side effect.

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  • 49. 

    What is the CRNA's concerns with a patient who takes Ephedra or Ma Huang (used for increased energy and appetite supression

    • Acts on Alpha and Beta cells like ephedrine

    • Increased HR

    • Increased BP

    • Relaxation of smooth muscles

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The CRNA's concerns with a patient who takes Ephedra or Ma Huang are that these substances act on Alpha and Beta cells like ephedrine, which can result in increased heart rate and blood pressure. Additionally, they can cause relaxation of smooth muscles. Therefore, all of the above options are valid concerns for the CRNA.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Jan 8, 2025 +

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  • Current Version
  • Jan 08, 2025
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Sep 29, 2009
    Quiz Created by
    Scottishduffy

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