Patho- Skin Contact Dermatitis

Contact dermatitis is caused by exposure to an allergen or by direct chemical or mechanical irritation of the skin followed by a subsequent exposure. It is characterized by a rash on the skin, which can be itchy, red, and inflamed. This condition occurs when the immune system reacts to a substance that it considers harmful, leading to an allergic reaction or irritation on the skin. Common triggers for contact dermatitis include certain metals, cosmetics, fragrances, latex, and certain plants like poison ivy.

Melanocytes are the cells that cause malignant melanoma. Malignant melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops from the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. These cells are responsible for producing melanin, which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. When melanocytes become cancerous and start to grow uncontrollably, they can form tumors and spread to other parts of the body, leading to malignant melanoma.

The most common types of melanoma are superficial and nodular. Superficial melanoma typically starts as a flat, discolored patch on the skin and slowly grows over time. Nodular melanoma, on the other hand, appears as a raised bump and tends to grow more rapidly. These two types account for a majority of melanoma cases and are important to identify early for effective treatment.

not-available-via-ai

A compound nevus possesses features of both junctional and intraepidermal nevi, meaning it is present in both the dermis and epidermis. However, it usually predominates in the dermis.

not-available-via-ai

Freckles are small, flat, brown spots that appear on the skin. They are caused by an increased production of melanin, the pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. This increased pigmentation occurs in the basal layer of the epidermis, which is the deepest layer of the skin. Therefore, the statement that freckles' increased pigmentation is in the basal layer of the epidermis is true.

The correct answer suggests that when looking at a mole, the density in the middle is important in comparison to the outer layer. This implies that the concentration or distribution of cells or pigmentation within the mole is significant in determining its characteristics. However, without further information, it is difficult to provide a more detailed explanation or context for this answer.

not-available-via-ai

Acral-lentiginous melanoma is the correct answer because it is a type of melanoma that is often seen under the nailbed and is most common in dark-skinned individuals. It is also limited to the palms, soles, and subungual regions, forming a brown to black patch. This type of melanoma typically presents as a flat or slightly elevated lesion with irregular borders and variable colors. It is important to recognize and diagnose acral-lentiginous melanoma early, as it can be aggressive and have a poorer prognosis compared to other types of melanoma.

Nodular melanoma is the type of melanoma that has the most aggressive variant. Nodular melanoma is characterized by its rapid growth, lack of pigmentation, and tendency to invade deeper layers of the skin. It is often diagnosed at a later stage and has a higher likelihood of spreading to other parts of the body. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with nodular melanoma.

The three types of benign nevi are intradermal nevus, junctional nevus, and compound nevus.

A dysplastic nevus is histologically characterized by nevus cell nests within the epidermis that bridge into malignant melanoma. This means that dysplastic nevi, also known as atypical moles, have abnormal cell growth and can potentially progress to become malignant melanomas. The presence of nevus cell nests within the epidermis that bridge into malignant melanoma is a key feature of dysplastic nevi, distinguishing them from regular moles.

The correct answer is Superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, lentigo maliga melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma. These are the four types of malignant melanoma. Superficial spreading melanoma is the most common type and starts as a flat, irregularly shaped lesion. Nodular melanoma is an aggressive form that grows quickly and can appear as a raised bump. Lentigo maligna melanoma typically occurs in older individuals and develops from a preexisting lentigo maligna. Acral lentiginous melanoma is found on the palms, soles, or under the nails and is more common in people with darker skin.

Superficial melanoma is most commonly found on the legs, shoulders, and upper back. This type of melanoma develops in the top layer of the skin and is often caused by exposure to UV radiation from the sun. These areas of the body are more likely to be exposed to the sun's rays, making them susceptible to developing superficial melanoma. It is important to protect these areas by wearing sunscreen and protective clothing to reduce the risk of developing this type of skin cancer.

Patriotic lesions, also known as flag sign lesions, are a characteristic feature of melanoma. These lesions exhibit different colors, typically red, white, and blue, resembling a flag. This unique color pattern is due to the presence of melanin, blood vessels, and collagen within the lesion. Therefore, the statement that patriotic lesions are more indicative of melanoma is true.

Superficial spreading melanoma is characterized by slightly elevated lesions with variable colors and a palpable border. These lesions may exhibit shades of browns with pink or light blue tints. This description suggests that the melanoma is not flat or macular, but rather slightly raised. Additionally, the presence of a palpable border and the variation in color are key features that differentiate superficial spreading melanoma from other skin lesions.

not-available-via-ai

not-available-via-ai

The given answer "one" is the correct answer because the question states that there are five levels of invasion, and the answer "one" is the first level of invasion.

The given description of a mole that presents with flat macules or slightly raised plaques, variable pigmentation, irregular borders, and occurs on both sun-exposed and non-sunexposed surfaces is consistent with a dysplastic nevus. Dysplastic nevi are considered pre-cancerous and have the potential to develop into melanoma. Therefore, the correct answer is Dysplastic nevus (pre-cancerous).

Lentigo Maligna Melanoma is the correct answer because it is a type of melanoma that typically occurs in older individuals with sun-damaged skin. It presents as a pigmented patch, which is consistent with the description given in the question. Nodular melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, and acral lentigionous melanoma do not specifically match the characteristics mentioned in the question.

Nodular Melanoma is the correct answer because it is histologically composed of one or more nodules of cells that expand into the dermis. This type of melanoma grows vertically from the start, which is different from other types of melanoma that may have a radial growth phase before becoming invasive. Superficial Spreading Melanoma, Lentigo Maligna Melanoma, and Acral Lentiginous Melanoma do not exhibit the same histological features as Nodular Melanoma.

Junctional nevi are a type of nevi that contain melanin and are arranged in nests in the lower epidermis and sometimes the lower dermis. Compound nevi are characterized by nests of melanocytes in both the epidermis and dermis. Intradermal nevi are composed of nests of melanocytes located solely in the dermis. Extradermal nevi do not exist. Therefore, the correct answer is junctional nevus.

Nodular melanoma is a type of melanoma that does not develop a radial growth phase. Unlike other types of melanoma, nodular melanoma grows vertically, forming elevated nodules. It is considered aggressive and has a higher risk of metastasis compared to other types of melanoma. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

The prognosis is the best for the first level of invasion. This is because at this stage, the cancer cells are limited to the primary site and have not spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant organs. Treatment options are usually more effective and the chances of successful treatment and long-term survival are higher compared to higher levels of invasion.