Ccna2 Final Exam 2013 – Version1

The console port is used for initial router configuration. This port provides a physical connection between a computer and the router, allowing direct access to the router's command-line interface (CLI). Through the console port, the user can configure basic settings such as passwords, interfaces, and routing protocols. It is commonly used for initial setup and troubleshooting purposes.

A router is the correct answer because it is a networking device that connects multiple networks together and allows them to communicate with each other. In this scenario, the network administrator needs to connect the two separate networks in the building and also provide them with a common connection to the internet. A router can accomplish both of these tasks by routing data packets between the networks and also connecting them to the internet through its WAN (Wide Area Network) port.

The reason for the missing RIP route could be that EIGRP has a lower administrative distance compared to RIP. Administrative distance is a metric used by routers to determine the trustworthiness of a routing protocol. When multiple routing protocols learn the same route, the router will choose the one with the lowest administrative distance. In this case, EIGRP has a lower administrative distance than RIP, so the router prefers the EIGRP route over the RIP route.

The state of the serial0/0/0 interface is administratively down because the "no shutdown" command has not been executed on the interface. This command is used to enable the interface and bring it up. Without executing this command, the interface remains administratively down and cannot transmit or receive data.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a distance vector routing protocol that uses the hop count as its only metric for path selection. Hop count refers to the number of routers a packet must pass through to reach its destination. RIP calculates the shortest path based on the number of hops, making it a simple and easy-to-implement routing protocol. Other routing protocols may consider additional metrics such as bandwidth or delay, but RIP solely relies on hop count.

The reason for the router booting and entering setup mode is that the configuration file is missing from NVRAM. NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory) is a type of memory that stores the router's startup configuration. If the configuration file is missing from NVRAM, the router will enter setup mode, allowing the user to manually configure the router. This could happen due to various reasons such as accidental deletion of the configuration file or a failure in saving the configuration to NVRAM.

In user mode on a router, the actions that can be performed include viewing the status of various router functions. This means that the user can check the current state and performance of different aspects of the router, such as network connections, routing tables, and interface status. However, in user mode, the user does not have the privileges to make any configuration changes or perform administrative tasks like password recovery or making global configuration changes.

When adding a network to the OSPF routing process configuration, three things are required: network address, wildcard mask, and area ID. The network address is the IP address of the network being added, the wildcard mask is used to specify which hosts or subnets within the network are included, and the area ID is used to identify the OSPF area that the network belongs to. The loopback address, autonomous system number, and subnet mask are not required for adding a network to the OSPF routing process configuration.

To troubleshoot the issue of R3 and R1 not being able to establish a neighbor adjacency, the network administrator should check the hello and dead intervals between the routers. OSPF routers use hello packets to discover and form neighbor adjacencies. If the hello or dead intervals are misconfigured, it can prevent the routers from establishing a neighbor adjacency. By checking and correcting the hello and dead intervals, the network administrator can resolve the problem and allow R3 and R1 to establish a neighbor adjacency.

The problem can be resolved by configuring the R2 router interfaces for area 0. This is because in a OSPF network, routers in the same area must have the same area ID in order to establish adjacency and exchange routing information. By configuring the R2 router interfaces for area 0, it ensures that R2 is in the same area as R1, allowing them to communicate with each other and resolve the ping issue.

Routing protocols use metrics to compare different paths to remote networks. A metric is a value assigned by a routing protocol to each path, indicating its desirability or cost. By comparing metrics, a router can determine the best path to a destination network. Each routing protocol may use its own specific metric calculation, such as hop count, bandwidth, delay, or load. Therefore, the statement that "a metric is a value used by a particular routing protocol to compare paths to remote networks" is true.

If Router A is down, the packet sent from Router C to Router D would follow the path C-F-E-D. This is because Router C would send the packet to Router F, then Router F would send it to Router E, and finally Router E would send it to Router D.

The hello and dead intervals determine how often OSPF routers send hello packets to each other to establish and maintain neighbor adjacencies. If the hello and dead intervals are not configured the same on both routers, they will not be able to form an adjacency. This is likely the cause of the problem in this scenario.

The highlighted value of 120 represents the administrative distance of the routing protocol. Administrative distance is used by routers to determine the reliability or trustworthiness of a particular routing protocol. It is a numerical value assigned to each routing protocol, with lower values indicating higher priority. In this case, a value of 120 suggests that the routing protocol associated with this metric is considered less reliable or less trustworthy compared to other routing protocols with lower administrative distances.

The network administrator would use the "ip bandwidth-percent eigrp as-number percent" command when there is a low bandwidth connection. This command is used in EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) to specify the percentage of bandwidth that can be used for EIGRP routing updates on a particular interface. By setting a lower percentage, the administrator can ensure that EIGRP does not consume too much of the limited bandwidth available on the low bandwidth connection.

The OSPF default gateway entry for R2 was determined by applying the default-information originate command on R1. This command allows R1 to inject a default route into the OSPF routing domain, which is then propagated to R2. This means that R2 will use this default route as its gateway for any destinations not found in its routing table.

In OSPF, each router is assigned a unique Router ID (RID) to identify itself within the network. The RID is used for various purposes, including neighbor adjacency formation and OSPF database synchronization. In the given scenario, where all routers have the same priority value and no loopback interface is set, the routers will determine their RID based on the highest IP address among their active interfaces. This means that the router with the highest IP address among its active interfaces will be selected as the RID for that router.

The command "ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2" configures a static route on R1. This means that any traffic destined for the network 192.168.2.0 will be forwarded to the next hop IP address 172.16.1.2. This allows R1 to know how to reach the 192.168.2.0 network and send traffic towards it.

The correct password that the administrator should enter at the R1> prompt to access the privileged EXEC mode is Cisco789.

The missing information for Blank 1 is the command "show ip route" because the exhibit shows the output of this command. The missing information for Blank 2 is the number 120 because it is the administrative distance of the route. The missing information for Blank 3 is the letter C because it represents a directly connected network in the routing table.

Based on the partial output in the exhibit, the reason why users can establish a console connection to this router without entering a password is that the login command was not entered on the console line. The login command is used to enable password authentication for console connections. Since it was not configured in this case, users can access the router's console without needing to enter a password.

Based on the output of the "show ip route" command, it can be observed that the network statements in the RIPv2 configuration are summarizing the routes. This can cause communication issues between LANs as the specific subnets are not being advertised. To correct this problem, the network administrator should issue the "no auto-summary" command for RIPv2. This command will disable the automatic summarization of routes and ensure that the correct subnet information is included in the routing updates.

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) uses multicast address 224.0.0.10 to send hello and update packets. Multicast addresses are used to send packets to a group of devices instead of sending them individually. In this case, EIGRP routers use the multicast address 224.0.0.10 to send hello and update packets to all other EIGRP routers in the network. This allows for efficient communication and exchange of routing information between EIGRP routers.

When the router reloads, it will attempt to load the start-up configuration file that is stored in NVRAM. This is because the start-up configuration file contains the configuration settings that were saved to NVRAM. By loading this file, the router can restore its previous configuration and continue operating as before the reload.

The correct answer is that the data will be transmitted via R3-R1-R2. This is because in OSPF, the path with the lowest cost (or metric) is chosen as the best path. In this case, R3-R1-R2 has a lower cost than R3-R2, so it will be used to transmit the data.

Route poisoning prevents routing loops by advertising failed routes with a metric of infinity. This means that when a route fails, it is marked as unreachable and assigned a metric value that is considered infinitely high. By doing so, routers in the network will know that the route is not available and will not attempt to use it, thereby preventing routing loops from occurring.

The route with the lowest administrative distance will be installed in the routing table. In this case, all the routes have the same administrative distance of 120. Therefore, the route with the lowest metric will be installed. The metric is represented by the number after the administrative distance in brackets. The route with the lowest metric is R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.100.1.

The default gateway is the IP address of the router that connects the local network to the outside network. In this case, since the host is being configured with a static IP address, it should use the IP address of the router (default gateway) that connects it to the outside network. The given correct answer of 192.168.1.1 is a valid IP address that could be used as the default gateway.

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If the T1 link between router A and router E fails, the packet from router A will take the path A, D, G, H, F to reach the LAN attached to router F when the network has converged.

Autosummarization is the default EIGRP configuration that needs to be modified in order to allow an EIGRP router to advertise subnets that are configured with VLSM. Autosummarization is a feature that automatically summarizes routes at network boundaries, which can cause issues when using VLSM because it can result in incorrect routing information being advertised. By disabling autosummarization, the EIGRP router will be able to advertise the specific subnets configured with VLSM accurately.

Two of the routes added to the routing table of R1 are R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:24, Serial0/0/1 and R 192.168.100.0/24 [120/1] via 172.16.1.1, 00:00:24, Serial0/0/0. These routes indicate that R1 has learned about networks 192.168.1.0/24 and 192.168.100.0/24 through the specified next-hop routers 172.16.2.1 and 172.16.1.1 respectively. The administrative distance (AD) of 120 and metric of 1 indicate that these routes are learned through an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) and have the same level of preference.

When a dynamic routing protocol is introduced, the static routes need to be manually removed from all routers in order for the dynamic routes to be installed in the routing table. This is because static routes have a lower administrative distance (AD) of "1" compared to the dynamic routes. The AD determines the trustworthiness of a route, and a lower AD means a higher priority. So, as long as the static routes exist, the routers will prefer them over the dynamic routes. Hence, the static routes must be removed manually to allow the dynamic routes to take effect and be installed in the routing table.

Routers are networking devices that operate at the network layer of the OSI model. They primarily perform two functions: packet switching and path selection. Packet switching involves receiving data packets from one network and forwarding them to the appropriate network based on the destination IP address. Path selection refers to the process of determining the best path for data packets to reach their destination, considering factors such as network congestion and link availability. Microsegmentation, domain name resolution, and flow control are not primary functions of a router.

R1 should use the summarization 192.168.0.0/22 to advertise its networks to R2. This is because the /22 prefix length includes both the 192.168.1.0/24 and 192.168.0.0/24 networks, as well as the two networks in between them. By using this summarization, R1 can advertise a single route to R2, reducing the routing table size and improving efficiency.

If interface Serial0/0/1 goes down on Router1, DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) will query its neighbors for an alternative route to the network 192.168.1.0. This is because DUAL is the algorithm used by Cisco routers to calculate the best path to a destination network. When a link failure occurs, DUAL will search for a feasible successor, which is a backup route that meets certain criteria. In this case, DUAL will query the neighbors to find a new path to the network 192.168.1.0.

The candidate route with the longest match for a packet with a destination address of 10.30.16.48 is 10.30.16.32/27. This is because the subnet mask of /27 allows for a larger range of IP addresses to be matched compared to the other candidate routes. The subnet mask of /27 means that the first 27 bits of the IP address must match, which includes the 10.30.16.32 portion. Therefore, this route has the longest match and is the correct answer.

To solve the problem of R1 and R2 being unable to form an EIGRP neighbor adjacency, both routers should be configured with the same EIGRP process ID. The EIGRP process ID is used to identify the EIGRP routing process and allows routers to form neighbor relationships. By configuring both routers with the same process ID, they will be able to recognize each other as neighbors and form the EIGRP adjacency. This will enable the exchange of routing information between the routers and resolve the issue.

The cause of the problem is that both routers R1 and R3 are sending the summarized 172.16.0.0/16 network to R2 in their RIPv1 routing updates. This means that R2 is receiving two different routing updates for the same network, leading to confusion and intermittent connectivity issues for the users on LAN2. To resolve the problem, either R1 or R3 should be reconfigured to send more specific routes for the individual LAN networks instead of summarizing them into a single network.

A successor for a destination network in an EIGRP network refers to the next hop on the primary route with the smallest feasible distance to the destination. This means that it is the best and most optimal path to reach the destination network in terms of distance.

If manual EIGRP summarization is disabled on the Serial0/0/0 interface of Router3, the route 172.16.0.0/16 will be removed from the routing table. This is because manual summarization combines multiple routes into a single summary route, and when it is disabled, the individual routes within the summary will be advertised instead. Therefore, the specific route 172.16.0.0/16 will no longer be necessary in the routing table.

The correct answer is "with a routing protocol". A routing protocol is needed for router R1 to dynamically learn routes to the specified subnetworks. Static routes require manual configuration and do not dynamically update, while a routed protocol is used for data transmission, not for route learning. Directly connected routes only apply to networks directly connected to the router. Therefore, the most appropriate option is to use a routing protocol for dynamic route learning.

The router will need to perform a recursive lookup for packets destined to the networks 10.0.0.0/8 and 192.168.2.0/24. This means that the router will need to consult its routing table and potentially query other routers to determine the next hop for these packets. The other networks listed in the exhibit do not require a recursive lookup as their routes are directly connected or more specific routes are available.

The command "ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S0/0/0" is used to configure a static default route on router R2. This means that any traffic that does not have a specific route in the routing table will be directed to the S0/0/0 interface of R2. This command does not block any traffic from the source network 172.16.0.0/22, but rather provides a default route for all networks not defined in the routing table. Therefore, the two results of this command are that a static route will be updated in the routing table and the route will be specified as the default route for all networks not defined in the routing table.

A routing loop occurs when packets are continuously forwarded between routers in a network, unable to reach their destination. This can happen due to incorrect routing configurations, such as incorrect routing table entries or misconfigured routing protocols. In this case, PC1 is unable to access the Internet, indicating a problem with the routing. Since the correct answer is "A routing loop has occurred," it suggests that the routers are stuck in a loop, causing the network traffic to circulate indefinitely without reaching its intended destination.

The term that also describes the EIGRP metric value of 301440 is "feasible distance". In EIGRP, the feasible distance represents the total metric or cost to reach a specific network, and it is calculated based on various factors such as bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load. The feasible distance is used to determine the best path to a network in EIGRP routing. Therefore, in this scenario, the EIGRP metric value of 301440 represents the feasible distance to reach the 192.168.1.0/24 network.

OSPF resolves the challenge of the extensive flooding of LSAs throughout the OSPF area by electing a designated router (DR). The DR is responsible for receiving LSAs from other routers and flooding them to the rest of the OSPF area, reducing the amount of flooding required by each individual router. Additionally, OSPF resolves the challenge of excessive adjacencies when the number of routers increases by electing a backup designated router (BDR). The BDR takes over the responsibilities of the DR if it fails, reducing the number of adjacencies that each router needs to maintain.

The network and mask combination 172.16.0.0/12 requires the use of a classless addressing solution because the given subnet mask (/12) does not align with the default classful boundaries. In classful addressing, the default subnet mask for a Class B network is /16, but in this case, the subnet mask is /12, indicating that the network is being divided into smaller subnets. This is an example of classless addressing, where the network boundaries are not restricted to the default classful boundaries.

The exhibit is not provided, so it is not possible to generate an explanation for the given correct answer.

The incorrect configuration in this scenario is the IP address of the S0/0/0 interface at R1. Since the hosts on the R1 LAN are unable to access the Internet, it suggests that there is an issue with the connectivity between R1 and the Internet. The IP address of the S0/0/0 interface at R1 is responsible for connecting R1 to the Internet. Therefore, if this IP address is incorrectly configured, it would result in a lack of connectivity for the hosts on the R1 LAN.