Medical Terminology Placement Test

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1. Gastr/o

Explanation

The term "gastr/o" refers to the stomach. The other options, "straight," "mouth," and "sleep," do not have any relation to the stomach. Therefore, the correct answer is "stomach."

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About This Quiz
Medical Terminology Placement Test - Quiz

The Medical Terminology Placement Test assesses understanding of key medical terms. It covers suffixes, prefixes, and root words related to body systems and functions, enhancing learners' proficiency in... see moremedical language crucial for healthcare professions. see less

2.  Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Examples are sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-).

Explanation

An electrolyte is a chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Examples of electrolytes include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-).

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3. Inflammation of the meninges.

Explanation

Meningitis refers to the inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This condition can be caused by various factors such as viral or bacterial infections. Common symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. Prompt medical attention is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of meningitis, as it can be a life-threatening condition.

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4. Inflammation of the meninges.

Explanation

Meningitis refers to the inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This condition can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or viral infections. Symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. Prompt medical attention is crucial as meningitis can be a severe and potentially life-threatening condition.

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5. Peri-

Explanation

The prefix "peri-" means "around" in medical terminology. It is used to describe something that is located around a specific structure or area. In this context, "peri-" indicates that something is surrounding or encircling another object or region. Therefore, the correct answer is "around."

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6. Visual examination of the bronchial tubes using an endoscope or bronchoscope.

Explanation

Bronchoscopy is the correct answer because it involves the visual examination of the bronchial tubes using an endoscope or bronchoscope. This procedure allows doctors to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the airways, such as infections, tumors, or blockages. During bronchoscopy, the flexible tube is inserted through the nose or mouth and passed down into the lungs, providing a clear view of the bronchial tubes. This procedure helps to identify any abnormalities or issues within the airways and guide further treatment or interventions.

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7. Mental decline and deterioration.

Explanation

Dementia is a condition characterized by mental decline and deterioration. It is a broad term that encompasses various symptoms such as memory loss, impaired thinking, and difficulty with language and communication. Aphagia refers to the inability to swallow, aphasia is the loss of ability to understand or express speech, and glioma is a type of brain tumor. None of these options specifically capture the concept of mental decline and deterioration, making dementia the correct answer.

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8. Study of cells.

Explanation

Cytology is the study of cells. It involves examining the structure, function, and behavior of cells, as well as their interactions with other cells and their environment. This field of study is important in various areas of biology and medicine, including the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. By analyzing cells, cytologists can identify abnormal or diseased cells, which can help in the early detection and treatment of diseases such as cancer. Therefore, cytology is the correct answer in the given context.

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9. Path/o

Explanation

The term "path/o" refers to disease or pathology. In this case, the word "disease" is the correct answer as it directly relates to the meaning of "path/o". The other options, such as "night", "nose", and "vein", do not have any direct connection to the term "path/o" or its meaning.

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10. Fluid that is contained within the amnionic sac.

Explanation

Amniotic fluid is the correct answer because it is the fluid that is contained within the amniotic sac. During pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounds and protects the developing fetus, and the amniotic fluid provides cushioning and support. Amniotic fluid also plays a crucial role in the development of the baby's lungs, digestive system, and musculoskeletal system. Amniocentesis is a medical procedure that involves the extraction of a small amount of amniotic fluid for diagnostic purposes. Synovial fluid is found in joints, and fetal fluid is not a recognized term in the context of this question.

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11. Study of the female reproductive organs, including the breasts.

Explanation

Gynecology is the study of the female reproductive system, including the breasts. It focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases that affect the female reproductive organs. This field of medicine encompasses a wide range of areas such as menstrual disorders, infertility, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause. Gynecologists also play a crucial role in the detection and prevention of breast cancer through regular screenings and examinations. Therefore, gynecology is the correct answer for the study of the female reproductive organs, including the breasts.

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12. Therm/o

Explanation

The term "therm/o" refers to heat.

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13. Fung/o

Explanation

The word "fungus" is the only word in the given list that is directly related to the term "fung/o". "Fungus" is a noun that refers to a group of spore-producing organisms that feed on organic matter. The term "fung/o" is a combining form that specifically relates to fungi. The other words in the list, such as "perineum," "irregular," and "heat," do not have any direct connection to "fung/o" or the concept of fungi. Therefore, "fungus" is the correct answer.

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14. Visual exam of the colon

Explanation

Colonoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the visual examination of the colon using a colonoscope, which is a flexible tube with a camera on the end. This procedure is performed to diagnose and screen for conditions such as colorectal cancer, polyps, and inflammatory bowel disease. During a colonoscopy, the colonoscope is inserted through the rectum and guided through the colon, allowing the doctor to view the lining of the colon and take biopsies if necessary. A colostomy, on the other hand, is a surgical procedure where a portion of the colon is brought to the surface of the abdomen to create an opening called a stoma, through which waste is eliminated.

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15. Ur/o

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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16. Release of an egg cell from an ovary.

Explanation

Ovulation refers to the release of an egg cell from an ovary. This process occurs during the menstrual cycle and is necessary for fertilization to take place. Once the egg is released, it can be fertilized by sperm to potentially result in pregnancy. Fertilization, on the other hand, is the fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote, while gestation refers to the period of pregnancy. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is a hormone that plays a role in the development and maturation of eggs in the ovaries.

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17. Without rhythm; an irregular beat of the heart.

Explanation

Arrhythmia refers to an irregular beat of the heart, which is characterized by a lack of rhythm. In this context, "without rhythm" is another way of describing arrhythmia. Normal sinus rhythm, on the other hand, refers to a regular and normal heartbeat. Auscultation is the process of listening to internal sounds, such as the heartbeat, using a stethoscope. Eurrhythmia is not a medical term and does not relate to the irregularity of the heartbeat.

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18. Calc/i

Explanation

Calcium is the correct answer because it is the only word in the given list that is related to the medical field. The other words, such as cavity, sleep, and extremity, do not specifically pertain to medical terminology. Calcium is an essential mineral for bone health and is often discussed in medical contexts.

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19. Liver tumor that grows

Explanation

The correct answer is hepatomegaly. Hepatomegaly refers to an enlarged liver, which can occur due to various reasons, including liver tumors. The other options, hematomegaly and hepatamegaly, are not medical terms and do not accurately describe an enlarged liver. Hematamegaly is a misspelling of hematomegaly.

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20. Study of cells.

Explanation

Cytology is the study of cells, including their structure, function, and characteristics. It involves examining cells under a microscope to understand their behavior and identify any abnormalities. This field is particularly important in diagnosing diseases, as it allows for the analysis of cells from various tissues and fluids to determine if they are normal or cancerous. Cytology also plays a role in prognosis, as it can provide information about the stage and progression of a disease. Unlike radiology, which focuses on imaging techniques, cytology specifically deals with the study of cells.

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21. Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from beginning of structure.

Explanation

The term "distal" refers to a position that is far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure. In this context, "distal" is the correct answer because it describes a location that is far from a specific point of reference. "Inferior" refers to a position that is below or lower, "superior" refers to a position that is above or higher, and "lateral" refers to a position that is away from the midline or to the side.

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22.  Weakening of an arterial wall, which may lead to hemorrhage and cerebrovascular accident (stroke).

Explanation

An aneurysm is a weakening of an arterial wall, which can lead to hemorrhage and a cerebrovascular accident or stroke. This occurs when the weakened area of the artery bulges and may eventually rupture, causing bleeding into the surrounding tissue. Aneurysms can occur in various arteries in the body, but when they happen in the brain, they can be particularly dangerous and potentially life-threatening. Therefore, an aneurysm is the correct answer to the given question.

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23.  Brain disorder marked by progressive, gradual mental deterioration (dementia) along with personality changes and impairment of daily functioning.

Explanation

Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder characterized by the gradual decline in cognitive function, such as memory loss and difficulties with thinking and reasoning. It also involves personality changes and affects daily functioning. This progressive deterioration is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, making it the correct answer in this case.

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24. Inability of an adult male to achieve an erection; erectile dysfunction.

Explanation

Impotence refers to the inability of an adult male to achieve an erection, which is commonly known as erectile dysfunction. This condition can have various causes, such as underlying health conditions, medication side effects, or psychological factors. Impotence can significantly impact a person's sexual health and overall well-being. It is important to seek medical advice and explore treatment options if experiencing this issue.

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25. Tube is placed through the mouth and throat into the trachea to establish an airway.

Explanation

Endotracheal intubation refers to the process of inserting a tube through the mouth and throat into the trachea. This procedure is performed to establish a secure airway, particularly in emergency situations or during surgeries where the patient needs mechanical ventilation. It allows for the delivery of oxygen and anesthesia, as well as the removal of secretions or obstructions from the airway. Nasogastric tube is used for feeding or administering medications into the stomach, pulmonary function tests are used to assess lung function, and rhonchus refers to a wheezing sound heard during breathing.

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26. Splen/o

Explanation

The term "splen/o" refers to the spleen, which is an organ located in the upper left side of the abdomen. This term is commonly used in medical terminology to indicate conditions or procedures related to the spleen. The other options provided, such as male, heat, and urine, are unrelated to the term "splen/o" and do not have any connection to the spleen. Therefore, the correct answer is spleen.

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27. Inflamm. of gums

Explanation

Gingivitis refers to the inflammation of the gums. This condition is characterized by redness, swelling, and tenderness of the gums. It is usually caused by poor oral hygiene, leading to the buildup of plaque and tartar on the teeth. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of gum disease. Orthritis and tonsillitis are unrelated conditions that do not involve the gums, while gumitis is not a recognized medical term. Therefore, the correct answer is gingivitis.

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28. Fluid that is contained within the amnionic sac.

Explanation

The correct answer is amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid refers to the fluid that is contained within the amniotic sac, which surrounds and protects the developing fetus during pregnancy. It plays a crucial role in cushioning the fetus, maintaining a stable temperature, and allowing for fetal movement. Amniocentesis is a medical procedure that involves the extraction and analysis of a small amount of amniotic fluid for diagnostic purposes. Synovial fluid is a lubricating fluid found in the joints, and fetal fluid is not a medically recognized term.

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29. Atri/o

Explanation

The term "atrium" is related to the word stem "atri/o" in the question. An atrium is a chamber in the heart, specifically referring to either the left or right atrium. The other options, "water," "potassium," and "straight," do not have any direct association with the word stem "atri/o." Therefore, the correct answer is "atrium."

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30. Pharyng/o

Explanation

The term "pharyng/o" refers to the pharynx, which is a muscular tube located at the back of the throat. The other options, renal pelvis, stomach, and abdomen, are not related to the term "pharyng/o". The correct answer is pharynx.

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31. Series of x-ray pictures showing cross-sectional, axial, or transverse images of internal
organs.

Explanation

Computed tomography (CT) is the correct answer because it is a medical imaging technique that uses a series of x-ray pictures to create cross-sectional images of internal organs. CT scans provide detailed and accurate information about the structure and function of organs, allowing doctors to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions. This imaging technique is particularly useful in detecting tumors, fractures, infections, and other abnormalities in the body. Therefore, CT is the most appropriate option among the given choices to describe the series of x-ray pictures showing cross-sectional images of internal organs.

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32. Blood cond. where there is a lack of hemoglobin.

Explanation

Anemia is the correct answer because it is a blood condition characterized by a lack of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. When there is a deficiency of hemoglobin, the body is unable to transport enough oxygen to the tissues, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Anemia can have various causes, including nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, and genetic disorders. Treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause and may involve dietary changes, iron supplements, or other interventions.

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33. Hardening of the arteries

Explanation

Arteriosclerosis is the correct answer because it refers to the hardening and thickening of the arterial walls. This condition is commonly associated with aging and can lead to reduced blood flow and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Multiple sclerosis and scoliosis are unrelated conditions involving the nervous system and spine, respectively. Angiosclerosis is not a recognized medical term, making arteriosclerosis the most appropriate answer.

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34. Vesicul/o

Explanation

The term "vesicul/o" refers to a small sac or bladder-like structure. In this context, it is combined with "seminal" to form "seminal vesicle," which is an organ found in male reproductive system. It is responsible for producing and storing a significant portion of the fluid that makes up semen. The other options mentioned, such as pressure, spleen, and animal, do not relate to the term "vesicul/o" and are therefore not the correct answer.

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35. Ovarian hormone that promotes female secondary sex characteristics and sexual development.

Explanation

Estrogen is the correct answer because it is the ovarian hormone that promotes female secondary sex characteristics and sexual development. Estrogen is responsible for the development of breasts, widening of hips, and the growth of pubic and underarm hair in females. It also plays a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the uterus for pregnancy. Additionally, estrogen is involved in maintaining bone health and cardiovascular function in women.

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36. Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from beginning of structure.

Explanation

The term "distal" refers to a location that is far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure. In this context, "distal" is the correct answer because it accurately describes a position that is far from the point of attachment or beginning. "Inferior" refers to a position that is below or lower, "superior" refers to a position that is above or higher, and "lateral" refers to a position that is to the side. However, none of these terms specifically indicate a position that is far from the point of attachment or beginning, making "distal" the most appropriate choice.

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37.  Brain disorder marked by progressive, gradual mental deterioration (dementia) along with personality changes and impairment of daily functioning.

Explanation

Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive abilities, such as memory, thinking, and reasoning skills. It is also accompanied by personality changes and difficulties in performing daily activities. This degenerative condition affects the brain's nerve cells, leading to the formation of abnormal protein clumps and tangled fibers, which disrupt the communication between brain cells. As a result, individuals with Alzheimer's disease experience a gradual deterioration of their mental abilities and a decline in their overall functioning.

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38. Mental decline and deterioration.

Explanation

Dementia is a condition characterized by mental decline and deterioration. It is a broad term that refers to a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily functioning. The other options listed, aphagia, aphasia, and glioma, do not specifically relate to mental decline and deterioration.

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39. Inflamm. of gums

Explanation

Gingivitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of the gums. The other options, orthritis, tonsillitis, and gumitis, do not specifically relate to the inflammation of the gums.

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40. Bursting forth or excessive flow of blood.

Explanation

Hemorrhage is the correct spelling for bursting forth or excessive flow of blood. The other options, "hemorrage," "hemorhage," and "hemorage," are incorrect spellings of the word.

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41. Pus in urine

Explanation

Pyuria is the presence of pus in the urine. Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that contains dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. It is typically a sign of infection in the urinary tract, such as a urinary tract infection or kidney infection. The other options, mycuria, nocturia, and anuria, do not specifically refer to the presence of pus in the urine.

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42. Removal of the uterus.

Explanation

Hysterectomy is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical removal of the uterus. This procedure is often performed for various reasons, such as treating uterine fibroids, endometriosis, or certain types of cancer. Hysterotomy, hysterostomy, and uterectomy are not accurate terms for the removal of the uterus, making them incorrect options.

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43. Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization. Fertilized ova are then implanted into the uterus through the cervix

Explanation

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the correct answer because it is the process described in the given information. IVF involves combining egg and sperm cells outside the body in a laboratory dish, and then implanting the fertilized ova into the uterus through the cervix. This technique is commonly used to assist couples with fertility issues in achieving pregnancy.

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44.  Abnormal condition of stones in the gallbladder.

Explanation

Cholecystolithiasis refers to the abnormal condition of stones in the gallbladder. This condition occurs when there are hardened deposits, called gallstones, in the gallbladder. These stones can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and vomiting. Cholecystolithiasis is typically diagnosed through imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options may include medication to dissolve the stones, but in severe cases, surgical removal of the gallbladder may be necessary.

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45.  Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Examples are sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-).

Explanation

An electrolyte is a chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Examples of electrolytes include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-).

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46. Study of the female reproductive organs, including the breasts.

Explanation

Gynecology is the correct answer because it is the branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of the female reproductive system, including the breasts. It focuses on the health and diseases of the reproductive organs, providing medical care and management for conditions such as menstrual disorders, infertility, and breast abnormalities. Mastology, on the other hand, specifically refers to the study and treatment of breast diseases, while histerology is not a recognized term in the field of medicine.

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47. Removal of the uterus.

Explanation

A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. This procedure may be performed for various reasons, such as to treat certain gynecological conditions like uterine fibroids, endometriosis, or uterine prolapse. It may also be done as a preventive measure for individuals at high risk for certain types of cancer, such as uterine or ovarian cancer. The removal of the uterus through a hysterectomy can be done through different methods, including abdominal, vaginal, or laparoscopic approaches. This procedure is irreversible and will result in the loss of fertility.

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48. -edema

Explanation

The suffix "-edema" means swelling.

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49. High blood pressure

Explanation

The correct answer is "hypertension." Hypertension refers to high blood pressure, which is a condition where the force of blood against the artery walls is too high. It is a chronic medical condition that can lead to various health problems if left untreated. Hypotension, on the other hand, refers to low blood pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is hypertension, as it accurately represents high blood pressure.

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50. Injection of drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots in the bloodstream.

Explanation

Thrombolytic therapy is the correct answer because it involves the injection of drugs, such as streptokinase and tPA, to dissolve blood clots in the bloodstream. This treatment is commonly used in emergency situations, such as heart attacks or strokes, to restore blood flow and prevent further damage. Statins, nitroglycerin, and lipoproteins are not directly related to the dissolution of blood clots and are not used in thrombolytic therapy.

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51. Visual examination of the bronchial tubes using an endoscope or bronchoscope.

Explanation

Bronchoscopy is the correct answer because it involves the visual examination of the bronchial tubes using an endoscope or bronchoscope. This procedure allows doctors to directly visualize the airways and detect any abnormalities or diseases such as lung cancer, infections, or inflammation. It is a minimally invasive procedure that can be used to obtain tissue samples for further analysis and to perform certain treatments or interventions in the lungs. Laryngoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and thoracoscopy are different procedures that involve the examination of other parts of the respiratory system, but they are not specifically focused on the bronchial tubes.

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52. Pert. to back portion of body.

Explanation

The term "dorsal" refers to the back portion of the body. It is the opposite of ventral, which refers to the front portion of the body. In anatomical terms, dorsal is often used to describe the position or location of a structure or organ that is located towards the back of the body. For example, the dorsal side of the hand is the back of the hand, while the ventral side is the palm.

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53. Visual exam of the colon

Explanation

A colonoscopy is a visual examination of the colon using a colonoscope, which is a long, flexible tube with a camera at the end. This procedure allows doctors to closely inspect the lining of the colon for any abnormalities, such as polyps or signs of inflammation. It is commonly used to screen for colon cancer and other digestive disorders. A colostomy, on the other hand, is a surgical procedure that involves creating an opening in the abdomen to divert the flow of stool from the colon to a bag outside the body.

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54. Inflammation of pancreas

Explanation

Pancreatitis refers to the inflammation of the pancreas. This condition can be caused by various factors such as gallstones, alcohol abuse, or certain medications. The inflammation of the pancreas can lead to symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and digestive problems. Pancreatitis can be acute, which is a sudden and short-term condition, or chronic, which is a long-term and recurring condition. Prompt medical attention is necessary to manage pancreatitis and prevent complications.

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55. Removal (excision) of a breast.

Explanation

A mastectomy refers to the surgical removal of a breast. This procedure is commonly performed in cases of breast cancer or as a preventive measure for individuals at high risk of developing breast cancer. It involves the complete removal of the breast tissue, including the nipple and areola. Mastectomy is the correct answer because it accurately describes the surgical procedure of removing a breast. Mastotomy, mastoscopy, and excision are not appropriate terms for this specific procedure.

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56. Ech/o

Explanation

The combining form "ech/o" means sound, to bounce. This is derived from the Greek word "ēchō" which means sound or noise. When used as a combining form in medical terminology, "ech/o" is often associated with sound waves and their reflection or bouncing off surfaces, such as in echocardiography where sound waves are used to create images of the heart.

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57. Above another structure; pert. to head.

Explanation

The word "superior" means above another structure, specifically pertaining to the head. This term is used to describe something that is located higher or above another object or structure. In this context, "superior" is the correct answer because it aligns with the given definition and is the most appropriate term to describe a position that is higher or above.

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58. Rapid onset, has severe symptoms and brief in duration.

Explanation

Acute refers to a condition that has a rapid onset, severe symptoms, and a brief duration. This term is used to describe illnesses or injuries that develop suddenly and have intense symptoms. In contrast, chronic conditions are long-lasting and develop gradually over time. Ischemia refers to a reduced blood supply to a specific organ or tissue, while anemia refers to a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin. Therefore, the term "acute" best fits the description provided.

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59. Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization. Fertilized ova are then implanted into the uterus through the cervix

Explanation

In vitro fertilization is the correct answer because it involves the combination of egg and sperm cells outside the body in a laboratory dish. This process is done to facilitate fertilization. Once the ova are fertilized, they are then implanted into the uterus through the cervix. This technique is commonly used in cases of infertility or for individuals who are unable to conceive naturally.

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60.  Abnormal condition of stones in the gallbladder.

Explanation

Cholecystolithiasis refers to the abnormal condition of stones in the gallbladder. This condition occurs when hard deposits, known as gallstones, form in the gallbladder. These stones can vary in size and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and jaundice. Cholecystolithiasis is typically treated with medication to dissolve the stones or surgical removal of the gallbladder. Diverticulitis, gastroenteritis, and stomatitis are unrelated conditions and do not involve the formation of gallstones.

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61. Abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the skin.  

Explanation

Cyanosis is the correct answer because it refers to the abnormal condition where the skin takes on a bluish coloration. This discoloration occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the blood, causing it to appear blue instead of the normal red color. Cyanosis can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, such as respiratory or cardiovascular problems, and it is important to seek medical attention if this symptom is present.

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62. Sensation of ringing in the ear

Explanation

Tinnitus is the correct answer because it refers to the sensation of ringing in the ear. It is a condition where a person hears sounds such as ringing, buzzing, or humming in their ears, even when there is no external source of sound. Aphasia, auritis, and paresthesia are unrelated to the sensation of ringing in the ear, making them incorrect choices.

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63. Tube is placed through the mouth and throat into the trachea to establish an airway.

Explanation

Endotracheal intubation is the correct answer because it involves placing a tube through the mouth and throat into the trachea, which helps establish an airway. This procedure is commonly used in emergency situations or during surgeries to ensure proper ventilation and oxygenation of the patient. Nasogastric tube is used to administer nutrition or medication directly into the stomach, pulmonary function tests are used to evaluate lung function, and rhonchus refers to a wheezing or snoring sound in the lungs.

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64. Blood cond. where there is a lack of hemoglobin.

Explanation

Anemia is the correct answer because it is a blood condition characterized by a lack of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues, so a deficiency in hemoglobin can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Thrombocyte refers to platelets involved in blood clotting, cystocele is a condition where the bladder bulges into the vagina, and erythemia is not a recognized medical term.

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65. Hardening of the arteries

Explanation

Arteriosclerosis is the correct answer because it refers to the hardening and thickening of the arteries. This condition is caused by the build-up of plaque on the arterial walls, leading to reduced blood flow and potential complications such as heart disease and stroke. Multiple sclerosis and scoliosis are unrelated conditions, while angiosclerosis is not a recognized medical term.

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66. Ovarian hormone that promotes female secondary sex characteristics and sexual development.

Explanation

Estrogen is the correct answer because it is the ovarian hormone that promotes female secondary sex characteristics and sexual development. It is responsible for the development of breasts, widening of hips, and the growth of pubic and underarm hair. Estrogen also plays a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the uterus for pregnancy. It is primarily produced by the ovaries, although small amounts are also produced by the adrenal glands and fat cells.

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67. Blood platelet, cell that clots

Explanation

Thrombocytes, also known as blood platelets, are cells that play a crucial role in the clotting process. When there is an injury or damage to blood vessels, thrombocytes adhere to the site and form a plug to stop bleeding. They release chemicals that activate other clotting factors, leading to the formation of fibrin, which helps in the formation of a stable blood clot. Therefore, thrombocytes are responsible for preventing excessive bleeding and promoting wound healing.

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68. Chronic neurologic disorder marked by destruction of the myelin sheath on neuronal axons in the CNS and replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue.

Explanation

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath on neuronal axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue. This condition leads to various symptoms such as muscle weakness, difficulty in coordination, and problems with balance and sensation. The term "multiple" refers to the multiple areas of the CNS that are affected by the disease.

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69. Pert. to side.

Explanation

The term "lateral" means pertaining to the side. It is often used to describe movements or positions that occur away from the midline of the body. In this context, "lateral" is the correct answer because it is the only option that relates to the side. "Outward" refers to a direction away from the center, but it does not specifically refer to the side. "Supine" refers to a position lying on the back, and "sagittal" refers to a plane that divides the body into left and right halves, but neither of these options directly relates to the side.

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70. Hernia of the urinary bladder

Explanation

A cystocele is a type of hernia that occurs when the wall between a woman's bladder and her vagina weakens, causing the bladder to bulge into the vagina. This condition is often caused by childbirth, obesity, or chronic straining. The term "cystocele" is the correct medical term for this condition, while the other options are variations or misspellings of the term.

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71. Blood platelet, cell that clots

Explanation

A thrombocyte is a type of blood platelet that is responsible for clotting. When there is an injury or damage to blood vessels, thrombocytes help in forming a clot to stop bleeding. This is achieved by the aggregation of thrombocytes and the release of clotting factors. Therefore, the correct answer is thrombocyte.

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72. Bursting forth or excessive flow of blood.

Explanation

Hemorrhage is the correct spelling for bursting forth or excessive flow of blood. The word is commonly used in medical contexts to describe a significant loss of blood due to injury or a medical condition. The other options provided, hemorrage, hemorhage, and hemorage, are all misspelled variations of the word and do not accurately convey the intended meaning.

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73. Pert. to side.

Explanation

The term "lateral" refers to the side or the outer side of something. In this context, it is used to describe a position or direction. The other options, "outward," "supine," and "sagittal," do not accurately describe a position or direction related to the side. Therefore, "lateral" is the correct answer.

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74. Thym/o

Explanation

The term "thym/o" refers to the thymus gland, which is an organ located in the upper chest. The term "wart-like" describes the appearance of the thymus gland, as it is often described as having a rough, uneven texture similar to a wart. Therefore, the correct answer is "wart-like, thymus gland."

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75. Drug used in the treatment of angina (pectoris). It dilates coronary arteries so that more blood flows to heart muscle.

Explanation

Nitroglycerin is the correct answer because it is a drug commonly used in the treatment of angina pectoris. It works by dilating the coronary arteries, which increases blood flow to the heart muscle. This helps to relieve chest pain and improve the oxygen supply to the heart. Oxytocin, dioxin, and reglan are not used in the treatment of angina pectoris and do not have the same mechanism of action as nitroglycerin.

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76. Abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the skin.  

Explanation

Cyanosis refers to the abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the skin. It occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to a bluish tint in the skin, lips, and nails. This bluish discoloration is caused by the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood vessels near the skin surface. Cyanosis can be a sign of various underlying health conditions, such as respiratory or cardiovascular problems, and should be evaluated by a medical professional.

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77. Lapar/o

Explanation

The term "lapar/o" refers to the abdomen. This is evident from the fact that "lapar/o" is a combining form that is commonly used in medical terminology to describe procedures or conditions related to the abdomen. It is derived from the Greek word "lapara" which means abdomen. Therefore, the correct answer is abdomen.

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78. Lying on back (face up, palms up)

Explanation

The term "supine" refers to the position of lying on one's back, with the face up and palms facing upwards. This position is often used in medical and anatomical contexts to describe the orientation of the body. It is the opposite of the prone position, where one lies face down. "Supine" is a commonly used term in healthcare to accurately describe a patient's position during examinations or procedures.

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79. Rapid onset, has severe symptoms and brief in duration.

Explanation

Acute refers to a condition that has a rapid onset, severe symptoms, and a brief duration. It is the opposite of chronic, which refers to a condition that persists over a long period of time. In the context of the given options, ischemia and anemia can both be acute or chronic depending on the underlying cause and duration of the condition. Therefore, the correct answer is acute.

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80. Feeling of discomfort, "bad feeling"

Explanation

Malaise refers to a general feeling of discomfort or unease, often accompanied by fatigue or lack of energy. It is a non-specific symptom that can be caused by various underlying conditions, such as illness, infection, or stress. Dyspnea refers to difficulty in breathing, dysuria refers to painful or difficult urination, and dystrophy refers to abnormal development or degeneration of tissues or organs. None of these terms specifically describe the feeling of discomfort or "bad feeling" mentioned in the question. Therefore, malaise is the correct answer.

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81. Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity between the pleura and surrounding the lungs.

Explanation

Pneumothorax refers to the collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, which is the space between the pleura (the membranes surrounding the lungs) and the lungs themselves. This condition can cause the lung to collapse partially or completely, leading to difficulty in breathing.

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82. Process of expelling urine.

Explanation

The process of expelling urine from the body is called urination. This involves the relaxation of the bladder muscles, which allows urine to flow out through the urethra. Urination is a normal bodily function that helps to eliminate waste products and maintain the balance of fluids in the body. It is controlled by the nervous system and can be voluntarily initiated or suppressed.

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83. Spec. who studies body tissue

Explanation

A histologist is a specialist who studies body tissue. They analyze and examine tissue samples under a microscope to identify any abnormalities or diseases. This involves preparing and staining tissue samples, then observing them to gain insights into the structure and function of cells and tissues. Histologists play a crucial role in diagnosing various medical conditions and assisting in research studies related to tissue analysis. Dermatologists specialize in skin conditions, rheumatologists focus on joint and autoimmune diseases, and biologists study living organisms in general. However, only a histologist specifically studies body tissue.

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84. The bodily fluid excreted by the kidneys, conveyed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and released through the urethra. Normally amber-colored and slightly acidic, with the characteristic odor of urea.

Explanation

The correct answer is urine. Urine is the bodily fluid that is excreted by the kidneys, conveyed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and released through the urethra. It is typically amber-colored and slightly acidic, with the characteristic odor of urea.

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85. Difficulty swallowing

Explanation

Dysphagia refers to the difficulty or discomfort experienced while swallowing. It can be caused by various factors such as muscle weakness, nerve damage, or obstruction in the throat or esophagus. The symptoms of dysphagia can include choking, coughing, or a sensation of food getting stuck in the throat. This condition can lead to complications like malnutrition or aspiration pneumonia if not properly managed. Therefore, dysphagia is the most appropriate term to describe the difficulty swallowing mentioned in the question.

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86. High blood pressure

Explanation

The correct answer is hypertension. Hypertension is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure. It is a chronic condition that occurs when the force of blood against the artery walls is too high, leading to potential health problems such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. Hypotension, on the other hand, refers to low blood pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is hypertension, as it is the term that accurately describes high blood pressure.

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87. The bodily fluid excreted by the kidneys, conveyed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and released through the urethra. Normally amber-colored and slightly acidic, with the characteristic odor of urea.

Explanation

The correct answer is urine. Urine is the bodily fluid excreted by the kidneys, conveyed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and released through the urethra. It is normally amber-colored and slightly acidic, with the characteristic odor of urea.

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88. Poiesis

Explanation

The word "poiesis" refers to the process of creating or forming something. Among the given options, "formation" is the only word that closely relates to this meaning. "Treatment" refers to a medical procedure or therapy, "removal" means taking something away, and "urination" is the act of expelling urine. Therefore, "formation" is the most appropriate word that aligns with the meaning of "poiesis".

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89. A sliding back; reocurrence of symptoms of a disease

Explanation

Relapse refers to the sliding back or recurrence of symptoms of a disease. It occurs when a person who had previously recovered from a disease experiences a return of the symptoms. This can happen due to various factors such as incomplete treatment, reinfection, or a weakened immune system. Relapse is different from a recurrence, as it specifically refers to the return of symptoms after a period of improvement or recovery.

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90. Difficulty swallowing

Explanation

Dysphagia refers to the medical condition where a person has difficulty swallowing. This can be caused by various factors such as muscle weakness or nerve damage in the throat or esophagus. It can result in symptoms like choking or a feeling of food getting stuck in the throat. Dyspnea, on the other hand, refers to difficulty breathing, and is not directly related to swallowing. Therefore, the correct answer for the given symptoms is dysphagia.

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91. Removal of waste materials (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) from the blood in patients whose kidneys have stopped functioning. Blood leaves the body and circulates through a machine that removes wastes before sending the blood back into the body through a vein.

Explanation

Hemodialysis is the correct answer because it is a medical procedure used to remove waste materials from the blood in patients with kidney failure. The blood is taken out of the body and passed through a machine called a dialyzer, which acts as an artificial kidney. The dialyzer filters out waste products like urea, creatinine, and uric acid, and then the clean blood is returned to the body. This process helps to maintain the balance of electrolytes and fluids in the body when the kidneys are not functioning properly.

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92. Absence of menstrual flow.

Explanation

Amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstrual flow. It is a condition where a woman of reproductive age does not experience menstruation. This can be due to various reasons such as hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, menopause, or certain medical conditions. Amenorrhea can be temporary or permanent, and it is important to identify the underlying cause in order to determine the appropriate treatment.

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93. Production of milk.

Explanation

Lactation refers to the process of producing milk in the mammary glands. During lactation, the lactiferous ducts in the mammary glands transport the milk to the nipple for breastfeeding. Lactogenesis is the term used to describe the initiation of milk production. Therefore, the correct answer, lactation, is the most appropriate term that encompasses the production of milk in the mammary glands.

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94. Removal (excision) of a breast.

Explanation

A mastectomy refers to the surgical removal of a breast. This procedure is commonly performed as a treatment for breast cancer or as a preventive measure for individuals at high risk of developing breast cancer. It involves the complete removal of breast tissue, including the nipple and areola. Mastectomy is the correct answer because it is the only option that accurately describes the removal of a breast. Mastotomy refers to a surgical incision into the breast, mastoscopy refers to the use of a scope to visualize the breast, and breastectomy is not a valid medical term.

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95. Disruption of the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.

Explanation

A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) refers to the disruption of the normal blood supply to the brain, which leads to a stroke. This disruption can occur due to a blockage in the blood vessels supplying the brain or a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. Myocardial infarction refers to a heart attack, not a disruption of blood supply to the brain. Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder caused by damage to the brain during development, and Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Therefore, the correct answer is cerebrovascular accident (CVA) as it accurately describes the disruption of blood supply to the brain.

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96. Lack of appetite

Explanation

Anorexia is a medical condition characterized by a lack of appetite. This condition is often associated with a distorted body image and an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to severe weight loss. Individuals with anorexia may restrict their food intake to an extreme level, which can result in serious physical and psychological health complications. The term "anorexia" is commonly used to refer to anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder, but it can also be used in a broader sense to describe a loss of appetite due to various medical conditions.

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97. Sensation of ringing in the ear

Explanation

Tinnitus refers to the sensation of ringing in the ear. It is a condition where a person hears a constant or intermittent noise in their ears, such as ringing, buzzing, or humming, without any external source. This can be caused by various factors, including damage to the ear, exposure to loud noises, certain medications, or underlying health conditions. Tinnitus can be temporary or chronic, and while it is not a disease itself, it can be a symptom of an underlying issue. Treatment options for tinnitus include managing underlying conditions, using sound therapy, or using hearing aids to mask the noise.

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98. Extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the heart.

Explanation

A murmur is an extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the heart. It is often caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart valves or blood vessels. Murmurs can vary in intensity, pitch, and duration, and they may indicate underlying heart conditions such as valve abnormalities or congenital heart defects. Therefore, in the context of the given information, murmur is the most appropriate answer as it specifically refers to the abnormal sound heard during auscultation of the heart.

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99. Series of x-ray pictures showing cross-sectional, axial, or transverse images of internal
organs.

Explanation

The correct answer is Computed tomography(CT). Computed tomography, also known as CT, is a medical imaging technique that uses a series of x-ray pictures to create cross-sectional images of internal organs. It provides detailed and precise information about the structure and function of organs, helping in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions. CT scans are commonly used for detecting tumors, infections, injuries, and abnormalities in the body.

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100. Without rhythm; an irregular beat of the heart.

Explanation

Arrhythmia refers to an irregular beat of the heart, which is characterized by a lack of rhythm. In contrast, normal sinus rhythm indicates a regular and normal heartbeat. Auscultation is the process of listening to the sounds of the body, including the heart, using a stethoscope. Eurrhythmia is not a recognized medical term and does not relate to the given context. Therefore, the correct answer is arrhythmia.

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101. Disease of the heart muscle

Explanation

Cardiomyopathy refers to a disease of the heart muscle, where the muscle becomes weakened or enlarged, affecting its ability to pump blood effectively. It is characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and chest pain. The term "cardiopathy" is a general term for any disease of the heart, while "cardiomiopathy" is a misspelling of cardiomyopathy. "Myopathy" refers to a disease of the muscle in general, not specifically the heart muscle. Therefore, the correct answer for the given question is "cardiomyopathy."

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102. Listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope.

Explanation

Auscultation is the act of listening for sounds in the body, typically using a stethoscope. In this context, the question is referring to listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen. Palpitation refers to an abnormal awareness of the heartbeat, and stethoscope is the instrument used for auscultation. Percussion, on the other hand, is a technique used to tap on the body to produce sounds that can help diagnose underlying conditions. Therefore, the correct answer in this case is auscultation.

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103. Epistaxis

Explanation

Epistaxis is another term for nosebleed. Therefore, the correct answer is nosebleed.

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104. Inflammation of pancreas

Explanation

Pancreatitis refers to the inflammation of the pancreas. This condition can be caused by various factors, such as gallstones, alcohol abuse, certain medications, or infections. The inflammation can lead to symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Pancreatitis can be acute, which is a sudden and short-term condition, or chronic, which is a long-term and recurring condition. Prompt medical attention is necessary to diagnose and treat pancreatitis, as severe cases can lead to complications like pancreatic necrosis or organ failure.

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105. Spec. who examines biopsy samples microscopically and examines dead body to determine cause of death.

Explanation

A pathologist is a medical specialist who examines biopsy samples under a microscope to diagnose diseases and conditions. They also perform autopsies to determine the cause of death. This involves studying tissues, cells, and bodily fluids to identify any abnormalities or diseases. Dermatologists specialize in diagnosing and treating skin conditions, while proctologists focus on diseases and disorders of the rectum and anus. Radiologists use medical imaging techniques to diagnose and treat diseases. Therefore, the correct answer is pathologist.

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106. Muscular layer of the heart.

Explanation

The correct answer is myocardium. The myocardium refers to the muscular layer of the heart. It is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of the heart, allowing it to pump blood throughout the body. The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle tissue, which is specialized and unique to the heart. It is thicker in the ventricles compared to the atria, as the ventricles need to generate more force to pump blood to the rest of the body. The myocardium is essential for the proper functioning of the heart and maintaining blood circulation.

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107. Epistaxis

Explanation

Epistaxis is another term for nosebleed. Nosebleeds occur when blood vessels in the nose rupture, leading to bleeding from the nostrils. This can be caused by various factors such as dry air, nose picking, allergies, or trauma to the nose. Nosebleeds are usually not serious and can be treated by pinching the nostrils together and leaning forward to prevent blood from flowing down the throat. Therefore, nosebleed is the correct answer in this case.

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108. Disruption of the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.

Explanation

A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) refers to the disruption of the normal blood supply to the brain, commonly known as a stroke. This condition occurs when there is a blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients to the affected area. This can result in various neurological symptoms, such as weakness, paralysis, difficulty speaking, and loss of coordination. Therefore, CVA is the most appropriate answer as it directly relates to the given description of the disruption of blood supply to the brain.

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109. Chronic neurologic disorder marked by destruction of the myelin sheath on neuronal axons in the CNS and replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue.

Explanation

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath on neuronal axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and the formation of plaques of sclerotic tissue. This condition leads to a disruption in the transmission of nerve impulses, resulting in various symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, coordination problems, and cognitive impairment. Spina bifida is a birth defect affecting the spinal cord, paresthesia refers to abnormal sensations like tingling or numbness, and dementia is a general term for a decline in cognitive ability.

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110. Chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia.

Explanation

Angina is the correct answer because it is a type of chest pain that is commonly associated with myocardial ischemia, which refers to a reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Angina is typically described as a squeezing or pressure-like sensation in the chest, often accompanied by shortness of breath, sweating, and discomfort in the arms, neck, jaw, or back. It is a common symptom of coronary artery disease and occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood.

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111. Study of cause of a disease

Explanation

Etiology refers to the study of the cause or origin of a disease. It focuses on understanding the factors and mechanisms that lead to the development of a particular illness. Etiological research aims to identify and investigate the various factors, such as genetic, environmental, and behavioral, that contribute to the occurrence of a disease. This field of study is essential in developing effective prevention strategies and treatment approaches for diseases.

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112. Surgical repair of a blood vessel

Explanation

Angioplasty is the correct answer because it involves the surgical repair of a blood vessel. This procedure is performed to widen or unblock a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel, usually an artery. During angioplasty, a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into the affected blood vessel and inflated to open up the vessel and improve blood flow. In some cases, a stent may also be placed to keep the vessel open. Valvuloplasty is the surgical repair of a heart valve, arterioplasty refers to the surgical repair of an artery, and dermatoplasty is the surgical repair of the skin.

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113. Visual examination of the abdomen

Explanation

Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses a laparoscope, a thin tube with a camera and light, to visually examine the abdomen. It allows for a closer look at the organs and tissues in the abdomen, helping to diagnose and treat various conditions. Colonoscopy, on the other hand, is a procedure specifically used to examine the colon. While endoscopy is a broader term that refers to the examination of the internal organs or cavities using an endoscope. Therefore, laparoscopy is the most appropriate answer in this context.

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114. Tests that measure the ventilation (breathing) mechanics of the lung.

Explanation

Pulmonary function tests are a set of tests that assess the mechanics of breathing in the lungs. These tests can measure various parameters such as lung capacity, airflow, and gas exchange. By evaluating these parameters, pulmonary function tests can help diagnose and monitor respiratory conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung fibrosis. Therefore, pulmonary function tests are the most appropriate choice among the given options for assessing the ventilation mechanics of the lung.

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115. Spec. who examines biopsy samples microscopically and examines dead body to determine cause of death.

Explanation

A pathologist is a specialist who examines biopsy samples under a microscope to diagnose diseases and conditions. They also perform autopsies to determine the cause of death. Dermatologists specialize in skin conditions, proctologists specialize in disorders of the rectum and anus, and radiologists specialize in interpreting medical images such as X-rays and MRIs. However, only a pathologist has the expertise to examine biopsy samples and determine the cause of death.

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116. Spec. who studies body tissue

Explanation

A histologist is a specialist who studies body tissue. They examine and analyze tissue samples under a microscope to identify and study the structure, composition, and function of cells and tissues. This involves preparing tissue samples, staining them, and using various techniques to study their microscopic features. Histologists play a crucial role in diagnosing diseases and understanding the cellular basis of various medical conditions. Dermatologists specialize in skin diseases, rheumatologists focus on joint and autoimmune disorders, and biologists study living organisms in general. However, only a histologist specifically studies body tissue.

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117. Blood in urine

Explanation

Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. It can be caused by various conditions such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder or kidney infections, or even certain medications. The term "hematuria" is derived from the Greek words "haima" meaning blood and "ouron" meaning urine. Therefore, hematuria is the correct term to describe the condition of blood in the urine.

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118. Near the point of attachment to trunk.

Explanation

The term "proximal" refers to a location that is closer to the point of attachment or origin. In this context, "near the point of attachment to the trunk" suggests that the correct answer is "proximal." This means that the object or body part being referred to is closer to the trunk or main body structure.

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119. Abnorm. cond. of death

Explanation

Necrosis refers to the death of cells or tissues due to injury, infection, or lack of blood supply. It is characterized by the loss of cell structure and function. In the context of the given options, "abnorm. cond. of death" likely refers to an abnormal condition resulting in death, and necrosis is the most appropriate term that aligns with this concept. Nephrosis refers to a kidney disorder, halitosis is bad breath, and deceased simply means dead. Therefore, necrosis is the correct answer in this case.

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120. Fat tumor

Explanation

A lipoma is a benign tumor composed of fat cells. It is a common type of tumor that usually develops just beneath the skin. Lipomas are typically soft, movable, and painless. They can occur anywhere on the body where fat cells are present. Steatoma refers to a sebaceous cyst, while lymphoma and liposarcoma are malignant tumors. Therefore, lipoma is the correct answer as it specifically refers to a benign fat tumor.

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121. Vomiting blood

Explanation

Hematemesis refers to the medical condition of vomiting blood. It is characterized by the presence of blood in the vomit, which can be bright red or have a dark, coffee-ground appearance. This condition can be caused by various factors such as gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, liver disease, or trauma. It is important to seek medical attention if hematemesis occurs, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition that requires treatment.

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122. -pexy

Explanation

Surgical fixation refers to the process of stabilizing a body part or joint using surgical techniques. It involves the use of screws, plates, or other devices to immobilize and secure the affected area. This procedure is commonly performed to treat fractures, dislocations, or other conditions that require stability and support. Unlike the other options listed, surgical fixation is the only one that involves the use of surgical techniques to fixate a body part, making it the correct answer.

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123. Collection fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles of the lung

Explanation

Pulmonary edema refers to the accumulation of fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles of the lungs. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as heart failure, pneumonia, or kidney problems. The excess fluid in the lungs can make breathing difficult and lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Treatment for pulmonary edema involves addressing the underlying cause and may include medications to remove the excess fluid and improve lung function.

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124. Malig. tumor in liver.

Explanation

Hepatoma is the correct answer because it refers to a malignant tumor in the liver. The term "hepatoma" specifically denotes a cancerous tumor that originates from liver cells. The other options, such as hematoma, sarcoma, and edema, do not accurately describe a malignant tumor in the liver. A hematoma is a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, sarcoma is a type of cancer that arises from connective tissues, and edema refers to the accumulation of fluid in tissues. Therefore, hepatoma is the most appropriate answer in this context.

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125. Pert. to back portion of body.

Explanation

The term "dorsal" refers to the back portion of the body. It is the opposite of "ventral," which refers to the front portion of the body. In this context, "coronal" and "supine" do not relate to the back portion of the body, so they are not the correct answers. Therefore, "dorsal" is the correct answer as it pertains to the back portion of the body.

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126. Surg. repair of a vessel.

Explanation

Angioplasty is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical repair of a blood vessel. This procedure is commonly performed to treat blockages or narrowings in the arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. During angioplasty, a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into the affected artery and inflated to widen the vessel, improving blood flow. In some cases, a stent may also be placed to keep the artery open. Abdominoplasty, arthroplasty, and dermoplasty are unrelated procedures that involve the reconstruction or repair of the abdomen, joints, and skin, respectively.

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127. Of unknown cause or origin

Explanation

Idiopathic is the correct answer because it means "of unknown cause or origin." This term is commonly used in medical contexts to describe diseases or conditions that arise spontaneously or without a known cause. It is derived from the Greek words "idios" meaning "one's own" and "pathos" meaning "suffering." Therefore, idiopathic is the most appropriate term to describe a condition that has no identifiable cause or origin.

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128. Listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope.

Explanation

Auscultation is the correct answer because it refers to the act of listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope. It is a common medical practice used by healthcare professionals to assess the internal organs and detect any abnormal sounds or conditions. Palpitation refers to the sensation of a rapid or irregular heartbeat, while a stethoscope is the instrument used for auscultation. Percussion, on the other hand, is a technique used to tap on the body to assess the underlying structures.

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129. Extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the heart.

Explanation

A murmur is an extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the heart. It is typically caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart valves or chambers. Murmurs can indicate underlying heart conditions such as valve abnormalities or structural defects. They are often described based on their timing, intensity, location, and quality.

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130. Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura and associated with asbestos exposure.

Explanation

Mesothelioma is a rare malignant tumor that develops in the pleura, the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It is strongly associated with asbestos exposure, as asbestos fibers can be inhaled and become lodged in the pleura, causing inflammation and leading to the development of cancerous cells. Unlike lung cancer, which primarily affects the lung tissue itself, mesothelioma specifically targets the pleura. Pneumonia and lymphoma are unrelated conditions and not associated with asbestos exposure, making mesothelioma the correct answer.

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131. Process of cutting into.

Explanation

The process of cutting into is known as an incision. This involves making a deliberate cut or opening in a body part, tissue, or organ for various purposes such as surgery, drainage, or biopsy. Incisions are typically made with a surgical instrument, and they allow access to the underlying structures or cavities. This term is commonly used in medical contexts to describe the action of making a controlled and intentional cut.

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132. Above another structure; pert. to head.

Explanation

The term "superior" refers to something that is positioned above another structure or pertains to the head. In this context, it means that the structure being referred to is located in a higher position or is superior to another structure. The other options, "inferior," "proximal," and "above," do not accurately describe the concept of being positioned above another structure or pert. to head.

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133. Difficult breathing

Explanation

Dyspnea refers to difficult or labored breathing. It is a symptom commonly associated with various respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or congestive heart failure. It can also be caused by physical exertion, anxiety, or certain medications. Dyspnea is characterized by a sensation of breathlessness or shortness of breath, often accompanied by rapid breathing and a feeling of tightness in the chest. It is important to identify and address the underlying cause of dyspnea to provide appropriate treatment and relieve the discomfort experienced by the individual.

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134. Sliding forward or downward

Explanation

Prolapse refers to the slipping or falling out of place of an organ or tissue from its normal position. In the given options, "prolapse" is the only correct spelling that accurately represents this medical condition. "Relapse" refers to the recurrence of symptoms after a period of improvement, while "relapce" and "prolapce" are incorrect spellings. Therefore, the correct answer is "prolapse."

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135. Vomiting blood

Explanation

Hematemesis refers to the vomiting of blood. This can occur due to various reasons such as gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, or liver disease. The term "hemoptyisis" refers to coughing up blood, "hemostasis" refers to the process of stopping bleeding, and "hemolysis" refers to the breakdown of red blood cells. However, only "hematemesis" specifically describes the act of vomiting blood.

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136. Pus in urine

Explanation

Pyuria is the presence of pus in the urine. It is a condition characterized by the appearance of white blood cells in the urine, indicating an infection or inflammation in the urinary tract. This can be caused by various factors such as urinary tract infections, kidney infections, or sexually transmitted infections. The presence of pyuria is often associated with symptoms like frequent urination, pain or discomfort during urination, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine. It is important to diagnose and treat the underlying cause of pyuria to prevent further complications.

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137. The protrusion of an organ or muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it.

Explanation

A hernia refers to the protrusion of an organ or muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it. This can occur due to a weakness in the surrounding tissues or muscles. It is a common condition that can affect various parts of the body, such as the abdomen, groin, or diaphragm. Hernias can cause discomfort, pain, and in severe cases, can lead to complications if not treated.

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138. Slow movement

Explanation

Bradykinesia refers to slow movement or the slowness of voluntary movements. It is a characteristic symptom of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain's ability to control movement. In Parkinson's disease, the brain's dopamine-producing cells are damaged, leading to a decrease in dopamine levels. This reduction in dopamine causes difficulties in initiating and executing movements, resulting in bradykinesia. It is often accompanied by other symptoms such as muscle stiffness, tremors, and impaired balance.

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139.  Paralysis of the right or left half of the body.

Explanation

Hemiplegia refers to the paralysis of either the right or left half of the body. This condition is caused by damage to the brain, specifically the motor cortex or the nerves that control movement. Unlike paraplegia, which affects the lower half of the body, or quadriplegia, which affects all four limbs, hemiplegia only affects one side of the body. Cerebral palsy, on the other hand, is a group of disorders that affect muscle tone, movement, and coordination, but it does not specifically involve paralysis. Therefore, the correct answer is hemiplegia.

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140. Liver tumor that grows

Explanation

Hepatomegaly refers to an enlarged liver. In the given options, "hepatomegaly" is the correct spelling of the term. The other options, "hematomegaly" and "hematamegaly", are incorrect as they refer to the enlargement of the spleen, not the liver. "Hepatamegaly" is also incorrect as it is a misspelling of "hepatomegaly". Therefore, the correct answer is "hepatomegaly".

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141. Blood in urine

Explanation

Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. It can be caused by various conditions, such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder or kidney infections, or even certain medications. The term "hematuria" is derived from the Greek words "haima" meaning blood and "ouron" meaning urine. Therefore, hematuria is the correct term to describe the condition of blood in the urine.

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142. Process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone within the kidney or ureter.

Explanation

Lithotripsy is the correct answer because it refers to the process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone within the kidney or ureter. This procedure is commonly used to break down kidney stones into smaller pieces, making it easier for them to pass through the urinary tract and be excreted from the body.

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143. Release of an egg cell from an ovary.

Explanation

Ovulation refers to the release of an egg cell from an ovary. During the menstrual cycle, the egg matures in the ovary and is then released into the fallopian tube, where it can potentially be fertilized by sperm. This process is essential for reproduction as it allows the egg to be available for fertilization. Fertilization, on the other hand, is the fusion of the egg and sperm to form a zygote, while gestation refers to the period of development of the embryo/fetus in the uterus. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is a hormone that plays a role in the development and maturation of the egg in the ovary.

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144. Slow movement

Explanation

Bradykinesia refers to slow movement, which is characterized by a decrease in the speed and amplitude of voluntary movements. It is a common symptom of Parkinson's disease and is often associated with muscle stiffness and rigidity. This condition can make it difficult for individuals to initiate and control their movements, resulting in a general slowness in their physical activities. Therefore, bradykinesia is the correct answer in this context.

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145. Rapidly growing malignant tumor of the brain.

Explanation

Glioblastoma is the correct answer because it is a rapidly growing malignant tumor of the brain. It is a type of brain cancer that originates from glial cells, which are the supportive cells of the nervous system. Glioblastoma is highly aggressive and invasive, making it difficult to treat. It is the most common and deadliest form of brain cancer in adults.

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146. Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood.

Explanation

Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can happen due to various reasons such as weakened heart muscles, damaged heart valves, or high blood pressure. As a result, fluid may accumulate in the lungs, causing shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention in other parts of the body. While coronary artery disease, congenital heart disease, and deep-vein thrombosis are all related to the heart and blood vessels, they do not specifically involve the heart's inability to pump blood adequately, which is the characteristic feature of congestive heart failure.

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147. Muscular layer of the heart.

Explanation

The correct answer is myocardium. The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart that is responsible for contracting and pumping blood throughout the body. It is composed of cardiac muscle tissue, which is specialized to generate and conduct electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm and coordinate its contractions. The myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart and plays a crucial role in maintaining the heart's function as a powerful, efficient pump.

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148. Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in mucous secretions that do not drain normally.

Explanation

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that affects the exocrine glands, leading to abnormal mucous secretions that do not drain properly. This condition primarily affects the lungs, causing thick and sticky mucus to build up in the airways, leading to frequent lung infections and difficulty breathing. It can also affect other organs, such as the pancreas, liver, and intestines. The symptoms of cystic fibrosis can vary, but commonly include persistent cough, frequent respiratory infections, poor growth, and digestive problems. Early diagnosis and management of cystic fibrosis is crucial to improve the quality of life for affected individuals.

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149. Process of breathing out or exhalation.

Explanation

Expiration refers to the process of breathing out or exhaling. It is the opposite of inspiration or inhalation, which is the process of breathing in. During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the volume of the chest cavity to decrease and pushing air out of the lungs. This allows the body to get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, and maintain proper oxygen levels in the bloodstream. Exhalation is a vital part of the respiratory system and helps to ensure the body's overall oxygenation and gas exchange.

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150. Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity between the pleura and surrounding the lungs.

Explanation

Pneumothorax is the correct answer because it refers to the collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, which is the space between the pleura (membrane covering the lungs) and the surrounding lungs. This condition can cause the lung to collapse partially or completely, leading to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and decreased breath sounds. It can be caused by trauma, underlying lung diseases, or spontaneous rupture of a small air sac. Treatment may involve removing the air from the pleural cavity and addressing the underlying cause.

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151. Below another structure.

Explanation

The given answer "inferior" is the correct choice because it refers to a position or direction that is located below or towards the feet. In the context of the question, "inferior" is the opposite of "superior" which means above or towards the head. Therefore, "inferior" is the appropriate term to describe a position that is below another structure.

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152. The protrusion of an organ or muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it.

Explanation

A hernia refers to the protrusion of an organ or muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it. This can occur when there is a weakness or tear in the surrounding tissues, allowing the organ to push through. It is a common condition that can affect various parts of the body, such as the abdomen, groin, or diaphragm. Treatment for a hernia may involve surgery to repair the weakened area and prevent further protrusion.

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153. New surgical opening between the stomach and duodenum

Explanation

Gastroduodenal anastomosis refers to a surgical procedure where a new opening is created between the stomach and the duodenum. This procedure is commonly performed to treat conditions such as peptic ulcers or gastric cancer. By creating this new connection, it allows for the passage of food from the stomach into the small intestine, bypassing any blockages or obstructions that may be present. This helps to restore normal digestive function and alleviate symptoms.

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154. Hernia of the urinary bladder

Explanation

A cystocele is a type of hernia that occurs when the wall between a woman's bladder and her vagina weakens, causing the bladder to bulge into the vagina. This condition is commonly seen in women who have had multiple pregnancies or who have gone through menopause. The correct answer, cystocele, accurately describes this condition. The other options, cystosele, sistocele, and cystoseal, are not correct spellings or medical terms for this condition.

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155. Over developement in size.

Explanation

Hypertrophy refers to the increase in size or volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of individual cells. It is a result of overdevelopment or excessive growth. In this context, the correct answer "hypertrophy" aligns with the given explanation of "over development in size." Atrophy, on the other hand, refers to the shrinkage or wasting away of an organ or tissue, which is the opposite of hypertrophy. Hypersensitive and hyper are unrelated terms and do not fit the given explanation.

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156. Difficult breathing

Explanation

Dyspnea is the correct answer because it refers to difficult or labored breathing. It is a symptom rather than a specific condition and can be caused by various underlying factors such as asthma, heart failure, or lung diseases. Dyspnea is characterized by a sensation of breathlessness or shortness of breath, which can be mild or severe depending on the individual and the underlying cause.

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157. Absence of menstrual flow.

Explanation

Amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstrual flow. It is a condition in which a woman does not experience menstruation for several months or longer. This can be caused by various factors such as pregnancy, hormonal imbalances, stress, excessive exercise, certain medical conditions, or medication side effects. Amenorrhea can have significant implications for a woman's reproductive health and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment if necessary.

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158. Female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones.

Explanation

A gonad is a reproductive organ that can be found in both females and males. It is responsible for producing sex cells, such as eggs in females and sperm in males, as well as hormones that are essential for reproduction. The term "gonad" is a general term that encompasses both female and male reproductive organs, making it the correct answer for this question.

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159. Inability of an adult male to achieve an erection; erectile dysfunction.

Explanation

Impotence is the correct answer because it refers to the inability of an adult male to achieve an erection, which is also known as erectile dysfunction. Infertilization refers to the inability to conceive, while syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection. Testis refers to the male reproductive organ responsible for producing sperm.

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160. Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.

Explanation

The correct answer is pleura. The pleura is a double-folded membrane that surrounds each lung. It consists of two layers, the visceral pleura which is attached to the lung surface, and the parietal pleura which lines the chest wall. The pleura helps to protect and support the lungs, as well as provide lubrication for smooth movement during breathing.

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161. Surg. repair of a vessel.

Explanation

Angioplasty is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical repair of a blood vessel. This procedure is performed to widen or unblock narrowed or obstructed arteries, usually in the heart. It involves the use of a balloon catheter to inflate the narrowed artery and improve blood flow. Abdominoplasty, arthroplasty, and dermoplasty are unrelated to the repair of blood vessels and involve procedures such as the removal of excess abdominal skin and fat, joint replacement, and skin grafting, respectively.

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162. Pert. to opposite side

Explanation

The term "contralateral" refers to something that is located on the opposite side of the body or opposite to a certain reference point. In this context, it means that the term "contralateral" is the correct answer because it accurately describes the concept of being on the opposite side. The other options, "lateral," "asymmetry," and "malaise," do not convey the same meaning and are therefore incorrect.

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163. Narrowing of the pyloric sphincter

Explanation

Pyloric stenosis refers to the narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, the muscle between the stomach and small intestine. This condition can lead to symptoms such as projectile vomiting, weight loss, and dehydration. The other options provided (pyloric stasis, pyloric stenosys, pyloric stennosis) are either misspellings or incorrect terms for this condition.

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164. Painful urination

Explanation

Dysuria is the medical term used to describe painful or difficult urination. It is a symptom that can be caused by various conditions such as urinary tract infections, bladder stones, or inflammation of the urethra. The other options listed are related to urinary issues but do not specifically refer to painful urination. Uremia refers to the presence of excessive amounts of urea in the blood, pyuria refers to the presence of pus in the urine, and dysurea is not a recognized medical term. Therefore, dysuria is the correct answer in this case.

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165. Below another structure.

Explanation

The correct answer is "inferior" because when comparing the position of two structures, "inferior" refers to the structure that is located below or beneath the other structure. In this case, "inferior" indicates that the structure mentioned is situated in a lower position compared to the other structures listed.

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166. Lying on back (face up, palms up)

Explanation

Supine is the correct answer because it refers to the position of lying on one's back, with the face up and palms facing upwards. This position is often used in medical settings for examinations or procedures. The term "supine" is derived from the Latin word "supinus," which means lying on the back. It is the opposite of the prone position, where one lies on the stomach.

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167. Pert. to internal organs

Explanation

The term "visceral" refers to something that is related to the internal organs of the body. It can be used to describe sensations or emotions that are deep and intense, as well as the physical structures and functions of the organs themselves. In contrast, "innards" generally refers to the internal organs as a whole, without specifying any particular aspect. "Coronal" refers to a plane or direction that is perpendicular to the long axis of the body, while "ventral" refers to the front or belly side of the body. Therefore, the term "visceral" is the most appropriate and specific choice for describing something related to the internal organs.

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168. Endometrial tissue located outside of the uterus.

Explanation

Endometriosis is a condition where the endometrial tissue, which is normally found inside the uterus, grows outside of it. This abnormal growth can occur in various areas of the body, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. It can cause symptoms like pelvic pain, painful periods, and infertility. Endometriosis is often diagnosed through imaging tests and laparoscopic surgery. Treatment options include pain medication, hormonal therapy, and surgery to remove the abnormal tissue.

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169. Sliding forward or downward

Explanation

Prolapse refers to the slipping or falling of an organ or tissue from its normal position into a different position. In this context, the options "relapse" and "relapce" do not accurately describe the action of sliding forward or downward. Therefore, the correct answer is "prolapse."

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170. Absence of normal opening

Explanation

Atresia refers to the absence or abnormal narrowing of a natural opening or passage in the body. In the context of the given options, atresia is the only term that describes the absence of a normal opening. Stomatitis refers to inflammation of the mouth, hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, and ascites refers to the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Therefore, atresia is the correct answer as it best fits the description of the absence of a normal opening.

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171. Tests that measure the ventilation (breathing) mechanics of the lung.

Explanation

Pulmonary function tests are a type of medical examination that assesses the breathing mechanics of the lungs. These tests provide valuable information about lung capacity, airflow, and gas exchange, helping to diagnose and monitor respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung fibrosis. By measuring parameters like lung volume, airflow rate, and oxygen uptake, pulmonary function tests can identify abnormalities in lung function and guide appropriate treatment strategies. Therefore, pulmonary function tests are the most suitable option among the given choices for assessing the ventilation mechanics of the lungs.

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172. Lymph/o

Explanation

The term "lymph/o" refers to lymph, which is a clear water-like fluid in the body. The other options, such as "heat," "irregular," and "putrefying," do not have any relation to lymph or clear water fluid. Therefore, the correct answer is "clear water, fluid."

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173. Horizontal plane dividing body into upper and lower portions.

Explanation

The correct answer is "transverse" because a transverse plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions. This plane is perpendicular to the sagittal and coronal planes, which divide the body into left and right portions and front and back portions, respectively. The transverse plane is commonly used in medical imaging to obtain cross-sectional views of the body.

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174. Malig. tumor in liver.

Explanation

Hepatoma is the correct answer because it refers to a malignant tumor in the liver. It is a type of liver cancer that originates from hepatocytes, the main type of liver cells. Other options like hematoma, sarcoma, and edema do not specifically refer to a malignant tumor in the liver. A hematoma is a collection of blood outside a blood vessel, sarcoma is a type of cancer that arises from connective tissues, and edema is the accumulation of fluid in tissues.

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175. Sial/o

Explanation

The term "sial/o" refers to saliva, and "stomach" refers to the organ in the digestive system. The other options, "cavity" and "hidden," do not relate to the term "sial/o." Therefore, the correct answer is "salivation," as it is the only option that is associated with the term "sial/o" and can be related to the stomach.

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176. Painful digestion; indigestion.

Explanation

Dyspepsia is the correct answer because it refers to painful digestion and indigestion. It is a medical term used to describe discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often associated with symptoms like bloating, nausea, and heartburn. Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing, Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful menstrual periods, and Dentalgia refers to toothache. These options do not specifically relate to painful digestion or indigestion, making Dyspepsia the most appropriate answer.

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177. Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.

Explanation

A pleural effusion refers to the collection of fluid in the pleural cavity, which is the space between the membranes that surround the lungs. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as infection, inflammation, or underlying medical conditions. It can cause symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing. Treatment options for pleural effusion depend on the underlying cause and may include draining the fluid, addressing the underlying condition, or providing supportive care.

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178. Male or female reproductive cell (ovum or sperm cell).

Explanation

The correct answer is gamete. A gamete refers to a male or female reproductive cell, such as an ovum or sperm cell. These cells are responsible for sexual reproduction and carry half of the genetic material necessary for the creation of a new individual. The other options, egg, gonad, and fetus, are not specific to reproductive cells and do not encompass the concept of gametes.

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179. Pert. to internal organs

Explanation

Visceral is the correct answer because it means pertaining to internal organs. The word "innards" also refers to internal organs, but it is not the best choice as it is more informal. "Coronal" refers to a crown or a crown-like structure and is not related to internal organs. "Ventral" refers to the front or belly side of an organism and does not specifically relate to internal organs. Therefore, "visceral" is the most appropriate term in this context.

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180. Softening of the bone.

Explanation

Osteomalacia is a condition characterized by the softening of the bones. It is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D or problems with its absorption, leading to a decrease in calcium and phosphate levels in the bones. This results in weakened bones that are more prone to fractures and deformities. The other options, ostemalacia and ostemallacia, are misspellings of osteomalacia.

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181. Surg. puncture to remove fluid from amnion.

Explanation

Amniocentesis is a medical procedure that involves the surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes. It is commonly performed during pregnancy to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells and other substances that can be analyzed for genetic abnormalities, infections, or other conditions. This procedure is not related to dialysis, lumbar puncture, or amniectomy, which are different medical interventions with distinct purposes.

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182. Tying off a tube or blood vessel. Thread or wire is used.

Explanation

Ligation is the correct answer because it involves tying off a tube or blood vessel using thread or wire. This procedure is commonly used in medical settings to prevent the flow of blood or other substances through the vessel. Vasectomy is the surgical procedure for male sterilization, angiectomy is not a recognized medical term, and impotence refers to the inability to achieve or maintain an erection.

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183. Drug used in the treatment of angina (pectoris). It dilates coronary arteries so that more blood flows to heart muscle.

Explanation

Nitroglycerin is the correct answer because it is a drug commonly used in the treatment of angina pectoris. It works by dilating the coronary arteries, which allows more blood to flow to the heart muscle. This increased blood flow helps to relieve chest pain and improve the oxygen supply to the heart. Oxytocin, dioxin, and reglan are not used in the treatment of angina pectoris and do not have the same mechanism of action as nitroglycerin.

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184. Tube for injecting or removing fluids.

Explanation

A catheter is a tube that is used to inject or remove fluids from the body. It is commonly used in medical procedures to deliver medications, drain urine, or provide access to the bloodstream for dialysis or other treatments. In this context, a catheter would be the most appropriate choice as it directly relates to the description provided. An IV catheter, for example, is used to administer fluids or medications directly into a patient's bloodstream.

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185. Stage in prenatal development from two to six weeks.

Explanation

During the stage of prenatal development from two to six weeks, the developing organism is referred to as an embryo. At this stage, the fertilized egg implants itself into the uterus and starts to form major organs and body systems. The embryo is in the early stages of development and is highly vulnerable to external factors. It is during this time that the basic structures of the body begin to take shape, setting the foundation for further growth and development. The term "embryo" accurately describes this specific stage of prenatal development.

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186. Over developement in size.

Explanation

Hypertrophy refers to the increase in size or volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its constituent cells. It is often a result of increased workload or stimulation, leading to an increase in the size and number of cells. In the context of the given options, hypertrophy is the most appropriate term as it relates to the concept of overdevelopment in size. Atrophy refers to the shrinkage or wasting away of an organ or tissue, while hypersensitive refers to an exaggerated response to a stimulus. "Hyper" is a prefix meaning excessive or above normal.

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187. Abnorm. cond. of death

Explanation

Necrosis refers to the death of cells or tissues due to injury, infection, or lack of blood supply. It is a pathological condition that results in the loss of cell function and can lead to tissue damage. In this context, "abnorm. cond. of death" is a vague term that could refer to various conditions, but necrosis specifically describes the abnormal death of cells or tissues. Nephrosis refers to a kidney disorder, halitosis refers to bad breath, and deceased simply means dead. Therefore, necrosis is the most appropriate answer in relation to the given term.

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188. Visual examination of the abdomen

Explanation

Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses a laparoscope, a thin tube with a camera, to visually examine the abdomen. It allows the surgeon to view the organs and tissues in the abdomen without making large incisions. Colonoscopy is a procedure specifically used to examine the colon, not the entire abdomen. Endoscopy is a broader term that refers to the examination of internal organs using a flexible tube with a camera, but it does not specifically pertain to the abdomen. Therefore, laparoscopy is the most appropriate answer for visual examination of the abdomen.

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189. Pert. to middle.

Explanation

The term "medial" refers to the middle or central position of something. In anatomy, it is used to describe structures that are closer to the midline of the body. Therefore, "medial" is the correct answer as it aligns with the given definition of being related to the middle. "Median" refers to the middle value in a set of numbers, "medius" means middle in Latin, and "proximal" refers to being closer to the point of attachment or origin.

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190. Softening of the bone.

Explanation

Osteomalacia is a condition characterized by the softening of the bones. This occurs due to a deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, which are essential for bone health. Without these nutrients, the bones become weak and fragile, leading to an increased risk of fractures. Osteomalacia can cause symptoms such as bone pain, muscle weakness, and difficulty walking. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying nutrient deficiency and may include vitamin D and calcium supplements.

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191. Chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia.

Explanation

Angina is the correct answer because it refers to chest pain that occurs when there is reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. This reduced blood flow is usually caused by a blockage or narrowing of the coronary arteries. The term "thoralgia" is not a medical term and does not specifically refer to chest pain. "Bradycardia" refers to a slow heart rate, which may or may not be associated with chest pain. "Cardialgia" refers to general pain or discomfort in the heart, but does not specifically indicate myocardial ischemia.

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192. New surgical opening between the stomach and duodenum

Explanation

Gastroduodenal anastomosis refers to the creation of a new surgical opening between the stomach and the duodenum. This procedure is often performed to treat certain conditions such as gastric ulcers or to bypass a blockage in the digestive system. By creating this anastomosis, the flow of food and digestive juices can be restored, allowing for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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193. Injection of drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots in the bloodstream.

Explanation

Thrombolytic therapy refers to the injection of drugs such as streptokinase and tPA to dissolve clots in the bloodstream. This treatment is used to restore blood flow in conditions such as heart attacks or strokes caused by blood clots. It works by activating the body's natural clot-dissolving system, thereby breaking down the clot and restoring blood flow. Thrombolytic therapy is an effective and potentially life-saving treatment option for patients with clot-related conditions.

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194. Inflammation of the stomach and intestines.

Explanation

Gastroenteritis refers to the inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is a condition characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and sometimes fever. This inflammation is often caused by a viral or bacterial infection, and it can also be triggered by consuming contaminated food or water. Gastroenteritis is different from gastritis, which specifically refers to the inflammation of the stomach lining. Therefore, in the given options, gastroenteritis is the most appropriate term to describe inflammation of both the stomach and intestines.

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195. Removal of waste materials (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) from the blood in patients whose kidneys have stopped functioning. Blood leaves the body and circulates through a machine that removes wastes before sending the blood back into the body through a vein.

Explanation

Hemodialysis is the correct answer because it is a medical procedure used to remove waste materials from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly. During hemodialysis, blood is taken out of the body and passed through a machine called a dialyzer, which acts as an artificial kidney. The dialyzer filters out waste products such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid from the blood, and then the cleaned blood is returned to the body through a vein. This process helps to maintain the balance of electrolytes and fluids in the body when the kidneys are unable to do so.

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196. Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura and associated with asbestos exposure.

Explanation

Mesothelioma is a rare malignant tumor that develops in the pleura, the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It is strongly associated with exposure to asbestos, a fibrous mineral commonly found in construction materials. Asbestos fibers can be inhaled and become lodged in the pleura, causing inflammation and scarring over time. This chronic irritation can lead to the development of mesothelioma. Unlike lung cancer, which primarily affects the lung tissue, mesothelioma specifically targets the pleura. Pneumonia and lymphoma are unrelated conditions and not associated with asbestos exposure.

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197. Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum).

Explanation

FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the maturation of the egg cell (ovum). FSH plays a crucial role in the reproductive system by promoting the growth and development of ovarian follicles, which contain the eggs. It stimulates the follicles to produce estrogen, which is necessary for the maturation of the egg. FSH also helps regulate the menstrual cycle and is essential for ovulation to occur. Therefore, FSH is the correct answer as it directly stimulates the maturation of the egg cell.

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198. Acute viral infection in children and infants marked by obstruction of the larynx and barking cough.

Explanation

Croup is an acute viral infection that commonly affects children and infants. It is characterized by the obstruction of the larynx, leading to a barking cough. Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that can cause similar symptoms but is not a viral infection. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the lungs and digestive system, and emphysema is a lung condition typically associated with long-term smoking. Therefore, croup is the correct answer as it best fits the description provided.

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199. Pert. to middle.

Explanation

The word "medial" refers to something that is related to or located in the middle. In the context of the given options, "median" refers to the middle value in a set of numbers, "medial" refers to something that is located towards the middle, and "medius" is a Latin word meaning "middle." "Proximal" means situated near the point of attachment or origin. Out of these options, "medial" is the most closely related to the concept of being in the middle, making it the correct answer.

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200. Fat tumor

Explanation

A lipoma is a benign tumor made up of fat cells. It is a common type of tumor that usually develops just beneath the skin. Lipomas are typically soft and movable and do not cause any pain. They can occur anywhere on the body where fat cells are present. Steatoma, on the other hand, refers to a cyst that contains sebum, a substance produced by the sebaceous glands. Lymphoma and liposarcoma are malignant tumors that can develop in different tissues and organs of the body.

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Gastr/o
 Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when...
Inflammation of the meninges.
Inflammation of the meninges.
Peri-
Visual examination of the bronchial tubes using an endoscope or...
Mental decline and deterioration.
Study of cells.
Path/o
Fluid that is contained within the amnionic sac.
Study of the female reproductive organs, including the breasts.
Therm/o
Fung/o
Visual exam of the colon
Ur/o
Release of an egg cell from an ovary.
Without rhythm; an irregular beat of the heart.
Calc/i
Liver tumor that grows
Study of cells.
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from beginning of...
 Weakening of an arterial wall, which may lead to hemorrhage and...
 Brain disorder marked by progressive, gradual mental...
Inability of an adult male to achieve an erection; erectile...
Tube is placed through the mouth and throat into the trachea to...
Splen/o
Inflamm. of gums
Fluid that is contained within the amnionic sac.
Atri/o
Pharyng/o
Series of x-ray pictures showing cross-sectional, axial, or transverse...
Blood cond. where there is a lack of hemoglobin.
Hardening of the arteries
Vesicul/o
Ovarian hormone that promotes female secondary sex characteristics and...
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from beginning of...
 Brain disorder marked by progressive, gradual mental...
Mental decline and deterioration.
Inflamm. of gums
Bursting forth or excessive flow of blood.
Pus in urine
Removal of the uterus.
Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish...
 Abnormal condition of stones in the gallbladder.
 Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when...
Study of the female reproductive organs, including the breasts.
Removal of the uterus.
-edema
High blood pressure
Injection of drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots in the...
Visual examination of the bronchial tubes using an endoscope or...
Pert. to back portion of body.
Visual exam of the colon
Inflammation of pancreas
Removal (excision) of a breast.
Ech/o
Above another structure; pert. to head.
Rapid onset, has severe symptoms and brief in duration.
Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish...
 Abnormal condition of stones in the gallbladder.
Abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the skin.  
Sensation of ringing in the ear
Tube is placed through the mouth and throat into the trachea to...
Blood cond. where there is a lack of hemoglobin.
Hardening of the arteries
Ovarian hormone that promotes female secondary sex characteristics and...
Blood platelet, cell that clots
Chronic neurologic disorder marked by destruction of the myelin sheath...
Pert. to side.
Hernia of the urinary bladder
Blood platelet, cell that clots
Bursting forth or excessive flow of blood.
Pert. to side.
Thym/o
Drug used in the treatment of angina (pectoris). It dilates coronary...
Abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the skin.  
Lapar/o
Lying on back (face up, palms up)
Rapid onset, has severe symptoms and brief in duration.
Feeling of discomfort, "bad feeling"
Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity between the pleura and...
Process of expelling urine.
Spec. who studies body tissue
The bodily fluid excreted by the kidneys, conveyed through the...
Difficulty swallowing
High blood pressure
The bodily fluid excreted by the kidneys, conveyed through the...
Poiesis
A sliding back; reocurrence of symptoms of a disease
Difficulty swallowing
Removal of waste materials (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) from the...
Absence of menstrual flow.
Production of milk.
Removal (excision) of a breast.
Disruption of the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.
Lack of appetite
Sensation of ringing in the ear
Extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the...
Series of x-ray pictures showing cross-sectional, axial, or transverse...
Without rhythm; an irregular beat of the heart.
Disease of the heart muscle
Listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope.
Epistaxis
Inflammation of pancreas
Spec. who examines biopsy samples microscopically and examines dead...
Muscular layer of the heart.
Epistaxis
Disruption of the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.
Chronic neurologic disorder marked by destruction of the myelin sheath...
Chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia.
Study of cause of a disease
Surgical repair of a blood vessel
Visual examination of the abdomen
Tests that measure the ventilation (breathing) mechanics of the lung.
Spec. who examines biopsy samples microscopically and examines dead...
Spec. who studies body tissue
Blood in urine
Near the point of attachment to trunk.
Abnorm. cond. of death
Fat tumor
Vomiting blood
-pexy
Collection fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles of the lung
Malig. tumor in liver.
Pert. to back portion of body.
Surg. repair of a vessel.
Of unknown cause or origin
Listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope.
Extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the...
Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura and associated with...
Process of cutting into.
Above another structure; pert. to head.
Difficult breathing
Sliding forward or downward
Vomiting blood
Pus in urine
The protrusion of an organ or muscular wall of an organ through the...
Slow movement
 Paralysis of the right or left half of the body.
Liver tumor that grows
Blood in urine
Process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone within the...
Release of an egg cell from an ovary.
Slow movement
Rapidly growing malignant tumor of the brain.
Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood.
Muscular layer of the heart.
Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in mucous secretions...
Process of breathing out or exhalation.
Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity between the pleura and...
Below another structure.
The protrusion of an organ or muscular wall of an organ through the...
New surgical opening between the stomach and duodenum
Hernia of the urinary bladder
Over developement in size.
Difficult breathing
Absence of menstrual flow.
Female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and...
Inability of an adult male to achieve an erection; erectile...
Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.
Surg. repair of a vessel.
Pert. to opposite side
Narrowing of the pyloric sphincter
Painful urination
Below another structure.
Lying on back (face up, palms up)
Pert. to internal organs
Endometrial tissue located outside of the uterus.
Sliding forward or downward
Absence of normal opening
Tests that measure the ventilation (breathing) mechanics of the lung.
Lymph/o
Horizontal plane dividing body into upper and lower portions.
Malig. tumor in liver.
Sial/o
Painful digestion; indigestion.
Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.
Male or female reproductive cell (ovum or sperm cell).
Pert. to internal organs
Softening of the bone.
Surg. puncture to remove fluid from amnion.
Tying off a tube or blood vessel. Thread or wire is used.
Drug used in the treatment of angina (pectoris). It dilates coronary...
Tube for injecting or removing fluids.
Stage in prenatal development from two to six weeks.
Over developement in size.
Abnorm. cond. of death
Visual examination of the abdomen
Pert. to middle.
Softening of the bone.
Chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia.
New surgical opening between the stomach and duodenum
Injection of drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots in the...
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines.
Removal of waste materials (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) from the...
Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura and associated with...
Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the...
Acute viral infection in children and infants marked by obstruction of...
Pert. to middle.
Fat tumor
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