P20a Likely1

1. In which structure is oxygenated blood (arterial) mixed with unoxygenated blood (venous) so as to support the functions of the structure?

A. pancreas

B. liver

C. small intestine

D. spleen

2. Which of the following stimulates increased peristalsis and secretions in the digestive tract?

A. sympathetic nervous system

B. vagus nerve

C. increased saliva

D. absence of food in the system

3. Which of the following applies to hepatitis A infection?

A. It is also called serum hepatitis.

B. It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route.

C. It contains a double strand of DNA.

D. It frequently leads to chronic hepatitis.

4. What does the term gluconeogenesis refer to?

A. breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose

B. conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage

C. formation of glucose from protein and fat

D. breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water

5. Which of the following cells in the gastric mucosa produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid?

A. parietal cells

B. chief cells

C. mucous cells

D. gastrin cells

6. Why does mild hyperbilirubinemia occur in newborns?

A. blood incompatibility between mother and child

B. there is damage to many erythrocytes during the birth process

C. poor circulation and albumin transport for bilirubin

D. the immature liver cannot process bilirubin quickly enough

7. What causes elevated serum levels of AST and ALT during the preicteric stage of hepatitis?

A. systemic effects of viral infection

B. obstruction of bile ducts and malabsorption

C. necrosis of liver cells

D. ammonia toxicity

8. Which of the following breaks protein down into peptides?

A. amylase

B. peptidase

C. lactase

D. trypsin

9. What can be concluded if the hepatitis B antigen level remains high in the serum?

A. Acute infection is present.

B. Chronic infection has developed.

C. Liver failure is in progress.

D. The usual prolonged recovery from any viral infection is occurring.

10. What is the primary cause of esophageal varices?

A. portal hypertension

B. alcohol irritating the mucosa

C. failure to inactivate estrogen

D. poor nutritional status

11. Which of the following is contained in pancreatic exocrine secretions?

A. bicarbonate ion

B. hydrochloric acid

C. activated digestive enzymes

D. insulin

12. What is the primary cause of increased bleeding tendencies associated with cirrhosis?

A. anemia and leucopenia

B. jaundice and pruritus

C. recurrent infections

D. deficit of vitamin K and prothrombin

13. Which of the following is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?

A. stomach

B. duodenum

C. ileum

D. ascending colon

14. The early stage of vomiting causes:

A. metabolic alkalosis

B. metabolic acidosis

C. increased respirations

D. increased excretion of hydrogen ions

15. An alkaline environment is required in the duodenum to:

A. activate pepsinogen

B. activate intestinal and pancreatic enzymes

C. activate bile salts

D. produce mucus

16. Following gastric resection, the onset of nausea, cramps, and dizziness immediately after meals indicates:

A. a large volume of chyme has entered the intestines, causing distention

B. severe hypoglycemia has developed

C. the pylorus is restricting the flow of chyme

D. bile and pancreatic secretions are irritating the small intestine

17. In the liver, amino acids are used to produce complex molecules by means of:

A. glycogenesis

B. anabolic processes

C. catabolic processes

D. autodigestion

18. What is the first change in arterial blood gases with diarrhea?

A. increased bicarbonate ion

B. decreased bicarbonate ion

C. increased carbonic acid

D. increased serum pH

19. What is the most common type of hepatitis transmitted by blood transfusion?

A. HAV

B. HBV

C. HCV

D. HEV

20. A primary factor causing encephalopathy with cirrhosis is the elevated:

A. serum urea

B. conjugated bilirubin

C. serum ammonia

D. serum pH

21. When highly acidic chyme enters the duodenum, which hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic secretions that contains very high bicarbonate ion content?

A. gastrin

B. secretin

C. cholecystokinin

D. histamine

22. Which of the following processes is likely to occur in the body immediately after a meal?

A. lipolysis

B. ketogenesis

C. gluconeogenesis

D. glycogenesis

23. Which of the following is/are (a) manifestation(s) of hemolytic jaundice?

A. increased unconjugated bilirubin in the blood

B. increased bleeding tendencies

C. pale stool and dark urine

D. elevated liver enzymes in the blood

24. What is the major effect when a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct?

A. intrahepatic jaundice

B. acute pancreatitis

C. severe colicky pain in upper right quadrant

D. inflammation and infection in the gall bladder

25. What indicates the presence of third-stage alcohol hepatitis?

A. below normal blood levels of AST and ALT

B. ULQ tenderness and dull pain

C. a small, firm, nodular liver and portal hypertension

D. accumulation of fat in the hepatocytes and hepatomegaly

26. Dehydration causes acidosis because of increased:

A. ketones produced

B. CO2 retained in the lungs and kidneys

C. hypovolemia and lactic acid production

D. metabolic rate

27. Prolonged vomiting cause a state of acidosis due to:

A. catabolism of proteins and lipids

B. continued loss of gastric secretions

C. loss of pancreatic enzymes

D. retention of sodium ions and water

28. In patients with cirrhosis, serum ammonia may increase when:

A. ingesting excessive lipids

B. bleeding occurs in the digestive tract

C. an increase in unconjugated bilirubin occurs in the serum

D. less bile is produced