Electronics & Communication Quiz - 2

The second information revolution refers to the invention of the rotating printing press. This invention, credited to Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, revolutionized the way information was disseminated. The rotating printing press allowed for the mass production of books and other printed materials, making them more accessible and affordable to the general public. This led to a significant increase in literacy rates and the spread of knowledge, marking a major milestone in the history of information technology.

The correct answer is the French MINITEL system. MINITEL was an early online service that allowed users to access a wide range of information and services through their television sets. It was introduced in France in the late 1970s and became widely popular in the 1980s. It offered features such as online shopping, email, chat rooms, and banking services. MINITEL was ahead of its time and paved the way for modern online utility services.

The function of the filament in a VT (vacuum tube) is to cause thermionic emission. Thermionic emission refers to the process of releasing electrons from a heated filament. When the filament is heated, it becomes hot enough to cause the electrons to escape and create a flow of current within the vacuum tube. This is an essential function of the filament as it allows the vacuum tube to conduct electricity and perform its intended purpose.

The machine cycle time is the time required to complete one instruction cycle in a computer system. In this question, it is given that the clock rate is 87kHz. The clock rate represents the number of clock cycles per second. To calculate the machine cycle time, we need to find the reciprocal of the clock rate. Therefore, the machine cycle time is 1/87kHz, which is approximately 11.5μs.

The correct answer is de Lee Forest. He is credited with inventing the vacuum triode, which is a type of electronic amplifier. The vacuum triode was a significant advancement in the field of electronics and played a crucial role in the development of radio technology. J. J. Thomson is known for his discovery of the electron, John Ambrose Fleming is known for inventing the first practical electron tube, and Thomas Alva Edison is known for his contributions to the development of the electric light bulb.

A PENTODE is a type of vacuum tube that has five electrodes. It is not a controlled source, meaning it does not have the ability to control or regulate the flow of current or voltage. Therefore, it cannot be classified as a VCVS (Voltage Controlled Voltage Source), CCVS (Current Controlled Voltage Source), or CCCS (Current Controlled Current Source). The only option left is VCCS (Voltage Controlled Current Source), which is the correct answer.

The correct answer is absolute permittivity. Absolute permittivity, denoted by εo, is a fundamental constant in physics that represents the ability of a material to store electrical energy in an electric field. It is a measure of how easily an electric field can penetrate a material. The value of εo is approximately 8.854 x 10^-12 farads per meter (F/m) in a vacuum.

John Ambrose Fleming is credited with inventing the vacuum diode. In 1904, he developed a device known as the Fleming valve, which was the first practical vacuum diode. This invention played a crucial role in the development of electronics and paved the way for the creation of more advanced electronic devices. Fleming's vacuum diode allowed the flow of electric current in only one direction, making it an essential component in early radio and telecommunications systems.

Exponential growth in chip processing power occurred till 1990 due to scaling. Scaling refers to the process of reducing the size of transistors on a chip, allowing more transistors to be packed onto the same area. As transistor size decreases, more transistors can be integrated onto a chip, leading to increased processing power. This scaling trend continued until the 1990s when it started to face physical limitations, such as heat dissipation and power consumption issues.

Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice structure. It is a two-dimensional material with exceptional properties such as high electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and flexibility. Being a mono layer means that it consists of only one layer, distinguishing it from bi-layer or multilayer graphene structures. Hence, the correct answer is Mono Layer.

The given answer suggests that a Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) chip with more than 1 million components is classified as a Pentium IV chip. This implies that the Pentium IV chip is an example of a VLSI chip with an extremely high level of integration, as it contains over 1 million components.

The correct answer is absolute permeability. Absolute permeability is a property of a material that measures its ability to allow magnetic flux to pass through it. It is represented by the symbol µo and is a constant value in a vacuum. It is used in calculations related to magnetic fields and electromagnetic waves.

The correct answer is 1913 because it is the only option that falls after the other given years. Since the question is asking for the year of the first long-distance telephone call using an amplifier, it can be inferred that the technology required for amplification was not available before 1913. Therefore, the correct answer must be 1913.

In 1971, the placement of 12 sub-systems of a computer on one Si-die refers to the development of a micro-processor. A micro-processor is a central processing unit (CPU) that integrates all the functions of a computer's central processing unit onto a single integrated circuit (IC) or chip. This advancement allowed for the miniaturization of computers and paved the way for the development of modern-day personal computers.

The Solid State Era started in 1949. This was the year when the first practical transistor, which is a key component of solid-state electronics, was invented at Bell Laboratories. The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics by replacing bulky and inefficient vacuum tubes. It paved the way for the development of smaller, more reliable, and more efficient electronic devices, leading to the rapid advancement of technology in the following decades.

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Moore's Law refers to the observation made by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, that the number of transistors on a microchip tends to double approximately every 18 months. This means that the packing density, or the number of transistors that can be placed on a chip, will double in 18 months. This law has been a driving force behind the rapid advancements in technology and the increasing power of computers over the years.

Thermionic emission refers to the process of electrons being emitted from a heated surface. At higher temperatures, more electrons gain enough energy to overcome the work function of the material and escape into the surrounding space. The given answer of 1000◦C suggests that this is the temperature at which a significant number of electrons are emitted through thermionic emission. At temperatures below 1000◦C, the number of emitted electrons would be lower, while at temperatures above 1000◦C, the emission would be even more pronounced.

Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It has unique properties such as high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength. These properties make graphene an ideal material for IC chips below 10nm. Its high electrical conductivity allows for faster and more efficient electron transport, while its mechanical strength ensures durability. Additionally, graphene's high thermal conductivity helps in dissipating heat generated during chip operation, preventing overheating issues. Therefore, graphene is the suitable material for IC chips below 10nm.

Graphite is a form of carbon that consists of multiple layers of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice structure. Each layer is held together by strong covalent bonds, but the layers themselves are only weakly bonded to each other, allowing them to easily slide over one another. This unique structure gives graphite its characteristic properties, such as its lubricity and ability to conduct electricity. Therefore, the correct answer is "Multilayer" as graphite is composed of multiple layers of carbon atoms.

A cathode ray refers to a beam of electrons that are emitted from the negative electrode, or cathode, in a vacuum tube. These electrons are accelerated towards a positively charged anode and create a visible beam of light. Beta rays, which are high-energy electrons or positrons, are a type of cathode ray. Therefore, the correct answer is beta-ray.

In 1911, the first long distance telephone call was made. This suggests that prior to this year, telephone calls were limited to shorter distances. The invention and improvement of telephone technology allowed for longer distance communication, making it possible for people to communicate over larger distances.

The given correct answer is "Newton." Newton is the unit of measurement for force in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as the amount of force required to accelerate a one-kilogram mass by one meter per second squared. The unit is named after Sir Isaac Newton, who made significant contributions to the field of physics and formulated the laws of motion.

The correct answer is 1/√(µoε0). This is because the velocity of light in free space is determined by the properties of the medium through which it travels. In free space, the velocity of light is equal to 1/√(µoε0), where µo is the permeability of free space and ε0 is the permittivity of free space. These constants represent the ability of free space to transmit electric and magnetic fields, respectively. Therefore, the velocity of light in free space is dependent on the product of these two constants, which is equal to 1/√(µoε0).

The given answer states that a Medium Scale Integrated Circuit Chip is composed of 30 to 100 components and is specifically referred to as a Magnitude Comparator Chip. This suggests that a Medium Scale Integrated Circuit Chip is a type of chip that is used for comparing the magnitudes of two binary numbers. The answer does not provide any further information or context, so it is assumed that this is the standard definition or understanding of a Medium Scale Integrated Circuit Chip.

Rotational energy refers to the energy possessed by an object due to its rotation. It is dependent on both torque and angle, as torque is the force that causes rotational motion and angle represents the amount of rotation. Therefore, the product of torque and angle directly contributes to the amount of rotational energy an object possesses. The other options, such as watt (a unit of power), angular acceleration (rate of change of angular velocity), and none, are not directly related to rotational energy.

The work function of a material refers to the amount of energy required to remove an electron from the material's surface. In this case, the work function of StBaCuO is 1eV, which means that it takes 1 electron volt of energy to remove an electron from the surface of StBaCuO.

UNIVAC II was the first storage program computer. It was developed by Remington Rand in the early 1950s as an improved version of the original UNIVAC I. The UNIVAC II introduced several advancements, including magnetic tape storage and a more efficient operating system. It was widely used in scientific and business applications, marking a significant milestone in the history of computer technology.

The given answer states that a Small Scale Integrated Circuit Chip with less than 30 components is called an RTL Chip. This suggests that RTL Chip is a term used to describe integrated circuit chips that have a relatively small number of components, specifically less than 30.

The electric flux density (D) is equal to the product of the permittivity of the material (ε) and the electric field intensity (E). This relationship is given by the equation D = εE.

The correct answer is "Arboreal creatures became Cave-deweller." This suggests that the advent of fire led to a significant change in the lifestyle of arboreal creatures, causing them to adapt and become cave-dwellers. This implies that fire played a crucial role in the evolution and development of human society.

Sub-micron technology refers to the fabrication of electronic devices with features that are smaller than 1 micron in channel length. The answer "990nm-100nm" accurately represents the range of sub-micron technology, indicating that the channel length can vary from 990 nanometers to 100 nanometers.

The given correct answer states that an Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuit Chip with more than 100 million components is the Core i7. This implies that the Core i7 processor has an extremely high level of integration, making it capable of handling complex tasks efficiently. The answer suggests that the Core i7 is a powerful and advanced processor compared to the other options mentioned, which have lower component counts.

Heaviside distortionless transmission refers to a transmission line where the inductance per unit length (L) divided by the resistance per unit length (R) is equal to the capacitance per unit length (C) divided by the conductance per unit length (G). This condition ensures that the transmission line does not introduce any distortion to the signals being transmitted. Therefore, the correct answer is L/R=C/G.

Before the 2nd World War, trans-oceanic calls were made through radio telephony. This involved using radio waves to transmit voice signals over long distances, allowing communication to take place between continents. Submerged cables were not widely used for trans-oceanic calls during this time, and satellite communication technology had not yet been developed.

The PDP1 is considered to be the first mini computer. It was developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the early 1960s. The PDP1 was the first computer to be produced in large quantities and sold at an affordable price, making it accessible to smaller organizations and universities. It had a relatively small size compared to mainframe computers of that time and was designed for scientific and engineering calculations. The PDP1 was also the first computer to feature a video display, which made it a groundbreaking innovation in the field of computing.

By putting series L, distortion-less transmission is achieved. This is because a series inductor (L) helps to compensate for the reactive power in the transmission line, thereby reducing distortion. The inductor acts as a low-pass filter, allowing only the fundamental frequency to pass through while attenuating higher harmonics. This helps in maintaining the integrity of the transmitted signal, ensuring that it remains undistorted and preserving its original waveform.

The correct answer is Taiwan Semiconductors Manufacturing Co. This is because the question states that Fables Cos do the design and outsource them to Foundries. Among the given options, Taiwan Semiconductors Manufacturing Co. is the only one that fits the description of a foundry. HP, Agilent, and QUALCOMM are not foundries but rather technology companies that may have their own design and manufacturing capabilities. Therefore, Taiwan Semiconductors Manufacturing Co. is the most suitable option as the foundry that Fables Cos outsources their design to.

WHEEL has achieved homogenization across the globe for human society. This means that it has brought about a level of uniformity or similarity across different regions and cultures around the world. The introduction of the wheel has allowed for the transportation of goods, ideas, and people, leading to the spread of knowledge, technology, and cultural exchange. As a result, it has played a significant role in connecting and unifying societies across the globe.

A VCVS (Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source) is a type of controlled source where the output voltage is directly proportional to the input voltage. In a VCVS, the output voltage can be controlled by varying the input voltage. A TRIODE, on the other hand, is a three-electrode vacuum tube used for amplification or switching of electrical signals. It is not a controlled source itself but can be used in circuits to create controlled sources such as a VCVS. Therefore, the correct answer is VCVS.

Deep sub-micron technology refers to the fabrication process used to create integrated circuits with feature sizes ranging from 100nm to 50nm. This technology allows for the miniaturization of electronic components, resulting in higher performance and increased functionality of electronic devices. By reducing the size of the channel length, more transistors can be packed into a smaller area, leading to improved speed and power efficiency.

The correct answer is CAD of Digital VLSI Systems. The MPC79 program, launched by ARPANET in 1977, was focused on the development of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools for Digital Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems. VLSI refers to the design of complex integrated circuits with millions of transistors on a single chip. This program aimed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of designing VLSI systems using computer-based tools, ultimately advancing the field of microelectronics and chip design.

The given answer states that if a chip has more than 100,000 components, it is classified as a μP4004. This suggests that the term "μP4004" refers to a specific type or model of a chip. The answer implies that chips with a large number of components, exceeding 100,000, are categorized as the μP4004 chip.

The correct answer is 1 micron of Hg. In a vacuum tube, the pressure is extremely low, and it is commonly measured in microns of mercury (Hg). A micron is a unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter. This indicates that the pressure in a vacuum tube is extremely low, as it is measured in such a small unit of measurement.

The remedy for Data Deluge Gap is a Smart Network-on-Chip. This technology helps in managing and processing large amounts of data efficiently. It provides a high-speed and low-latency communication infrastructure within a chip, enabling faster data transfer and reducing bottlenecks. With the increasing amount of data generated and processed, a Smart Network-on-Chip can help bridge the gap between the data deluge and the ability to effectively handle and utilize that data.

Ultra deep sub-micron technology refers to the manufacturing process of integrated circuits where the channel length of transistors is between 50nm to 10nm. This technology allows for the creation of smaller and more efficient electronic devices by reducing the size of the components on a chip. By shrinking the channel length, the transistors can operate at higher speeds and consume less power. This advancement in technology has enabled the development of smaller, faster, and more powerful electronic devices such as smartphones, laptops, and other portable gadgets.

In 1968, a networked interactive Real-Time Computer System was demonstrated. This implies that the system was showcased or presented to an audience in 1968. It suggests that the technology and capabilities of this computer system were publicly displayed or made known during that year.

1 Torr of pressure is equivalent to 1mm of Hg. Torr is a unit of pressure named after Evangelista Torricelli, who invented the mercury barometer. It is defined as the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 1mm high, hence 1mm of Hg. This measurement is commonly used in scientific and medical fields to quantify low pressures.

The brand name of IBM Personal Computers was IBM 5100.

The term "Data Deluge Gap" refers to the disparity between the increasing amount of data being generated and the capacity of the storage and traffic infrastructure to handle it. This means that the rate at which data is being produced and the demand for storage and transmission capabilities surpass the capabilities of the infrastructure in place. This can lead to issues such as data overload, slow data transfer, and inadequate storage capacity.

In 2005, scaling below 90nm became technically unviable, meaning that it was no longer feasible to continue reducing the size of transistors below this threshold. As a result, an innovation called Strained Si, High-K/Metal Gate was adopted. This innovation involved introducing strained silicon, which allows for faster electron flow, and using high-k dielectric materials and metal gates, which improve transistor performance and reduce power consumption. This combination of technologies enabled further advancements in semiconductor manufacturing and the continued miniaturization of electronic devices.

Heterogeneous processor chips refer to the use of different types of processors within a single device, such as a mobile phone. This technology enables the mobile phone to perform various tasks efficiently by assigning different processors to different tasks based on their capabilities. For example, a phone may use a high-performance processor for demanding tasks like gaming or video editing, while using a low-power processor for basic tasks like web browsing or messaging. This combination of processors allows for improved performance, power efficiency, and multitasking capabilities, which has been instrumental in driving the mobile phone revolution.

IC Chip (Integrated Circuit Chip) has achieved the status of being a great leveler of society. This means that it has played a significant role in reducing societal inequalities and creating a more equal playing field for individuals from different backgrounds. The IC Chip has revolutionized technology and made it more accessible to people from all walks of life, regardless of their social or economic status. It has bridged the gap between the rich and the poor, allowing everyone to have access to the same level of technological advancements and opportunities.

The spin of an electron is a fundamental property that describes its intrinsic angular momentum. It is quantized and can have two possible values: +1/2 or -1/2, represented as (1/2)(h/2pi) or (-1/2)(h/2pi), respectively. Therefore, the correct answer is (1/2)(h/2pi).

The correct answer is 3D Fin-FET Transistors. This innovation was adopted below 40nm to overcome the limitations of traditional planar transistors. 3D Fin-FET Transistors use a fin-like structure with a gate wrapped around it, allowing for better control of current flow and improved performance. This design also reduces power consumption and leakage, making it a suitable choice for smaller and more advanced semiconductor devices.

Coaxial cables were laid in oceans for long distance calls in 1956.

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that allows current to flow in only one direction. It consists of three layers: an N-type semiconductor, a P-type semiconductor, and a junction between them. The question is asking for the number of elements in a diode, which refers to the number of layers or components it is made up of. Therefore, the correct answer is 3, as a diode consists of three elements or layers.

Micron technology refers to a technology that involves channel lengths greater than 1 micron. This means that the size of the channel, which is a key component in microelectronics, is larger than 1 micron. Channel length is an important parameter in determining the performance and characteristics of electronic devices. Therefore, when referring to micron technology, it implies that the channel length is relatively large, exceeding 1 micron in size.

The correct answer is IBM1401. The IBM1401 was the first all-transistor mainframe computer that achieved a significant reduction in both volume and power consumption. This advancement in technology allowed for a more compact and energy-efficient computer system compared to previous models such as the UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II.

The hallmarks of the Solid State Era are battery operated devices, portability, economy, and intelligence. This means that in this era, electronic devices are powered by batteries, allowing them to be used without being plugged into an electrical outlet. These devices are also designed to be easily carried around, making them portable. Additionally, they are cost-effective and affordable for consumers. Lastly, these devices are intelligent, meaning they have advanced features and capabilities such as artificial intelligence or smart technology.

The improvement in chip processing power beyond 1990 was achieved through parallelism at the instruction level. This means that multiple instructions could be executed simultaneously, increasing the overall processing speed. This approach allowed for more efficient use of the available hardware resources and significantly improved the performance of computer systems. Scaling and cryogenic cooling are not mentioned as methods for achieving this improvement.

CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) technology is preferred today because it offers the lowest or zero standby power. Standby power refers to the power consumed by a device when it is not actively performing any tasks. CMOS technology is known for its low power consumption, making it highly energy-efficient. This is crucial in modern electronic devices where power efficiency is a priority to prolong battery life and reduce energy consumption. Therefore, CMOS technology is favored due to its ability to minimize power wastage during idle or standby periods.

Superscalar architecture is the enabling technology of the personal computer revolution. This architecture allows for the execution of multiple instructions in parallel, increasing the speed and efficiency of the processor. It enables the computer to perform tasks more quickly and handle multiple tasks simultaneously, leading to a significant improvement in overall performance. With superscalar architecture, personal computers became capable of handling complex tasks and running multiple applications simultaneously, which played a crucial role in the advancement and widespread adoption of personal computers.