Covalent & Ionic Bonding, Electronegativity Quiz

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms in their valence shells, while ionic bonds are formed through the transfer of electrons, resulting in the formation of positively and negatively charged ions. In covalent bonds, there is no net charge on the atoms involved, while in ionic bonds, one atom loses an electron to become positively charged (cation) and another atom gains the electron to become negatively charged (anion). This distinction between sharing and transferring of electrons is the key difference between covalent and ionic bonds.

Valence electrons are the electrons located in the outermost energy level or electron cloud of an atom. These electrons play a crucial role in chemical bonding and determining the reactivity of an atom. They are involved in the formation of chemical bonds with other atoms, either by sharing or transferring electrons, to achieve a stable electron configuration. Therefore, the correct answer is "Electrons in the outer cloud of an atom."

The correct answer is that the H2 symbol represents two atoms of Hydrogen. This is because the subscript "2" indicates that there are two atoms of Hydrogen bonded together.

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Hydrogen atoms usually exist as molecules, H2, because hydrogen has an atomic number of one and is unsatisfied when the outermost orbital is unfilled. A hydrogen molecule of two hydrogen atoms is more stable than two individual hydrogen atoms because it allows both atoms to have a filled outermost orbital through the sharing of electrons. This sharing of electrons forms a covalent bond between the two hydrogen atoms, making the molecule more stable.

An ion is an atom that has been charged due to the loss or gain of electrons. When an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes positively or negatively charged, respectively. This charge imbalance is what defines an ion. So, an ion is not a neutral atom, as it has a charge. It is also not simply an electronegative charge, as ions can be either positively or negatively charged depending on whether they have gained or lost electrons.

Electronegativity refers to the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. It is a measure of the strength of an atom's electrons. Electronegativity values help determine the polarity of a bond and the distribution of electrons between atoms. Therefore, the given answer accurately describes electronegativity as the strength of an atom's electrons.

Hydrogen covalent bonds are non-polar because electrons in the bonds between identical atoms (H-H) are shared uniformly. This means that the electrons spend equal amounts of time around each atomic center, resulting in a symmetrical distribution of charge. As a result, there is no separation of positive and negative charges, making the bond non-polar.

The statement that is correct about the number of protons and electrons in an atom is that the number of protons and the number of electrons in an atom are always equal. This is because the atomic number of an element, which is the number of protons in its nucleus, determines its identity. In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, as the positive charge of the protons is balanced by the negative charge of the electrons.

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