Behavioural Therapy - Qp1

The concept of identification comes from psychoanalysis and played an important role in Freud's theorising. Freud believed that identification is a psychological process in which an individual unconsciously models their behavior, attitudes, and beliefs after another person, typically a parent or authority figure. This concept was fundamental in Freud's understanding of personality development and the formation of the ego.

Developmental psychologists study the development of behaviors and aim to understand why and how they emerge at specific stages. They investigate various factors such as genetics, environment, and social interactions to gain insights into the developmental processes. Therefore, it is accurate to say that developmental psychologists are indeed concerned with the development of behaviors and the timing of their occurrence.

Human development is determined by a continuous interaction between heredity and environment. Heredity refers to the genetic factors that are passed down from parents to their offspring, influencing traits and characteristics. Environment, on the other hand, encompasses the external factors such as social, cultural, and physical surroundings that an individual is exposed to. The interaction between these two factors plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's growth and development, as both genetics and environmental experiences contribute to various aspects of human development, including physical, cognitive, and emotional development.

The statement "Adult behaviour and personality characteristics are influenced by events that occur during the later years of life" is false. Adult behavior and personality characteristics are influenced by a combination of genetic factors, early life experiences, and ongoing environmental factors throughout a person's life. While events that occur during the later years of life can certainly have an impact, they are not the sole determinants of adult behavior and personality.

Adolescents go through a phase of self-discovery and identity formation, during which they try to make sense of their values and beliefs. They attempt to integrate these various values and appraisals into a cohesive and coherent sense of self. This process of synthesis helps them develop a consistent picture of who they are and what they stand for. Therefore, the statement that adolescents try to synthesise these values and appraisals into a consistent picture is true.

The search for personal identity involves formulating standards of conduct for evaluating one's own behavior as well as the behavior of others because establishing a set of principles and values helps individuals understand what is acceptable or not in their actions and interactions with others. Additionally, feelings about one's own worth and competence are also part of the search for personal identity as individuals need to develop a sense of self-worth and confidence in their abilities to navigate through life and make meaningful contributions.

Freud's "Psychosocial Stages" actually refer to Erik Erikson's theory, not Freud's. Erikson's theory describes the different stages of psychosocial development that individuals go through, each with its own unique challenge or crisis to be resolved. Freud, on the other hand, is known for his psychosexual stages of development. Therefore, the statement that Freud's "Psychosocial Stages" describe problems or crises in social relations is incorrect.

The concept of stages implies that behaviours at a given stage are organized around a dominant theme, meaning that there is a common focus or pattern of behaviors that are characteristic of that particular stage. Additionally, all children go through the same stages in the same order, suggesting that there is a universal sequence of development that is followed by all individuals. This idea of stages allows for the understanding and prediction of typical patterns of development and helps to identify any deviations or delays in development.

Maturation refers to the genetically predetermined sequences of growth or bodily changes that are relatively independent of environmental events. This means that maturation occurs according to a predetermined timeline, regardless of the environmental factors or influences. Therefore, the statement that maturation is relatively dependent on environmental events is incorrect.