P21a Likely 9

A. the collecting duct to the distal convoluted tubule to the renal pelvis

B. Bowman’s capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle

C. the loop of Henle to the collecting duct to Bowman’s capsule

D. the distal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle to the collecting duct

A. The bladder wall lacks rugae.

B. Three openings from the urinary bladder form the trigone.

C. It contracts when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

D. Continuous peristalsis in the bladder wall promotes urine flow.

A. plasma proteins

B. erythrocytes

C. sodium and potassium ions

D. leukocytes

A. collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder

B. renal pelvis to the urethra to the bladder to the ureter

C. ureter to the renal pelvis to the urethra to the bladder

D. collecting duct to the ureter to the urethra

A. an ascending infection by E. coli

B. abnormal immune response, causing inflammation

C. dialysis or other invasive procedure

D. virulent bacteria in the blood

A. proximal convoluted tubule

B. glomerulus

C. loop of Henle

D. afferent arteriole

A. regulation of body fluid concentrations

B. removal of nitrogenous and acidic wastes

C. activation of vitamin D

D. production of albumin

A. glucose

B. sodium

C. water

D. urea

A. nephrotic syndrome

B. cystitis

C. glomerulonephritis

D. urolithiasis

A. renin

B. aldosterone

C. angiotensin

D. antidiuretic hormone

A. nephrotic syndrome

B. acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

C. pyelonephritis

D. polycystic kidney

A. afferent arteriole to the peritubular capillaries to the venule

B. efferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the peritubular capillaries

C. peritubular capillaries to the glomerular capillaries to the venule

D. afferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole

A. increased plasma osmotic pressure

B. dilation of the efferent arteriole

C. increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

D. constriction of the afferent arteriole

A. The urine pH decreases.

B. Blood flow in the afferent arteriole decreases.

C. Serum potassium levels are high.

D. Serum osmotic pressure increases.

A. inflammation, causing ischemia in the tubules

B. inflammation, stretching the renal capsule

C. increasing glomerular permeability, creating an increased volume of filtrate in the kidney

D. microbes irritating the tissues

A. Increase the flow of filtrate.

B. Secrete more acids and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions.

C. Excrete a larger volume of more dilute urine.

D. Retain more potassium ions in exchange for sodium ions.

A. albumin

B. urea

C. sodium

D. creatinine

A. 1 only

B. 2, 4

C. 1, 3, 4

D. 1, 2, 3, 4

A. ischemia and fibrosis in the compressed area

B. multiple hemorrhages in the kidney

C. severe colicky pain radiating into the groin

D. increased GFR

A. hypercalcemia

B. hyperlipidemia

C. inadequate fluid intake

D. hyperuricemia

A. albuminuria increases vascular volume

B. congestion and ischemia stimulates release of renin

C. ADH secretion is decreased

D. damaged tubules absorb large amounts of filtrate

A. diffusion

B. osmosis

C. ultrafiltration

D. active transport

A. microbes, leukocytes, and pus in the urine

B. painful micturition

C. urgency and frequency

D. urinary casts and flank pain

A. hyperlipidemia and lipiduria

B. pyuria and leucopenia

C. hypertension and heart failure

D. gross hematuria and pyuria

A. Massive amounts of fluid are lost from the body with polyuria.

B. Renin and aldosterone are no longer secreted.

C. Tubules do not respond to ADH and aldosterone.

D. Hypoproteinemia results in significant fluid shift to the interstitial compartment.

A. Tubule exchanges are impaired.

B. GFR is increased.

C. Serum urea is increased.

D. More bicarbonate ion is produced.

A. adjusting the specific gravity of the urine

B. reabsorbing the plasma proteins

C. secreting renin

D. exchanging sodium ions for bicarbonate ions

A. Microbes spread through the circulation.

B. Antibodies have not yet formed.

C. There is no effective treatment.

D. There is a continuous mucosa along these structures.

A. increased glomerular permeability resulting in gross hematuria

B. proteinuria and microscopic hematuria from the inflammation

C. pyuria from inflammatory exudate

D. bleeding from ulcerations in the kidneys

A. large numbers of microbes and leukocytes enter the filtrate

B. ruptured capillaries release debris into the tubules

C. normal reabsorption of cells and proteins cannot take place

D. inflamed tubules mold RBCs and protein into a typical mass

A. mild flank pain on the affected side

B. hydronephrosis in both kidneys

C. immediate cessation of urine production

D. an attack of renal colic

A. streptococcal infection affects both the glomerular and tubule functions

B. ischemic damage occurs in the tubules, causing obstruction and decreased GFR

C. immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue, causing inflammation

D. increased glomerular permeability for unknown reasons

A. increased carbonic acid

B. increased bicarbonate ion

C. pH less than 7.35

D. decreased bicarbonate ion