Psy Kev 101 1-5

101 Questions | By Khoey88 | Updated: Mar 21, 2022 | Attempts: 407

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1.

Psychologists formally define learning as: Select one:
- A.
  
  A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that is due to past experience
- B.
  
  A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to drug treatment.
- C.
  
  Behavior changes that are the result of development or maturation.
- D.
  
  Replacing old habits with new habits.
2.

Helen always drives down Sheridan Avenue to go to the college campus. One morning Helen discovers that Sheridan Avenue is closed at 23rd Street because of flooding. Helen immediately takes a different route to the campus. How would psychologist Edward Tolman explain Helen's behavior? Select one:
- A.
  
  She is classically conditioned to fear water.
- B.
  
  She has formed a cognitive map of the area.
- C.
  
  Helen was observing the actions of others in the situation.
- D.
  
  The standing water was a reliable predictor of danger.
3.

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired? Select one:
- A.
  
  A stimulus and a response
- B.
  
  A neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response
- C.
  
  A behavioral response and a natural environmental consequence
- D.
  
  An unconditioned response and a conditioned response
4.

The famous Bobo doll studies showed that: Select one:
- A.
  
  Performance of a behavior was affected by the cognitive expectation of reinforcement or punishment.
- B.
  
  Negative reinforcement is less effective than positive reinforcement in changing behavior.
- C.
  
  Learned helplessness can be overcome through guided mastery experiences.
- D.
  
  Even emotional responses can be classically conditioned.
5.

Six-year-old Blair liked going to school right up until her first grade teacher, Ms. Hanemayer, took maternity leave. The substitute teacher, old Mrs. Snarly, was strict and scolded Blair on several occasions, making her cry. On one Saturday morning as Blair was helping her father with grocery shopping, she rounded the corner and came face to face with old Mrs. Snarly. Blair instantly burst into tears. Blair’s crying at just the sight of Mrs. Snarly is an example of: Select one:
- A.
  
  A conditioned stimulus.
- B.
  
  An unconditioned response.
- C.
  
  An unconditioned stimulus.
- D.
  
  A conditioned response
6.

Anthony is studying for his final exam the next day, but a friend calls and invites him to a party. Anthony really wants to go to the party, but he also needs a good grade on his final in order to maintain his standing on the Dean's Honor Roll and increase his chances of getting into medical school. Instead of thinking about how much fun the party will be, Anthony instead visualizes himself as a doctor, treating patients and performing surgery. What self-control strategy is Anthony using?
- A.
  
  Self-reinforcement
- B.
  
  Precommitment
- C.
  
  Focusing on the delayed reinforcer
- D.
  
  Stimulus control
7.

Which behavior is a reflex, meaning that it is governed by the nervous system and occurs automatically? Select one:
- A.
  
  Walking to reach for an object
- B.
  
  Throwing a ball on command
- C.
  
  Salivating shivering in response to cold
- D.
  
  Speaking after being spoken to
8.

Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as: Select one:
- A.
  
  Voluntary behaviors are to involuntary behaviors.
- B.
  
  Elicited behaviors are to emitted behaviors.
- C.
  
  Consequences are to positive reinforcement.
- D.
  
  Elicited behaviors are to reflexive behaviors
9.

In response to cutting up an onion, airborne irritants released by the onion body will cause your eyes to tear. Using Pavlov's terminology, the tears would be termed a(n): Select one:
- A.
  
  Unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
- B.
  
  Unconditioned response (UCR).
- C.
  
  Conditioned stimulus (CS).
- D.
  
  conditioned response (CR).
10.

Which of the following statements best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning? Select one:
- A.
  
  Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.
- B.
  
  By pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus, the neutral stimulus can come to produce the same response.
- C.
  
  Mental processes play a critical role in the process of imitating the behavior of others.
- D.
  
  Behavior can only be understood by considering underlying mental processes.
11.

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after one minute has elapsed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. Select one:
- A.
  
  Fixed-interval
- B.
  
  Fixed-ratio
- C.
  
  Variable-interval
- D.
  
  Variable-ratio
12.

A _____ reinforcer is one that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a _____ reinforcer. Select one:
- A.
  
  Negative; positive
- B.
  
  Conditioned; punishing
- C.
  
  Primary; conditioned
- D.
  
  Conditioned; primary
13.

Terry wants his teenage daughter, Lauren, to help him with the housework, so he tells her that she can play “The Sims” on his computer as soon as she finishes doing the dinner dishes and putting away the clean laundry. Which strategy is Terry using? Select one:
- A.
  
  The Premack principle
- B.
  
  Time-out from positive reinforcement
- C.
  
  Reinforcing an incompatible behavior
- D.
  
  Punishment by removal
14.

In operant conditioning, reinforcement is: Select one:
- A.
  
  Related to internal events that are subsequently observable through overt behavior.
- B.
  
  Maintained by associations made with other learned stimuli.
- C.
  
  Defined by the effect that it produces—increasing or strengthening behavior.
- D.
  
  Based upon behaviors that are elicited by discriminative stimuli.
15.

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called: Select one:
- A.
  
  Stimulus discrimination.
- B.
  
  Stimulus generalization.
- C.
  
  Conditioning.
- D.
  
  Extinction.
16.

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as: Select one:
- A.
  
  Addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus.
- B.
  
  Primary reinforcer is to conditioned reinforcer.
- C.
  
  Increase in behavior is to decrease in behavior.
- D.
  
  Addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of a reinforcing stimulus.
17.

Caleb had a wonderful time on his first date with Shauna. Because of this, he asked Shauna to go out on a second date. What best explains Caleb’s behavior of asking Shauna for another date? Select one:
- A.
  
  Latent learning
- B.
  
  Response generalization
- C.
  
  Spontaneous recovery
- D.
  
  The law of effect
18.

Who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning? Select one:
- A.
  
  Robert Rescorla
- B.
  
  B. F. Skinner
- C.
  
  John B. Watson
- D.
  
  Ivan Pavlov
19.

Every Friday, Dr. Cruz would give a quiz in his psychology class. Students quickly learned to be nervous on Friday mornings, just before each quiz. Halfway through the semester, Dr. Cruz stopped giving quizzes on Fridays and the students' anxiety began to diminish with each passing week in which there was no quiz. The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of:
- A.
  
  Spontaneous recovery.
- B.
  
  Extinction.
- C.
  
  Stimulus generalization.
- D.
  
  Latent learning.
20.

Jake is a recovering alcoholic. He has not had a drink of alcohol in over 6 months. One of the strategies that Jake has used to remain abstinent has been to stay away from bars, avoid parties in which alcohol is served, and even find new friends who do not drink alcohol. Jake is overcoming the short-term reinforcement he associated with alcohol use by using which strategy?
- A.
  
  Reinforcement delay
- B.
  
  Negative reinforcement
- C.
  
  Motivational commitment
- D.
  
  Stimulus control
21.

A group of techniques that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness is a definition of:
- A.
  
  Memory consolidation.
- B.
  
  Somnambulism.
- C.
  
  Meditation.
- D.
  
  Age regression.
22.

Animals: Select one:
- A.
  
  Experience global brain deactivation during sleep and do not dream.
- B.
  
  Experience sleep cycles in which REM sleep alternates with slow-wave NREM sleep.
- C.
  
  Only experience NREM sleep.
- D.
  
  Only experience REM sleep during mating season.
23.

What happens in the brain of a person who is physically addicted to an addictive drug, such as cocaine, heroin, or nicotine? Select one:
- A.
  
  The number of dopamine receptors in the brain’s reward system decreases.
- B.
  
  The number of endorphin receptors in the brain’s reward system decreases.
- C.
  
  The number of dopamine receptors in the brain’s reward system increases but the number of endorphin receptors in the brain’s motivation system drops.
- D.
  
  It varies greatly, depending upon the specific addictive drug.
24.

PET scans of former methamphetamine users showed that even after months of abstinence: Select one:
- A.
  
  They experienced occasional episodes of delirium tremens.
- B.
  
  They had an abnormally low number of dopamine receptors and transporters.
- C.
  
  They had an abnormally low number of serotonin receptors and transporters.
- D.
  
  Withdrawal symptoms of “crashing” and flashbacks were still common.
25.

The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is: Select one:
- A.
  
  Heroin.
- B.
  
  Marijuana.
- C.
  
  Cocaine.
- D.
  
  Caffeine.