Psy Kev 101 1-5

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1/101 Questions

Which part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons? Select one:
- Axon
- Nucleus
- Dendrite
- Sodium ion membrane

About This Quiz

PSY kev 101 1-5 quiz assesses understanding of psychological learning theories. It covers concepts such as behavior changes, cognitive maps, classical conditioning, observational learning, and self-control strategies, highlighting their practical applications and relevance in real-life scenarios.

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2.

In combination, the brain and spinal cord make up the: Select one:
- Peripheral nervous system.
- Autonomic nervous system.
- Central nervous system.
- Somatic nervous system.
Correct Answer

A. Central nervous system.

Explanation

The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system. This system is responsible for processing and coordinating information from the body and is involved in controlling all bodily functions. The central nervous system is the main control center of the body and is essential for overall functioning and communication within the body.

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3.

After too many drinks at a party, your friend awkwardly stumbles into a table, almost knocking it over. Your friend's coordination for simple actions, such as walking between two tables, is reduced because the alcohol has affected his: Select one:
- Medulla.
- Cerebellum.
- Thalamus.
- Somatosensory cortex.
Correct Answer

A. Cerebellum.

Explanation

The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, including balance and coordination. Alcohol affects the cerebellum, impairing its functioning and leading to reduced coordination and balance.

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4.

Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method? Select one:
- Formulate a hypothesis that can be tested empirically
- Design the study and collect data
- Analyze the data and draw conclusions
- Apply the findings to solve human problems
Correct Answer

A. Apply the findings to solve human problems

Explanation

The scientific method involves formulating a hypothesis, designing a study and collecting data, analyzing the data and drawing conclusions. However, applying the findings to solve human problems is not a step in the scientific method. The scientific method is primarily focused on understanding and explaining natural phenomena, rather than directly solving human problems.

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5.

Jake is a recovering alcoholic. He has not had a drink of alcohol in over 6 months. One of the strategies that Jake has used to remain abstinent has been to stay away from bars, avoid parties in which alcohol is served, and even find new friends who do not drink alcohol. Jake is overcoming the short-term reinforcement he associated with alcohol use by using which strategy?
- Reinforcement delay
- Negative reinforcement
- Motivational commitment
- Stimulus control
Correct Answer

A. Stimulus control

Explanation

Jake is using the strategy of stimulus control to overcome the short-term reinforcement he associated with alcohol use. By staying away from bars, avoiding parties with alcohol, and finding new friends who do not drink, Jake is removing the environmental cues and triggers that previously reinforced his alcohol use. This strategy helps Jake to control his exposure to alcohol-related stimuli and reduces the likelihood of relapse.

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6.

Psychologists are guided by the basic scientific assumption that events are lawful. What does this mean to psychologists? Select one:
- Observation, measurement, and experimentation.
- Intuition, logic, and critical thinking
- Experience, philosopy, and opinion.
- Experience, logic, and statistics.
Correct Answer

A. Observation, measurement, and experimentation.

Explanation

Psychologists are guided by the basic scientific assumption that events are lawful, meaning that they believe that events can be studied and understood through observation, measurement, and experimentation. They rely on empirical evidence and systematic methods to gather data and test hypotheses. This approach allows psychologists to make objective and evidence-based conclusions about human behavior and mental processes.

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7.

Which of the following statements best explains why consciousness has been viewed as a “stream” or “river”? Select one:
- Even though the contents of consciousness are constantly changing, we subjectively experience consciousness as being continuous and unbroken.
- Although we are aware of some of the contents of consciousness, consciousness can only be understood if you look below the “water line” at thought processes of which we are unaware.
- Consciousness can only be understood by looking at the environmental forces that shape our conscious thoughts.
- Consciousness can only be understood by using introspection.
Correct Answer

A. Even though the contents of consciousness are constantly changing, we subjectively experience consciousness as being continuous and unbroken.

Explanation

The statement explains that consciousness is viewed as a "stream" or "river" because even though the contents of consciousness are constantly changing, we subjectively experience consciousness as being continuous and unbroken. This suggests that our conscious experience flows seamlessly from one moment to the next, similar to how a stream or river flows continuously.

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8.

Dreaming usually takes place during _____ sleep and is typically accompanied by _____. Select one:
- NREM; voluntary muscle movements, including thrashing and sleepwalking
- Deep; minimal brain activity
- REM; voluntary muscle movements, talking, and sleepwalking
- REM; physiological arousal, brain activity, and rapid movement of the eyes
Correct Answer

A. REM; physiological arousal, brain activity, and rapid movement of the eyes

Explanation

During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, dreaming usually takes place. This stage of sleep is characterized by physiological arousal, increased brain activity, and rapid movement of the eyes.

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9.

You can easily distinguish between a tuna fish salad sandwich and a chicken salad sandwich by their smell, because airborne molecules from tuna salad and chicken salad: Select one:
- Stimulate two different patterns of odor receptors in the nasal cavity.
- Stimulate different sensory thresholds.
- Each stimulates a different odor receptor in the nasal cavity.
- Generate neural impulses along two different sensory pathways.
Correct Answer

A. Stimulate two different patterns of odor receptors in the nasal cavity.

Explanation

Airborne molecules from different substances stimulate different patterns of odor receptors in the nasal cavity. This means that the molecules from tuna salad and chicken salad will interact with different receptors in the nose, resulting in distinct patterns of activation. As a result, our brain can perceive and distinguish the smells of tuna fish salad and chicken salad sandwiches based on these different patterns of odor receptor stimulation.

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10.

Learning to exert conscious voluntary control over automatic body functions such as respiration, heartbeat, and skin temperature is called: Select one:
- Acupuncture.
- Gate control.
- Biofeedback.
- Counterirritation.
Correct Answer

A. Biofeedback.

Explanation

Biofeedback is the correct answer because it refers to the process of learning to control involuntary body functions through the use of electronic monitoring devices that provide information about those functions. Acupuncture, gate control, and counterirritation are not related to the conscious voluntary control of body functions.

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11.

The two main subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system are the _____ nervous system and the _____ nervous system. Select one:
- Sympathetic; parasympathetic
- Somatic; autonomic
- Autonomic; spinal
- Reticular; adrenal
Correct Answer

A. Somatic; autonomic

Explanation

The correct answer is somatic; autonomic. The peripheral nervous system is divided into two main subdivisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and sensory information, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

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12.

Which of the following best defines a neurotransmitter? Select one:
- A chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons
- A special magnetic wave used to generate detailed images of individual neurons
- A chemical communicator manufactured by glial cells
- A microscopic channel through which sodium and potassium ions pass
Correct Answer

A. A chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons

Explanation

A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries signals between neurons by crossing the synaptic gap. It is responsible for transmitting information from one neuron to another, allowing for communication within the nervous system.

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13.

The three basic types of neurons are: Select one:
- Glial cells, nodes of Ranvier, and myelin.
- Dendritic neurons, axonal neurons, and body neurons.
- Excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, and interleaved neurons.
- Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
Correct Answer

A. Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

Explanation

The correct answer is sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. These three types of neurons are responsible for different functions in the nervous system. Sensory neurons transmit information from sensory organs to the central nervous system, motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, and interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons, allowing for communication and integration of information within the nervous system.

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14.

In a carefully conducted study, which of the following therapies was shown to relieve pain and improve function in 500 patients with arthritis of the knee? Select one:
- Magnet therapy
- Massage therapy
- Biofeedback
- Acupuncture
Correct Answer

A. Acupuncture

Explanation

Acupuncture was shown to relieve pain and improve function in 500 patients with arthritis of the knee. This suggests that acupuncture may be an effective therapy for managing pain and improving function in individuals with knee arthritis.

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15.

Which of the following neurotransmitters is implicated in Alzheimer's disease? Select one:
- Serotonin
- Dopamin
- Acetylcholine
- GABA
Correct Answer

A. Acetylcholine

Explanation

Acetylcholine is the correct answer because it is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in memory and learning. In Alzheimer's disease, there is a significant decrease in acetylcholine levels in the brain, leading to cognitive decline and memory loss. This neurotransmitter is involved in transmitting signals between neurons and is essential for proper brain function. Therefore, the impairment of acetylcholine function is closely associated with the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease.

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16.

Many brain functions involve the activation of _____ that link different brain regions. Select one:
- Hormones
- Reflexes
- Neural pathways
- Nerves
Correct Answer

A. Neural pathways

Explanation

Neural pathways are the connections between different regions of the brain that allow for communication and coordination of various brain functions. These pathways transmit electrical signals and information between different areas, enabling the integration of sensory information, motor control, and cognitive processes. Activation of neural pathways is essential for the functioning of the brain and the coordination of different brain regions. Hormones, reflexes, and nerves are not directly involved in the activation and linking of different brain regions.

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17.

The point of communication between two neurons is called the: Select one:
- Refractory.
- Conjunction.
- Glial cell.
- Synapse.
Correct Answer

A. Synapse.

Explanation

The point of communication between two neurons is called a synapse. This is where the electrical signal from one neuron is transmitted to another neuron. At the synapse, neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, allowing for the transmission of the signal. The synapse plays a crucial role in the communication and functioning of the nervous system.

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18.

Which of the following best represents psychology's basic goals? Select one:
- Investigate and treat mental illness
- Describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior Correct
- Listen to, counsel, and console people with problems
- Apply the findings of animal research to abnormal behavior
Correct Answer

A. Describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior Correct

Explanation

Psychology's basic goals are to describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior. This involves studying and understanding human behavior, thoughts, and emotions, as well as identifying patterns and making predictions about future behavior. By gaining this knowledge, psychologists can also develop interventions and strategies to influence and modify behavior in a positive way.

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19.

A _____ reinforcer is one that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a _____ reinforcer. Select one:
- Negative; positive
- Conditioned; punishing
- Primary; conditioned
- Conditioned; primary
Correct Answer

A. Conditioned; primary

Explanation

A conditioned reinforcer is one that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer. This means that the conditioned reinforcer becomes reinforcing through its association with a primary reinforcer, such as food or water. The conditioned reinforcer may initially have no inherent reinforcing value, but through repeated pairing with a primary reinforcer, it becomes a powerful motivator.

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20.

Animals: Select one:
- Experience global brain deactivation during sleep and do not dream.
- Experience sleep cycles in which REM sleep alternates with slow-wave NREM sleep.
- Only experience NREM sleep.
- Only experience REM sleep during mating season.
Correct Answer

A. Experience sleep cycles in which REM sleep alternates with slow-wave NREM sleep.

Explanation

Animals experience sleep cycles in which REM sleep alternates with slow-wave NREM sleep. This means that animals go through different stages of sleep, including both REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and slow-wave NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep. During REM sleep, animals may exhibit behaviors such as dreaming or rapid eye movements. Slow-wave NREM sleep is a deep and restorative sleep stage. The alternating cycles of REM and NREM sleep help animals to get the necessary rest and recovery they need for optimal functioning.

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21.

What makes sensation possible? Select one:
- Perception
- Absolute thresholds
- Weber's law
- Sensory receptors
Correct Answer

A. Sensory receptors

Explanation

Sensory receptors are responsible for detecting and responding to various stimuli from the environment, such as light, sound, pressure, and temperature. These receptors convert these stimuli into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the brain for further processing and interpretation. Without sensory receptors, our body would not be able to detect and perceive the sensations that allow us to interact with the world around us. Therefore, sensory receptors are what make sensation possible.

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22.

The factors in a hypothesis that can vary or change are called the: Select one:
- Theories.
- Variables.
- Dependent correlations.
- Coefficients.
Correct Answer

A. Variables.

Explanation

The factors in a hypothesis that can vary or change are called variables. Variables are the elements that can be manipulated or measured in an experiment or study. They are the characteristics or conditions that researchers believe may have an effect on the outcome of the study. By identifying and studying these variables, researchers can better understand the relationship between them and make conclusions about cause and effect.

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23.

Which of the following would be an acceptable operational definition for anxiety? Select one:
- An unpleasant emotional state
- Feelings of worry, tension, dread, or fear
- Asking people to rate their current level of anxiety on a 1-to-10 scale
- None of the other alternatives is correct because anxiety is a subjective emotional state that cannot be operationally defined.
Correct Answer

A. Asking people to rate their current level of anxiety on a 1-to-10 scale

Explanation

Asking people to rate their current level of anxiety on a 1-to-10 scale would be an acceptable operational definition for anxiety because it provides a measurable and quantifiable way to assess anxiety. This definition allows for individuals to self-report their own anxiety levels, which can be compared and analyzed across different individuals or situations.

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24.

In operant conditioning, reinforcement is: Select one:
- Related to internal events that are subsequently observable through overt behavior.
- Maintained by associations made with other learned stimuli.
- Defined by the effect that it produces—increasing or strengthening behavior.
- Based upon behaviors that are elicited by discriminative stimuli.
Correct Answer

A. Defined by the effect that it produces—increasing or strengthening behavior.

Explanation

Reinforcement in operant conditioning is defined by the effect it produces, which is an increase or strengthening of behavior. This means that when a behavior is reinforced, it is more likely to occur again in the future. This can be achieved through various means, such as providing rewards or positive consequences for the behavior. The focus is on the outcome or consequence of the behavior, rather than any internal events or associations with other stimuli.

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25.

Who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning? Select one:
- Robert Rescorla
- B. F. Skinner
- John B. Watson
- Ivan Pavlov
Correct Answer

A. Ivan Pavlov

Explanation

Ivan Pavlov is credited with discovering the basic process of classical conditioning. He conducted experiments with dogs, where he observed that the dogs would salivate in response to the sound of a bell after repeatedly pairing the sound with the presentation of food. This led to the understanding that a neutral stimulus (the bell) could elicit a conditioned response (salivation) through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus (food). Pavlov's work laid the foundation for understanding how associations are formed between stimuli and responses, and his findings have had a significant impact on the field of psychology.

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26.

REM sleep is also called: Select one:
- Paradoxical sleep.
- NREM sleep.
- Sleep spindles.
- Hypnagogic hallucinations.
Correct Answer

A. Paradoxical sleep.

Explanation

REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because during this stage of sleep, the brain is highly active and resembles the waking state, while the body is in a state of paralysis. This paradoxical combination of brain activity and muscle relaxation is what gives REM sleep its name. It is characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreaming, and increased brain activity, making it distinct from NREM sleep. Sleep spindles and hypnagogic hallucinations are not terms used to describe REM sleep.

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27.

The term ___________ is used to describe the condition in which a person has adapted to a drug and must continue to take it regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Select one:
- Dissociation
- Rebound syndrome
- Physical dependence
- Drug abuse
Correct Answer

A. Physical dependence

Explanation

Physical dependence is the term used to describe the condition in which a person has adapted to a drug and must continue to take it regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms. This means that their body has become reliant on the drug and needs it to function normally. If they were to suddenly stop taking the drug, they would experience withdrawal symptoms as their body adjusts to the absence of the drug. This is different from drug abuse, which refers to the misuse or excessive use of a drug.

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28.

Which of the following techniques has NOT been shown to be effective in reducing pain? Select one:
- Biofeedback
- Magnets
- Acupuncture
- Deep relaxation and imagery
Correct Answer

A. Magnets

Explanation

Magnets have not been shown to be effective in reducing pain. While techniques such as biofeedback, acupuncture, and deep relaxation and imagery have been studied and shown to have some effectiveness in reducing pain, there is limited scientific evidence to support the use of magnets for pain relief.

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29.

Descriptive research methods: Select one:
- Typically answer the "who, what, where, when, and how often" questions about behavior.
- Are no longer used in contemporary psychology.
- Have been replaced by sophisticated brain imaging techniques.
- Provide the most compelling evidence of cause-and-effect relationships.
Correct Answer

A. Typically answer the "who, what, where, when, and how often" questions about behavior.

Explanation

Descriptive research methods are used to answer questions about behavior by providing information on the "who, what, where, when, and how often" aspects of the behavior. These methods involve observing and documenting behavior without manipulating any variables. They are still widely used in contemporary psychology as they provide valuable insights into various behaviors and help researchers understand patterns and trends. Brain imaging techniques, on the other hand, are not a replacement for descriptive research methods as they focus more on understanding the neural processes underlying behavior rather than providing descriptive information. Additionally, descriptive research methods do not provide direct evidence of cause-and-effect relationships, but they can contribute to the development of hypotheses for further research.

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30.

Psychologists formally define learning as: Select one:
- A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that is due to past experience
- A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to drug treatment.
- Behavior changes that are the result of development or maturation.
- Replacing old habits with new habits.
Correct Answer

A. A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that is due to past experience

Explanation

Psychologists define learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that is a result of past experience. This means that when individuals learn, their behavior or knowledge is permanently altered as a result of the experiences they have had in the past. This definition emphasizes that learning is not a temporary or short-term change, but rather a lasting transformation that occurs as a result of past experiences.

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31.

Kenyon was picked up by police after he became extremely violent and aggressive at a street party. After he attacked two of the police officers, they put handcuffs on him but he seemed invulnerable to pain. Even after he was put in the back of the squad car, he was completely disoriented and seemed to have no idea where he was. Kenyon was probably under the influence of which of the following drugs? Select one:
- Marijuana
- MDMA (ecstasy)
- Heroin
- PCP (phencyclidine)
Correct Answer

A. PCP (phencyclidine)

Explanation

Kenyon's extreme aggression, invulnerability to pain, disorientation, and lack of awareness of his surroundings are consistent with the effects of PCP (phencyclidine). PCP is known to cause aggressive and violent behavior, as well as a dissociative state where individuals may feel detached from reality and experience confusion. It can also cause a numbing effect, making individuals less sensitive to pain. Therefore, based on Kenyon's behavior and symptoms, it is likely that he was under the influence of PCP.

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32.

According to psychologists, the formal meaning of the term drug abuse is: Select one:
- The use of any drug to alter consciousness.
- The use of any illegal drug.
- Recurrent drug use that results in disrupted academic, social, or occupational functioning, or in legal or psychological problems
- A pattern of recurrent drug use that results in physical addiction to an illegal drug.
Correct Answer

A. Recurrent drug use that results in disrupted academic, social, or occupational functioning, or in legal or psychological problems

Explanation

The formal meaning of the term drug abuse, according to psychologists, is recurrent drug use that leads to negative consequences such as disrupted academic, social, or occupational functioning, or legal or psychological problems. This definition emphasizes the harmful effects of drug use on various aspects of a person's life, beyond just the legality of the drug.

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33.

Jill runs a hot bath. She starts to get into the tub but the water feels extremely hot. She stands in the hot water for a few moments, then slowly sits down, easing the rest of her body into the water. After a few minutes, she feels quite comfortable; the water no longer feels too hot to her. Jill has experienced: Select one:
- Sensory anesthesia.
- Sensory numbing.
- Sensory adaptation.
- Weber's law.
Correct Answer

A. Sensory adaptation.

Explanation

Sensory adaptation refers to the process by which our sensory receptors become less responsive to a constant stimulus over time. In this scenario, Jill initially feels the water in the tub as extremely hot, but as she stays in the water, her sensory receptors adapt to the constant temperature, and she starts to feel comfortable. This change in perception of the water's temperature is an example of sensory adaptation.

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34.

To identify which brain areas are most active when a person suffering from schizophrenia has hallucinations, researchers could use _____ to track the use of glucose throughout the brain. Select one:
- The MRI scan
- The PET scan
- The CAT scan
- Lesions
Correct Answer

A. The PET scan

Explanation

To identify which brain areas are most active when a person suffering from schizophrenia has hallucinations, researchers could use the PET scan to track the use of glucose throughout the brain. PET scans involve injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream, which is taken up by the brain cells. The tracer emits positrons that can be detected by the PET scanner, allowing researchers to measure the metabolic activity of different brain regions. By comparing the metabolic activity during hallucinations to baseline levels, researchers can identify the specific brain areas that are most active during these experiences.

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35.

Which statement best characterizes the evolutionary perspective of psychology? Select one:
- Human behavior is best understood in terms of the individual capacity for growth, free will, and self-direction.
- To fully understand human behavior, you must understand how behavior varies among different cultures
- A given psychological process exists in the form it does because the process solved a specific problem of individual survival or reproduction that repeatedly occurred over the course of human history.
- As medical and technological advances have evolved, the biological basis of behavior should be the primary focus of contemporary psychology.
Correct Answer

A. A given psychological process exists in the form it does because the process solved a specific problem of individual survival or reproduction that repeatedly occurred over the course of human history.

Explanation

The evolutionary perspective of psychology suggests that a given psychological process exists in its current form because it served a specific purpose in terms of individual survival or reproduction throughout human history. This perspective emphasizes the idea that human behavior and psychological processes have evolved over time to adapt to the challenges and demands of the environment. By understanding the evolutionary origins of these processes, psychologists can gain insights into why certain behaviors and cognitive processes exist and how they have contributed to human survival and reproduction.

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36.

Psychologist Oliver was interested in whether men and women differ in sexual attitudes. She found that more than 170 studies had already been published on this issue. Using _____, she combined the results of these studies and analyzed the data for overall trends. Select one:
- Meta-analysis
- Naturalistic observation
- An experimental group
- Graphology
Correct Answer

A. Meta-analysis

Explanation

The psychologist used meta-analysis to combine the results of the 170 studies on sexual attitudes in men and women and analyze the data for overall trends. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that allows researchers to combine and analyze data from multiple studies on a specific topic to draw conclusions about the overall effect or trend.

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37.

Which behavior is a reflex, meaning that it is governed by the nervous system and occurs automatically? Select one:
- Walking to reach for an object
- Throwing a ball on command
- Salivating shivering in response to cold
- Speaking after being spoken to
Correct Answer

A. Salivating shivering in response to cold

Explanation

Salivating and shivering in response to cold are reflex behaviors because they are governed by the nervous system and occur automatically. These behaviors are involuntary and do not require conscious thought or effort. When the body detects cold temperatures, the nervous system triggers the reflexes of salivating and shivering as a means to protect and regulate the body's temperature.

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38.

In response to cutting up an onion, airborne irritants released by the onion body will cause your eyes to tear. Using Pavlov's terminology, the tears would be termed a(n): Select one:
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
- Unconditioned response (UCR).
- Conditioned stimulus (CS).
- conditioned response (CR).
Correct Answer

A. Unconditioned response (UCR).

Explanation

When you cut up an onion, the irritants released by the onion body cause your eyes to tear. This is an involuntary response that occurs naturally without any prior conditioning. In Pavlov's terminology, this type of response is called an unconditioned response (UCR). It is an automatic and unlearned reaction to the irritants in the onion.

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39.

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after one minute has elapsed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. Select one:
- Fixed-interval
- Fixed-ratio
- Variable-interval
- Variable-ratio
Correct Answer

A. Fixed-interval

Explanation

In a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement, the reinforcement is delivered after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. In this scenario, the rat is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after one minute has elapsed. This means that the reinforcement is delivered on a fixed schedule, specifically after a fixed interval of one minute. Therefore, the rat is on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.

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40.

Caleb had a wonderful time on his first date with Shauna. Because of this, he asked Shauna to go out on a second date. What best explains Caleb’s behavior of asking Shauna for another date? Select one:
- Latent learning
- Response generalization
- Spontaneous recovery
- The law of effect
Correct Answer

A. The law of effect

Explanation

The law of effect suggests that Caleb's behavior of asking Shauna for another date is motivated by the positive experience he had on their first date. According to this principle, behaviors that are followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated in the future. In this case, Caleb's enjoyment of the first date likely reinforced his desire to go on a second date with Shauna.

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41.

A group of techniques that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness is a definition of:
- Memory consolidation.
- Somnambulism.
- Meditation.
- Age regression.
Correct Answer

A. Meditation.

Explanation

Meditation is a practice that involves inducing an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness. It is a technique used to calm the mind, increase self-awareness, and promote relaxation. Through various methods such as mindfulness, breathing exercises, and visualization, meditation can help individuals achieve a state of deep relaxation and mental clarity. This definition aligns with the concept of meditation and distinguishes it from the other options such as memory consolidation, somnambulism, and age regression, which do not involve the same techniques or goals as meditation.

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42.

Long-term methamphetamine use can produce damage to the brain's Select one:
- Visual system, impairing the ability to see fine details.
- Dopamine system, which is associated with memory and motor skill problems.
- Serotonin system, which is associated with severe depression.
- Anandamide system, which is associated with increased pain sensitivity.
Correct Answer

A. Dopamine system, which is associated with memory and motor skill problems.

Explanation

Long-term methamphetamine use can lead to damage in the brain's dopamine system, which is responsible for regulating memory and motor skills. This damage can result in problems with memory and motor skills, affecting the individual's ability to remember and perform physical movements efficiently.

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43.

As you play a Star Trek video game, you track all of the Romulan war ships as they fly across the screen, attacking your ship, the U.S.S. Enterprise. In visually tracking the movements on the screen, the _____ plays an important role. Select one:
- Hypothalamus
- Hindbrain
- Midbrain
- Pons
Correct Answer

A. Midbrain

Explanation

The midbrain plays an important role in visually tracking the movements on the screen during the Star Trek video game. The midbrain is responsible for processing visual information and coordinating eye movements. It helps in detecting and tracking the movements of the Romulan war ships as they attack the U.S.S. Enterprise.

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44.

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as: Select one:
- Addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus.
- Primary reinforcer is to conditioned reinforcer.
- Increase in behavior is to decrease in behavior.
- Addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of a reinforcing stimulus.
Correct Answer

A. Addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus.

Explanation

Positive reinforcement involves adding a reinforcing stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future. Negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future. Therefore, the relationship between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement is that the addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to the removal of an aversive stimulus.

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45.

In order to answer this test item, you must read the words on this page. Detecting the black marks on the page relies on the process of _____, and the ability to interpret these black lines and curves as letters and words involves the process of _____. Select one:
- Sensory threshold; sensory receptors
- Sensation; perception
- Writing; reading
- Sensory capacity; sensory adaptation
Correct Answer

A. Sensation; perception

Explanation

The correct answer is "sensation; perception." Sensation refers to the process of detecting and receiving information from the environment through our sensory organs, such as seeing the black marks on the page. Perception, on the other hand, involves the interpretation and understanding of these sensory inputs, allowing us to recognize the black lines and curves as letters and words.

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46.

The inner ear includes which of the following structures? Select one:
- The pinna, cochlea, and stirrup
- The cochlea, basilar membrane, and hair cells
- The anvil, oval window, and inner window
- The eardrum, oval window, and basilar membrane
Correct Answer

A. The cochlea, basilar membrane, and hair cells

Explanation

The inner ear includes the cochlea, basilar membrane, and hair cells. The cochlea is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The basilar membrane is a structure within the cochlea that vibrates in response to different frequencies of sound, allowing us to perceive different pitches. Hair cells are located on the basilar membrane and help to convert the mechanical vibrations of sound into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the brain for processing.

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47.

The outer ear consists of the: Select one:
- Earlobe and eardrum.
- Pinna and earlobe.
- Timbre, earlobe, and skin.
- Pinna, ear canal, and eardrum.
Correct Answer

A. Pinna, ear canal, and eardrum.

Explanation

The correct answer is pinna, ear canal, and eardrum. The pinna is the visible part of the ear that helps collect sound waves and direct them into the ear canal. The ear canal is a tube-like structure that carries the sound waves to the eardrum. The eardrum is a thin membrane that vibrates in response to the sound waves, transmitting the vibrations to the middle ear.

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48.

What keeps an action potential continuing down an axon? Select one:
- At each successive segment of the axon, the action potential is regenerated by depolarization and the movement of ions across the axon's membrane.
- Neurotransmitters are constantly being released to generate the action potential at each successive segment of the axon.
- Action potentials are conducted down the axon just as electricity is conducted through a wire.
- Ion channels open and close at the nodes of Ranvier, allowing neurotransmitters to enter into the axon and regenerate an action potential at each node.
Correct Answer

A. At each successive segment of the axon, the action potential is regenerated by depolarization and the movement of ions across the axon's membrane.

Explanation

The action potential is a self-regenerating process that continues down the axon by depolarization and the movement of ions across the axon's membrane. At each segment of the axon, the depolarization causes the opening of ion channels, allowing ions to flow in and out of the axon, which regenerates the action potential and allows it to propagate down the axon. This process repeats at each successive segment, ensuring that the action potential continues to travel along the axon.

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49.

Information from specialized cells in the sense organs is conveyed to the brain by: Select one:
- Sensory neurons
- Glial cells
- Motor neurons
- Hormones
Correct Answer

A. Sensory neurons

Explanation

Specialized cells in the sense organs, such as the eyes, ears, nose, and skin, detect sensory information and convert it into electrical signals. These electrical signals are then transmitted to the brain through sensory neurons. Sensory neurons are responsible for carrying sensory information from the sense organs to the brain, allowing us to perceive and interpret our surroundings. Glial cells provide support and insulation to neurons, motor neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the brain to the muscles, and hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions. Therefore, the correct answer is sensory neurons.

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Psy Kev 101 1-5

Which part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons? Select one:

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The outer ear consists of the: Select one:

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