P20b Likely2

A. increased aldosterone and deficit of albumin

B. severe anemia and increased serum bilirubin

C. hypokalemia and increased serum ammonia

D. hyperproteinemia and persistent hypotension

A. formation of multiple thrombi and ischemia

B. infection by intestinal microbes

C. immune complex reaction

D. activation and spread of proteolytic enzymes

A. Inflammation and increased vascular permeability of the peritoneum affect fluid balance.

B. Erosions in the intestinal wall causes release of bacteria.

C. Fat necrosis and hypocalcemia develop.

D. Secretions from the pancreas and intestine become more acidic.

A. degeneration and flattening of the villi in the small intestine

B. multiple herniations of the mucosa through weak areas of the muscularis

C. a continuous area of mucosal inflammation and ulceration in the rectum and colon

D. inflamed areas of the wall of the ileum alternating with thick fibrotic or normal areas

A. diverticulitis

B. ulcerative colitis

C. Crohn’s disease

D. celiac disease

A. lack of peristalsis leading to dilated areas of intestine

B. fibrosis and thickening of the wall causing obstruction

C. erosion of the mucosa causing bleeding

D. recurrent inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis forming a connection between intestinal loops

A. loss of surface area for absorption in the ileum

B. bone marrow depression by toxic wastes

C. chronic blood loss in stools

D. insufficient hydrochloric acid for iron absorption

A. physical and emotional stress

B. an autoimmune reaction

C. a combination of recessive genes

D. idiopathic

A. Hypotension and shock causes ischemia.

B. The mesenteric arteries are compressed in the twisted section of intestine.

C. A section of intestine herniates between the muscles of the abdominal wall.

D. The distention of the intestinal wall causes increased permeability of the tissue.

A. excessive audible bowel sounds

B. intermittent colicky pain

C. severe steady abdominal pain

D. visible peristalsis

A. cause severe colicky pain

B. cause frequent diarrhea

C. develop very rapidly

D. result in a small, hard stool

A. continued vomiting and fluid shift into the intestine

B. hemorrhage into the intestine

C. rupture of the intestinal wall

D. repeated bouts of severe diarrhea

A. increased fluid and gas causing abdominal distention

B. inflammation of the peritoneum and organs causing a firm mass in the abdomen

C. inflamed peritoneum resulting in reflex abdominal muscle spasm

D. the patient voluntarily contracts the abdominal muscles as a protective mechanism

A. increased bicarbonate ion, increased PCO2, serum pH 7.4

B. decreased bicarbonate ion, decreased PCO2, serum pH 7.35

C. increased bicarbonate ion, decreased PCO2, serum pH 7.35

D. decreased bicarbonate ion, increased PCO2, serum pH 7.45

Serum pH would rise above 7.45

B. serum bicarbonate levels would increase, serum pH would remain in normal range

C. serum bicarbonate levels would decrease, serum pH would drop below 7.35

D. serum PCO2 would rise, serum pH would be around 7.4

A. hypovolemia limits renal function

B. increased respirations cannot remove more H+

C. increased ADH blocks secretion of H+

D. more sodium and potassium ions are retained

A. hypoglycemia

B. hypovolemia

C. abdominal cramps and distention

D. increased peristalsis and diarrhea

A. hepatomegaly

B. elevated serum liver enzymes

C. esophageal varices

D. lighter-colored stools

A. 1 only

B. 4 only

C. 1, 3

D. 2, 4

A. HBV

B. HCV

C. HBV and HCV

D. neither HBV nor HCV

A. pruritic skin and light-colored stools

B. dark-colored stools and urine

C. increased serum levels of unconjugated bilirubin

D. loss of all metabolic functions

A. The liver is inflamed and enlarged.

B. Blood clotting delays are apparent at onset.

C. Hepatocytes can not regenerate when virus is present.

D. Infection is self-limiting.

A. A vaccine is not available.

B. The incubation period is too short to track contacts.

C. Infection is often asymptomatic.

D. Antibodies are not produced.

A. increased unconjugated bilirubin

B. increased conjugated bilirubin

C. increased conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin

D. decreased conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin

A. HAV

B. HCV

C. HDV

D. HEV

A. liver metabolism

B. production of bile for absorption

C. pancreatic secretions in the intestine

D. storage of all vitamins

A. digestion and absorption of calcium is impaired

B. hemorrhage and fluid shift displace calcium from the blood

C. calcium ions are used up in blood coagulation process

D. calcium ions bind with fatty acids in necrotic tissue

A. at the head of the pancreas

B. in the body of the pancreas

C. in the tail of the pancreas

C. in the tail of the pancreas

A. volvulus

B. hernia

C. adhesion

D. intussusceptions

A. lower left quadrant

B. lower right quadrant

C. sharp colicky, periumbilical

D. lower abdominal pain, radiating into the groin