A&p 2 Chapter 17 Quiz - Lonestar

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1. What are the the 3 branches of the cardiovascular system?

Explanation

The cardiovascular system consists of three main components: the heart, blood, and blood vessels. The heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, while blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries, which transport blood to and from different parts of the body. Therefore, the answer "Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels" accurately represents the three branches of the cardiovascular system.

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About This Quiz
Circulatory System Quizzes & Trivia

This quiz from A&P 2 Chapter 17 at Lonestar covers the cardiovascular system, focusing on its branches, the composition of blood, and fluid dynamics in the body. It assesses understanding of plasma percentage in blood and the directional movement of substances like oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and cells.

2. Blood doping is dangerous because it increases blood viscosity and forces heart to work harder

Explanation

Blood doping is the process of artificially increasing the number of red blood cells in the body. This is done to enhance athletic performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the muscles. However, it is dangerous because it increases blood viscosity, meaning the blood becomes thicker and more resistant to flow. This forces the heart to work harder to pump the thicker blood throughout the body, which can lead to cardiovascular problems and potentially life-threatening conditions such as heart attacks or strokes. Therefore, the statement "Blood doping is dangerous because it increases blood viscosity and forces the heart to work harder" is true.

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3. Leukopenia is a low white blood cell count

Explanation

Leukopenia refers to a condition where there is a decrease in the number of white blood cells in the body. White blood cells play a crucial role in fighting off infections and diseases. Therefore, having a low white blood cell count can indicate a weakened immune system and increase the risk of infections. Hence, the statement "Leukopenia is a low white blood cell count" is true.

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4. Methods utilized in hemostasis are: Vascular spasm, Platelet plug formation, and Blood clotting

Explanation

The statement is true because vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting are indeed methods utilized in hemostasis. Vascular spasm is the constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow, platelet plug formation involves platelets sticking together to form a temporary plug at the site of injury, and blood clotting is the formation of a fibrin clot to seal the wound and prevent further bleeding. These processes work together to stop bleeding and maintain the integrity of the blood vessels.

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5. Type AB is the:

Explanation

Type AB blood is known as the universal recipient because it can receive blood from any blood type. This is because Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its red blood cells, as well as neither A nor B antibodies in its plasma. Therefore, Type AB individuals do not have antibodies that would attack the A or B antigens, allowing them to safely receive blood from any blood type without causing an immune reaction.

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6. What is the average life-span of the RBC?

Explanation

The average life-span of a red blood cell (RBC) is 120 days. This means that, on average, RBCs circulate in the bloodstream for approximately 120 days before being removed and replaced by new ones. This is an important factor to consider in understanding the body's ability to maintain a healthy level of red blood cells and the need for regular production of new RBCs to ensure proper oxygen transport throughout the body.

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7. Blood is filled with

Explanation

Plasma and formed elements are present in the blood. Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries various substances such as nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which are responsible for various functions such as oxygen transport, immune response, and blood clotting. Therefore, the correct answer is plasma and formed elements.

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8. Iron is required for oxygen transport

Explanation

Iron is required for oxygen transport because it is a crucial component of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to the body's tissues and organs. Without sufficient iron, the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin, leading to a condition called iron deficiency anemia. This can result in fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath due to the decreased ability of blood to transport oxygen effectively. Therefore, the statement that iron is required for oxygen transport is true.

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9. Blood prevents infection (through WBCs, Antibodies, Inteferons, and Complements)

Explanation

The statement is true because blood contains various components that help prevent infection. White blood cells (WBCs) are a crucial part of the immune system and help fight off pathogens. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that can neutralize or destroy harmful substances. Interferons are proteins that interfere with viral replication, while complements are a group of proteins that enhance the immune response. All of these components work together to protect the body from infection, making the statement true.

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10. Platelets are granulated; and those granules release chemicals that promote blood clotting

Explanation

Platelets are small, irregularly shaped cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. When there is an injury or damage to blood vessels, platelets are activated and release granules containing various chemicals, such as serotonin, ADP, and thromboxane A2. These chemicals help in the formation of a blood clot by stimulating the aggregation of platelets and the constriction of blood vessels. Therefore, it is true that platelets are granulated, and the release of these granules promotes blood clotting.

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11. B lymphocytes mature in what type of bone marrow?

Explanation

B lymphocytes, also known as B cells, are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. They are responsible for producing antibodies that recognize and neutralize pathogens. These B cells mature in the red bone marrow, which is found in the spongy bone tissue of certain bones, such as the sternum, ribs, and pelvis. The red bone marrow contains stem cells that differentiate into B cells, allowing them to mature and become fully functional in their role of immune defense.

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12. What is the shape of an erythrocyte?

Explanation

An erythrocyte, also known as a red blood cell, has a biconcave shape. This means that it is round and flat with a concave shape on both sides. The biconcave shape allows for a larger surface area, which is important for the cell's function of carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. It also allows for flexibility and easy movement through narrow blood vessels.

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13. Fibrinolysis is the clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme which hydrolyzes fibrin

Explanation

Fibrinolysis is the process in which blood clots are dissolved by the activity of plasmin, an enzyme that breaks down fibrin. This process is essential in maintaining blood flow and preventing excessive clot formation. Therefore, the statement is true.

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14. Albumin maintains blood osmotic pressure

Explanation

Albumin is a protein found in the blood that plays a crucial role in maintaining blood osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the force that keeps fluids balanced between the blood vessels and tissues. Albumin helps to regulate this pressure by attracting and retaining water in the bloodstream. This is important for maintaining proper hydration, preventing fluid buildup in tissues, and ensuring that nutrients and waste products are transported efficiently throughout the body. Therefore, the statement "Albumin maintains blood osmotic pressure" is true.

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15. Type O is the:

Explanation

Type O is considered the universal donor because it lacks both A and B antigens on the surface of its red blood cells. This means that individuals with type O blood can donate their blood to individuals with any other blood type without causing an adverse immune reaction. However, type O individuals can only receive blood from other type O donors, as they have antibodies against both A and B antigens.

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16. Blood helps regulate fluid volume of the cells

Explanation

Blood helps regulate fluid volume of the cells by maintaining a balance between the amount of fluid inside and outside the cells. It does this through various mechanisms such as osmosis and active transport. Blood contains electrolytes and proteins that help regulate the movement of water and other substances in and out of the cells. Additionally, blood carries hormones and enzymes that play a role in fluid balance. Overall, blood plays a crucial role in maintaining the proper fluid volume within the cells, ensuring their proper functioning.

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17. Physical Characteristics of blood are

Explanation

The physical characteristics of blood include being salty, metallic, opaque, and scarlet/dark red. Salty refers to the presence of electrolytes in the blood, which help maintain the balance of fluids in the body. Metallic describes the taste of blood due to the iron content. Opaque means that blood cannot be seen through, as it is not transparent. Scarlet/dark red describes the color of oxygenated blood. Therefore, all of the given options accurately describe the physical characteristics of blood.

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18. Wastes (Carbon Dioxide) move in the reverse direction:Tissue Cells --> ISF --> Blood Capillaries

Explanation

In the given statement, it is stated that wastes, specifically carbon dioxide, move in the reverse direction from tissue cells to the ISF (Interstitial Fluid) and then to the blood capillaries. This is true because during cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product in tissue cells. It diffuses from the cells into the ISF, which is the fluid surrounding the cells. From there, it enters the blood capillaries, where it is transported to the lungs for elimination from the body. Therefore, the statement is correct.

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19. Blood is ____________ degrees

Explanation

The given answer, 100.4 degrees, suggests that blood temperature is measured in degrees Fahrenheit. This is a normal body temperature for humans, indicating that blood temperature is the same as the overall body temperature.

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20. Mature erythrocytes have nucleus'

Explanation

Mature erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, do not have a nucleus. During their development, erythrocytes expel their nucleus to make more space for the oxygen-carrying protein called hemoglobin. This allows them to have a biconcave shape and increases their flexibility to pass through narrow blood vessels. Therefore, the statement that mature erythrocytes have a nucleus is incorrect.

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21. Which blood plasma is the soluble precursor of fibrin for blood clotting?

Explanation

Fibrinogen is the soluble precursor of fibrin for blood clotting. When there is an injury or damage to a blood vessel, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by the enzyme thrombin. Fibrin then forms a mesh-like structure that helps to trap platelets and other blood cells, forming a blood clot to stop bleeding. Fibrinogen is an essential component of the coagulation cascade and plays a crucial role in hemostasis.

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22. What is the function of a lymphocyte?

Explanation

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the body's immune response. B-cells, a type of lymphocyte, are responsible for fighting against bacteria by producing antibodies that can neutralize and eliminate them. On the other hand, T-cells, another type of lymphocyte, are involved in recognizing and destroying foreign cells, such as transplanted organs, as well as combating viruses, cancer cells, and fungi. Therefore, the correct answer states the functions of both B-cells and T-cells in fighting against various types of infections and foreign substances.

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23. Sample taken from the the vein with a hypodermic needle & syringe.

Explanation

The correct answer is Venipuncture. Venipuncture refers to the process of collecting a blood sample from a vein using a hypodermic needle and syringe. This method is commonly used in medical settings for various diagnostic tests and procedures. Finger or heel stick, on the other hand, involves collecting a blood sample by pricking the finger or heel with a lancet, which is not mentioned in the given sample. Therefore, the correct answer is Venipuncture.

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24. Postnatal Hematopoiesis occurs only in red bone marrow of flat bones like sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis and end of long bones 

Explanation

Postnatal hematopoiesis refers to the production of new blood cells that occurs after birth. It primarily takes place in the red bone marrow, which is found in flat bones such as the sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis, and the ends of long bones. This is where hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Therefore, the statement "Postnatal Hematopoiesis occurs only in red bone marrow of flat bones like sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis and end of long bones" is true.

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25. _________________ __________________ are activated platelets stick together and activate a large # of new platelets: forming a mass called: platelet plug

Explanation

Platelet Aggregation refers to the process where activated platelets bind together and recruit a significant number of new platelets to form a mass known as a platelet plug. This mechanism is crucial in the formation of blood clots, as it helps to seal off injured blood vessels and prevent excessive bleeding. Platelet aggregation is triggered by various factors, such as the release of chemical signals and the exposure of collagen or von Willebrand factor in damaged blood vessels.

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26. Plasma makes up what percentage of blood

Explanation

Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries various substances such as nutrients, hormones, and waste products. It constitutes about 55% of the blood volume, making it the correct answer. The other options are incorrect as they do not represent the accurate percentage of plasma in blood.

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27. Allows excessive blood loss through blood clotting

Explanation

The given statement is "Allows excessive blood loss through blood clotting." The correct answer is False. This means that blood clotting does not allow excessive blood loss. In fact, blood clotting is a natural process that helps to stop bleeding and prevent excessive blood loss. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets in the blood form a plug at the site of injury, and then a clot is formed to seal the wound. This clotting process is essential for maintaining the body's blood volume and preventing excessive bleeding.

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28. Layers in the blood vessels are: Tunica intima, Tunica media, and Tunica Adventitia

Explanation

The statement is true because the layers in the blood vessels are indeed the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima is the innermost layer, consisting of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface for blood flow. The tunica media is the middle layer, composed of smooth muscle cells that regulate the diameter of the blood vessel. The tunica adventitia is the outermost layer, consisting of connective tissue that provides support and protection to the blood vessel.

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29. Which pathway leads to feces when recycling hemoglobin components?

Explanation

The correct answer is RBC - Biliverdin - Bilirubin - Urobilinogen - Stercobilin. This pathway explains the process of how hemoglobin components are recycled and eventually end up as feces. After red blood cells (RBC) break down, they release biliverdin, which is then converted into bilirubin. Bilirubin is then converted into urobilinogen, which can be further metabolized into stercobilin. Stercobilin is responsible for the brown color of feces. Therefore, this pathway accurately describes the sequential steps involved in the recycling of hemoglobin components leading to the production of feces.

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30. The HEME group in Hemoglobin transports what?

Explanation

The HEME group in Hemoglobin transports oxygen. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to the body's tissues. The HEME group, which contains iron, is responsible for binding the oxygen molecules and facilitating their transport throughout the body via the circulatory system. This process is crucial for delivering oxygen to cells and organs, enabling them to carry out essential functions and produce energy.

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31. All WBCs are not nucleated and have no hemoglobin

Explanation

The statement is false because not all WBCs lack a nucleus and hemoglobin. While some WBCs, such as lymphocytes, do not have a nucleus and hemoglobin, others like neutrophils and monocytes do have a nucleus but lack hemoglobin. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that all WBCs are not nucleated and have no hemoglobin.

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32. Hemopoeis is the production of

Explanation

Hemopoiesis is the process of producing red blood cells, also known as erythropoiesis. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to different parts of the body and removing carbon dioxide. They are formed in the bone marrow through a complex process involving the differentiation of stem cells into erythrocyte precursors. This process is tightly regulated by various factors such as erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels. The production of platelets, white blood cells, granulocytes, and agranulocytes is not specifically referred to as hemopoiesis.

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33. Hormone from the liver stimulates platelet formation

Explanation

Thrombopoietin is the hormone that stimulates platelet formation. It is produced by the liver and plays a crucial role in the regulation of platelet production. Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, not platelets. Cytokines are a group of proteins that regulate various immune and inflammatory responses, but they do not specifically stimulate platelet formation. Therefore, the correct answer is Thrombopoietin.

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34. If the patient is Type AB what are the antigens?

Explanation

If the patient is Type AB, it means that they have both A and B antigens on their red blood cells. This is because Type AB blood is characterized by the presence of both A and B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells, making the answer A&B correct. Type AB individuals can receive blood from any blood type (A, B, AB, or O) because they do not produce antibodies against either A or B antigens.

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35. What is blood doping?

Explanation

Blood doping refers to the practice of injecting previously stored red blood cells (RBCs) before an athletic event. This is done to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, which can enhance an athlete's performance. By injecting additional RBCs, the blood's ability to deliver oxygen to the muscles is improved, leading to increased endurance and stamina. This method is considered unethical and illegal in most sports, as it provides an unfair advantage to athletes.

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36. Estrogen stimulates RBCs formation

Explanation

Estrogen does not stimulate the formation of red blood cells (RBCs). The primary hormone responsible for RBC production is erythropoietin, which is produced by the kidneys. Estrogen, on the other hand, is a female sex hormone that plays a role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics and regulating the menstrual cycle. Therefore, the statement that estrogen stimulates RBC formation is false.

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37. What disease does a patient have if there is low oxygen with the blood cells?

Explanation

Hypoxia is the correct answer because it refers to a condition where there is a deficiency of oxygen in the body's tissues. This can be caused by various factors, including low oxygen levels in the blood cells. Anemia, on the other hand, is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, which can also lead to low oxygen levels. Sickle Cell Anemia is a specific type of anemia caused by abnormal hemoglobin, which can further contribute to low oxygen levels. Therefore, all of the above conditions can result in low oxygen with the blood cells.

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38. What helps blood regulate pH?

Explanation

The buffer system helps blood regulate pH by maintaining a stable pH level. It consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base, which can donate or accept hydrogen ions to prevent drastic changes in pH. When the blood becomes too acidic, the buffer system releases hydrogen ions to lower the pH, and when the blood becomes too alkaline, it accepts hydrogen ions to raise the pH. This system plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall pH balance, which is essential for proper functioning of various physiological processes.

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39. Why do you not stick a hypodermic needle/syringe in an artery?

Explanation

Both B and D are correct explanations for why you do not stick a hypodermic needle/syringe in an artery. The statement "Less pressure in veins" explains that veins have lower blood pressure compared to arteries, making it safer to insert a needle or syringe into a vein. The statement "Veins are closer to the surface" explains that veins are more easily accessible and visible on the surface of the skin, making them a more suitable target for needle insertion.

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40. Which is a kidney response to hypoxia

Explanation

Hypoxia refers to a condition where there is a deficiency of oxygen in the body's tissues. When the body experiences hypoxia, it triggers various responses to compensate for the lack of oxygen. One of these responses is the acceleration of the development of pro-erythroblasts into reticulocytes. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that eventually mature into erythrocytes (red blood cells) responsible for carrying oxygen. This response helps to increase the production of red blood cells, which can enhance the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and potentially alleviate the effects of hypoxia. Therefore, the statement "Speeds up development of pro-erythroblasts into reticulocytes?" is a kidney response to hypoxia.

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41. Which leukocytes are NOT granulocytes?

Explanation

Lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte that are not granulocytes. Granulocytes, such as neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils, have granules in their cytoplasm that contain enzymes and other substances. Lymphocytes, on the other hand, do not have these granules. They are responsible for adaptive immune responses and can be further divided into B cells and T cells. Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are not leukocytes at all. They are small cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

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42. What are NOT the functions of the blood?

Explanation

The blood performs several important functions in the body, including distribution of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to different organs and tissues, regulation of body temperature and pH levels, and protection against infections and diseases through the immune system. However, eliminating wastes is not one of the functions of the blood. This task is primarily carried out by the kidneys, which filter waste products from the blood and excrete them in the form of urine.

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43. Describe the distribution of blood through gases.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Oxygen from lungs --> cells & Carbon Dioxide from cells --> lungs." This is because oxygen is transported from the lungs to the cells through the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide produced by the cells is transported back to the lungs to be exhaled. This process is known as respiration and is essential for the exchange of gases in the body.

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44. Monocytes include fixed kupffer cells in the liver and wandering tissues.

Explanation

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. They can be found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver. In the liver, monocytes differentiate into fixed Kupffer cells, which are responsible for removing debris and pathogens from the blood. Monocytes can also migrate to other tissues where they perform similar functions. Therefore, the statement that monocytes include fixed Kupffer cells in the liver and wandering tissues is true.

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45. Produced by the kidneys and increase RBC precursors

Explanation

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bone marrow. It increases the number of RBC precursors, known as erythroblasts, leading to an increase in the production of mature RBCs. Thrombopoietin is a hormone that regulates the production of platelets, not RBCs. Cytokines are a broad category of proteins that regulate various immune and inflammatory responses, but they do not specifically increase RBC precursors. Therefore, the correct answer is Erythropoietin.

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46. ________________ _________________ are platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers of underlying damaged endothelial cells in blood vessel walls

Explanation

Platelet adhesion refers to the process where platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers of damaged endothelial cells in blood vessel walls. This is an important step in hemostasis, as it helps to form a plug at the site of injury, preventing further bleeding. Platelet adhesion is facilitated by the interaction between platelet receptors and von Willebrand factor, a protein that binds to collagen. Once platelets adhere to the damaged endothelium, they undergo further activation and aggregation, leading to the formation of a stable blood clot.

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47. Thrombosis is:

Explanation

Thrombosis refers to the formation of a blood clot in unbroken blood vessels. This occurs when there is an imbalance in the coagulation system, leading to the formation of a clot that can obstruct blood flow. It is different from embolism, which is the transportation of a clot through the bloodstream. The other options mentioned in the question, such as the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin and fibrinogen into fibrin threads, are steps in the process of blood clot formation, but they do not specifically define thrombosis.

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48. Are you ready to pass this quiz and Chapter 18 quiz??

Explanation

The given answer "Yes" is the correct answer because it indicates that the person is ready to pass the quiz and Chapter 18 quiz.

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49. What is NOT a blood plasma protein?

Explanation

Immunoglobulins are not a blood plasma protein. Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances in the body. They play a crucial role in the immune response by targeting and neutralizing pathogens. While albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen are all blood plasma proteins, immunoglobulins are not classified as such.

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50. What gives feces the brown-ish color?

Explanation

Stercobilin is the correct answer because it is a pigment formed from the breakdown of bilirubin in the intestines. Bilirubin is produced when red blood cells are broken down, and it is initially yellow in color. As bilirubin goes through chemical reactions in the body, it is converted into urobilin and then stercobilin, which gives feces its characteristic brownish color. Biliverdin, on the other hand, is a green pigment that is not directly involved in the coloration of feces.

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51. Which granulocytes are high in allergic reactions and increases the flow of other WBCs by releasing histamine, heparin, and serotonin

Explanation

Basophils are high in allergic reactions and increase the flow of other white blood cells by releasing histamine, heparin, and serotonin. Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow to the site of an allergic reaction. Heparin prevents blood clotting, allowing other white blood cells to reach the site more easily. Serotonin helps to regulate inflammation and immune responses. Therefore, basophils play a crucial role in the allergic response and the recruitment of other white blood cells to the site of inflammation.

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52. Stoppage or arrest of bleeding in a quick & localized fashion when blood vessels are damaged and prevents hemorrhages (loss of a large amount of blood)

Explanation

Hemostasis refers to the process of stopping or arresting bleeding in a quick and localized manner when blood vessels are damaged. This prevents hemorrhages, which is the loss of a large amount of blood. Hemostasis is a vital mechanism that helps maintain the balance and stability of the body's internal environment. It is different from homeostasis, which refers to the overall maintenance of stability in the body's internal environment. Hempoietin is not a term related to the given context. Therefore, the correct answer is Hemostasis.

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53. Gel separates into liquid (serum) and a clot of insoluble fibers (fibrin) in which the cells are trapped is formed

Explanation

When blood clotting occurs, a gel-like substance called fibrin forms, trapping the blood cells and separating them from the liquid portion of the blood called serum. This process is known as coagulation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Blood Clotting (Coagulation)".

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54. Dilute, watery fluids found in and out of cells

Explanation

Body fluids refer to the dilute, watery fluids found both inside and outside of cells in the body. These fluids include blood, interstitial fluid (the fluid that surrounds and bathes the cells), and other fluids that carry nutrients and other substances throughout the body.

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55. Hematopoiesis takes place in the yolk sacs, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow in what stage?

Explanation

Hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation, occurs in various organs during different stages of development. In the prenatal stage, hematopoiesis takes place in the yolk sacs, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. This process continues in the embryo stage as well. Therefore, the correct answer is "Only B&C" because hematopoiesis occurs in both the prenatal and embryo stages.

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56. What is the blood pH of blood? 
*Hint: Give a range

Explanation

The blood pH of blood is maintained within a narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. This range is considered slightly alkaline or basic. It is crucial for the body to maintain this pH range as even slight deviations can have detrimental effects on various physiological processes. The body regulates blood pH through the actions of buffers, respiratory system, and kidneys to ensure proper functioning of cells and organs.

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57. Which is NOT part of the Tissue Hypoxia?

Explanation

Erythropoietin is a hormone that is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. It stimulates the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the tissues. Therefore, releasing erythropoietin is actually a response to tissue hypoxia, rather than being a part of it. Tissue hypoxia refers to the condition where tissues do not receive enough oxygen, which can occur due to factors such as high altitude, anemia, or circulatory problems.

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58. Leukocytosis is a low white blood cell count

Explanation

Leukocytosis is actually a high white blood cell count, not a low one. When there is an infection or inflammation in the body, the number of white blood cells increases as they work to fight off the infection. This condition is known as leukocytosis. Therefore, the statement "Leukocytosis is a low white blood cell count" is incorrect.

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59. Emblous is a clot transported by nitrogenous wastes

Explanation

The given statement "Emblous is a clot transported by nitrogenous wastes" is incorrect. There is no such term as "Emblous" in biology or any other field. Additionally, nitrogenous wastes are typically transported in the form of urea or uric acid, not clots. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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60. Which is a color characteristic of a neutrophil?

Explanation

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. They are known to stain pale lilac with acid (red) and basic (blue) dyes. This characteristic staining pattern is due to the presence of both acidic and basic components in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. The acidic components bind to the red dye, while the basic components bind to the blue dye, resulting in a pale lilac color. This staining pattern helps in identifying and distinguishing neutrophils from other types of cells.

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61. Which blood plasma proteins have antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigen forming antigen-antibody complex

Explanation

Globulins are a group of blood plasma proteins that have the ability to bind to foreign substances called antigens, forming an antigen-antibody complex. This complex plays a crucial role in the immune response by helping to neutralize and eliminate the foreign substances from the body. Albumin and fibrinogen, on the other hand, do not have this specific function of binding to antigens. Therefore, the correct answer is globulins.

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62. Platelet Plug Formation is:

Explanation

Platelet Plug Formation involves platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, and platelet aggregation. During this process, platelets adhere to the damaged blood vessel, release chemicals stored in their granules, and aggregate together to form a plug that helps in stopping bleeding. This explanation is supported by the options C and D, which mention platelet adhesion, release reaction, and aggregation as the components of platelet plug formation. The other options do not accurately describe the process.

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63. Metabolic wastes from the blood go from ___________ to __________ . 

Explanation

Metabolic wastes are produced by cells as a result of their normal functioning. These wastes include substances like carbon dioxide and urea. The blood transports these wastes away from the cells to be eliminated from the body. The lungs play a crucial role in removing carbon dioxide, as it is exhaled during respiration. Meanwhile, the kidneys filter the blood and remove other metabolic waste products, such as urea, through urine formation. Therefore, the correct answer is that metabolic wastes from the blood go from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination.

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64. Give the range of the blood volume of the average female.

Explanation

The range of blood volume in the average female is 4 to 5 liters, which is equivalent to 1.2 gallons. This means that the average female has a total blood volume within this range.

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65. If the patient is Type O what are the antibodies?

Explanation

If the patient is Type O, it means that the patient's blood does not have A or B antigens on the surface of red blood cells. However, since Type O blood is considered the universal donor, it contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. These antibodies are present to protect against foreign blood types that have A or B antigens. Therefore, the correct answer is A&B, meaning that the patient has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

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66. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the blood capillaries into the ESF and then into Muscle cells

Explanation

Nutrients and oxygen actually diffuse from the blood capillaries into the interstitial fluid (ISF) and then into muscle cells. The interstitial fluid surrounds and bathes the cells, allowing for the exchange of substances between the blood capillaries and the cells. Therefore, the statement is false.

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67. Where do you withdraw blood from?

Explanation

The median cubital vein is commonly used for blood withdrawal because it is large, easily accessible, and close to the surface of the skin. It is located in the antecubital fossa, which is the area on the inner side of the elbow. This vein is often chosen for blood draws, as it is less likely to be damaged during the procedure and allows for a smoother and more efficient blood collection process.

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68. Activation occurs when:
1) Endothelium is damaged and platelets come in contact with underlying collagen fibers of blood vessel walls
2) Platelets damaged and release phospholipids from granules

Explanation

The intrinsic pathway of activation occurs when the endothelium is damaged and platelets come in contact with underlying collagen fibers of blood vessel walls. This triggers a cascade of reactions that ultimately leads to the formation of a blood clot. The release of phospholipids from platelet granules is not associated with the intrinsic pathway of activation.

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69. Common technique for diabetics to monitor daily blood sugar

Explanation

Both finger stick and heel stick are common techniques for diabetics to monitor their daily blood sugar levels. Finger stick involves pricking the fingertip with a lancet to obtain a small drop of blood, while heel stick involves pricking the heel of a newborn baby to collect a blood sample. These methods are commonly used because they are relatively quick, convenient, and provide accurate results for glucose monitoring. Therefore, the correct answer is Both A&B.

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70. Blood is thick and not stick (5X more viscous) than water and flows slower than water

Explanation

Blood is actually thicker and more viscous than water, which means it flows more slowly. The given statement is incorrect.

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71. Which granulocyte has a bilobed nuclei?

Explanation

Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte that have a bilobed nucleus. These cells are part of the immune system and are involved in allergic reactions and fighting off parasitic infections. The bilobed nucleus allows eosinophils to easily move through tissues and carry out their functions effectively.

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72. What gives urine its yellow-ish color?

Explanation

Urobilin is the correct answer because it is a yellow pigment that is formed from the breakdown of bilirubin in the intestines. Bilirubin is a waste product that is produced when red blood cells are broken down in the liver. It is then converted into urobilin, which gives urine its yellowish color. Stercobilin is responsible for the brown color of feces, while biliverdin is a green pigment found in bile. Therefore, neither stercobilin nor biliverdin are responsible for the yellowish color of urine.

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73. Which one is an indication of an Vascular Spasm?

Explanation

An indication of a vascular spasm is when there is damage to a blood vessel, which stimulates pain receptors and causes immediate contraction of smooth muscles around the damaged blood vessel. This contraction is facilitated by the release of vasoconstrictors such as Thromboxane A2 and Serotonin. This response reduces blood loss for several hours until other clotting mechanisms can take over. Therefore, all of the statements mentioned in the options are indications of a vascular spasm.

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74. What is the hemolytic disease of the newborn may develop causing hemolysis of the fetal RBCs?

Explanation

Erythroblastosis fetalis is a condition where the mother's antibodies attack the red blood cells of the fetus, leading to their destruction, known as hemolysis. This condition occurs when the mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive, causing an immune response. The mother's antibodies cross the placenta and target the fetal red blood cells, resulting in severe anemia and other complications. Erythroblastosis fetalis can be prevented by administering Rh immunoglobulin to the mother during pregnancy and after delivery, which prevents the formation of antibodies against the Rh factor.

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75. Give the range of the blood volume of an average male.

Explanation

The range of blood volume in an average male is 5 to 6 liters, which is equivalent to 1.5 gallons. This means that the average male's body contains approximately 5 to 6 liters of blood.

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76. Blood cell formation is also known as

Explanation

Blood cell formation is also known as hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis. These terms are used interchangeably to describe the process by which new blood cells are produced in the body. Hemopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow and involves the differentiation and maturation of stem cells into various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Therefore, the correct answer is A&B, as both hemopoiesis and hematopoiesis refer to blood cell formation.

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77. Blood plasmas is created by 

Explanation

Hepatocytes are responsible for creating blood plasma. They are liver cells that produce and secrete many substances, including plasma proteins, into the bloodstream. Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells) do not create blood plasma.

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78. Centrifuge is a process where blood is spun until there is a separation between plasmas and erythrocytes.

Explanation

The statement is incorrect. Centrifuge is a process where blood is spun to separate its components based on density. It does not specifically separate plasma and erythrocytes, but rather separates the different components of blood including plasma, erythrocytes, platelets, and other cellular elements. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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79. Hematocrit is 

Explanation

Hematocrit is the percentage of blood occupied by formed elements, which includes erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets. It represents the volume of these cells in relation to the total volume of blood. The hematocrit level is used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as anemia and polycythemia.

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80. Which is NOT a solute in blood plasma?

Explanation

The correct answer is "All of the above." This means that all of the options listed - nutrients, nitrogenous waste, dissolved gases, and electrolytes - are solutes in blood plasma. Solute refers to any substance that is dissolved in a solvent, and in this case, all of these substances can be found dissolved in blood plasma.

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81. When recycling the globin portion broken down into 

Explanation

When globin, a protein found in red blood cells, is broken down during recycling, it is broken down into its building blocks called amino acids. These amino acids can then be reused by the body to build new proteins or for other essential functions. Therefore, the correct answer is that the globin portion is broken down into amino acids and recycled.

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82. (You can select more than one answer)
Cytokines are

Explanation

Cytokines are local hormones of the bone marrow because they are produced by some marrow cells to stimulate proliferation in other marrow cells. Additionally, colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and interleukin are examples of cytokines that stimulate white blood cell (WBC) production. Therefore, all of the given answers are correct.

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83. When recycling of heme portion splits into 

Explanation

When the heme portion is recycled, it undergoes a process called heme degradation. During this process, the heme molecule is broken down into two main components: iron and biliverdin. Iron is an essential mineral that can be reused by the body for various functions, such as the production of new red blood cells. Biliverdin, on the other hand, is converted into bilirubin, a yellow pigment that is eventually excreted from the body. Therefore, the correct answer is indeed iron and biliverdin.

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84. What is the hematocrit range for female?
*HINT - Give a range, not an average

Explanation

The hematocrit range for females is 38-46%. Hematocrit refers to the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume. This range indicates the normal level of red blood cells in the blood for females.

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85. What is the hematocrit range for male?

Explanation

The hematocrit range for males is 40% - 54%. Hematocrit is a measure of the proportion of red blood cells in the blood. This range is considered normal for adult males and indicates the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells. A hematocrit level below 40% may suggest anemia or blood loss, while a level above 54% may indicate dehydration or certain medical conditions. Regular monitoring of hematocrit levels is important for maintaining overall health and detecting any abnormalities.

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86. (Choose any of the following)
Extrinsic pathway are/is:

Explanation

The correct answer is "Damaged tissues leak tissue factor into bloodstream, Prothrombinase or prothrombin activator forms in seconds, In the presence of Ca2+, clotting factor X combines with V, PF3 to form prothrombinase." This answer explains the steps involved in the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting. When tissues are damaged, they release tissue factor into the bloodstream. This activates the formation of prothrombinase or prothrombin activator, which occurs rapidly within seconds. In the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+), clotting factor X combines with clotting factor V and platelet factor 3 (PF3) to form prothrombinase. This pathway ultimately leads to the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, which is essential for blood clot formation.

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What are the the 3 branches of the cardiovascular system?
Blood doping is dangerous because it increases blood viscosity and...
Leukopenia is a low white blood cell count
Methods utilized in hemostasis are: Vascular spasm, Platelet plug...
Type AB is the:
What is the average life-span of the RBC?
Blood is filled with
Iron is required for oxygen transport
Blood prevents infection (through WBCs, Antibodies, Inteferons, and...
Platelets are granulated; and those granules release chemicals that...
B lymphocytes mature in what type of bone marrow?
What is the shape of an erythrocyte?
Fibrinolysis is the clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme...
Albumin maintains blood osmotic pressure
Type O is the:
Blood helps regulate fluid volume of the cells
Physical Characteristics of blood are
Wastes (Carbon Dioxide) move in the reverse direction:Tissue Cells...
Blood is ____________ degrees
Mature erythrocytes have nucleus'
Which blood plasma is the soluble precursor of fibrin for blood...
What is the function of a lymphocyte?
Sample taken from the the vein with a hypodermic needle & syringe.
Postnatal Hematopoiesis occurs only in red bone marrow of flat bones...
_________________ __________________ are activated platelets stick...
Plasma makes up what percentage of blood
Allows excessive blood loss through blood clotting
Layers in the blood vessels are: Tunica intima, Tunica media, and...
Which pathway leads to feces when recycling hemoglobin components?
The HEME group in Hemoglobin transports what?
All WBCs are not nucleated and have no hemoglobin
Hemopoeis is the production of
Hormone from the liver stimulates platelet formation
If the patient is Type AB what are the antigens?
What is blood doping?
Estrogen stimulates RBCs formation
What disease does a patient have if there is low oxygen with the blood...
What helps blood regulate pH?
Why do you not stick a hypodermic needle/syringe in an artery?
Which is a kidney response to hypoxia
Which leukocytes are NOT granulocytes?
What are NOT the functions of the blood?
Describe the distribution of blood through gases.
Monocytes include fixed kupffer cells in the liver and wandering...
Produced by the kidneys and increase RBC precursors
________________ _________________ are platelets stick to exposed...
Thrombosis is:
Are you ready to pass this quiz and Chapter 18 quiz??
What is NOT a blood plasma protein?
What gives feces the brown-ish color?
Which granulocytes are high in allergic reactions and increases the...
Stoppage or arrest of bleeding in a quick & localized fashion when...
Gel separates into liquid (serum) and a clot of insoluble fibers...
Dilute, watery fluids found in and out of cells
Hematopoiesis takes place in the yolk sacs, liver, spleen, thymus,...
What is the blood pH of blood? *Hint: Give a range
Which is NOT part of the Tissue Hypoxia?
Leukocytosis is a low white blood cell count
Emblous is a clot transported by nitrogenous wastes
Which is a color characteristic of a neutrophil?
Which blood plasma proteins have antibodies bind to foreign substances...
Platelet Plug Formation is:
Metabolic wastes from the blood go from ___________ to __________...
Give the range of the blood volume of the average female.
If the patient is Type O what are the antibodies?
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the blood capillaries into the ESF...
Where do you withdraw blood from?
Activation occurs when:1) Endothelium is damaged and platelets come in...
Common technique for diabetics to monitor daily blood sugar
Blood is thick and not stick (5X more viscous) than water and flows...
Which granulocyte has a bilobed nuclei?
What gives urine its yellow-ish color?
Which one is an indication of an Vascular Spasm?
What is the hemolytic disease of the newborn may develop causing...
Give the range of the blood volume of an average male.
Blood cell formation is also known as
Blood plasmas is created by 
Centrifuge is a process where blood is spun until there is a...
Hematocrit is 
Which is NOT a solute in blood plasma?
When recycling the globin portion broken down into 
(You can select more than one answer)Cytokines are
When recycling of heme portion splits into 
What is the hematocrit range for female?*HINT - Give a range, not an...
What is the hematocrit range for male?
(Choose any of the following)Extrinsic pathway are/is:
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