Ch 6 General Anatomy And Physiology

The basic unit of all living things is the cell. Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of organisms, capable of carrying out all the necessary processes of life. They are responsible for the growth, development, and maintenance of living organisms. Cells are composed of various components, including a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material. Each cell has specific functions and can specialize to perform specific tasks in multicellular organisms. Therefore, the cell is the fundamental building block of life.

During mitosis, a type of cell division, a single cell divides into two identical cells. These identical cells are called daughter cells. They inherit the same genetic material as the mother cell and have the same characteristics. The term "daughter cells" accurately describes the outcome of cell division in mitosis.

The heart is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other essential substances to various organs and tissues, while also removing waste products and carbon dioxide. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall function and homeostasis.

The lungs supply oxygen to the blood. Oxygen is essential for the body's cells to function properly and is needed for the process of cellular respiration. When we breathe in, oxygen from the air enters the lungs and diffuses into the bloodstream. It then binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells and is transported to the body's tissues where it is used for energy production.

The correct answer is eyes because the eyes are the organs responsible for vision. They receive light and convert it into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for interpretation. The kidneys, lungs, and intestines do not have any direct role in vision.

A joint is the correct answer because it refers to the connection between two or more bones. Joints allow movement and flexibility in the body, and they can be found throughout the skeletal system. Ligaments, tendons, and muscles are all related to the musculoskeletal system, but they do not specifically refer to the connection between bones. Ligaments connect bone to bone, tendons connect muscle to bone, and muscles are responsible for movement.

The correct answer is cranium. The cranium is the oval, bony case that protects the brain. It is made up of several bones that are fused together, forming a strong and sturdy structure. The cranium plays a vital role in safeguarding the brain from any external injuries or trauma.

Cytoplasm is the correct answer because it refers to the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus. The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that fills the cell and contains various organelles, such as mitochondria and ribosomes, which carry out different cellular functions. It is responsible for supporting the organelles, facilitating cellular processes, and providing a medium for chemical reactions to occur. Cystine, neuron, and mandible are unrelated to the protoplasm of a cell and therefore not the correct answers.

The foot is made up of 26 bones.

The aorta is the largest artery in the human body. It originates from the left ventricle of the heart and carries oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. It is responsible for supplying blood to all organs and tissues. The jugular and carotid arteries are important blood vessels, but they are not as large as the aorta. The ventricle is a chamber of the heart, not an artery.

The brain is responsible for controlling the body's functions and processes. It receives and interprets information from the senses, sends signals to different parts of the body, and regulates bodily functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. It is the center of the nervous system and plays a crucial role in coordinating and controlling all bodily activities.

The parietal bones are the correct answer because they are the two bones that form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium. These bones are located on the sides of the skull, and they join together at the top of the head to form the sagittal suture. The parietal bones play a crucial role in protecting the brain and providing structural support to the skull.

The ulna is the correct answer because it is the larger bone in the forearm and is located on the side of the little finger. The ulna is one of the two bones in the forearm, the other being the radius. The ulna is responsible for forming the elbow joint and provides stability and support to the forearm.

Osteology is the study of bones, including their anatomy, structure, and function. It involves examining the different types of bones, their composition, and how they interact with other body systems. By studying osteology, researchers and medical professionals can gain a deeper understanding of bone development, growth, and repair, as well as diseases and conditions that affect the skeletal system. This knowledge is crucial for diagnosing and treating bone-related disorders and injuries.

Blood plays a role in equalizing the body's temperature. This is because blood acts as a carrier of heat throughout the body. When the body is too hot, blood vessels near the skin's surface dilate, allowing more blood to flow and release heat. On the other hand, when the body is too cold, blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow and retain heat. This process helps in maintaining a stable body temperature.

Anabolism refers to the constructive phase of metabolism where complex molecules are built from simpler ones. It involves processes such as protein synthesis, DNA replication, and the storage of energy in molecules like glycogen and fat. This phase requires energy input and is responsible for the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues. Catabolism, on the other hand, is the destructive phase of metabolism where complex molecules are broken down to release energy. Mitosis and meiosis are not related to metabolism but are processes involved in cell division.

The skeletal system forms the physical foundation of the body because it consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons that provide support, protection, and structure to the body. It also plays a crucial role in movement, as the bones act as levers for the muscles to create movement. Additionally, the skeletal system is responsible for producing blood cells, storing minerals, and maintaining the body's overall shape and posture.

The maxillae bones are located in the upper jaw. These bones are responsible for forming the majority of the upper jaw, including the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity. They also house the upper teeth and play a crucial role in facial structure and function, such as chewing and speech.

The correct answer is nucleus. The nucleus is the dense active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. It is responsible for controlling all the activities of the cell and contains the genetic material, DNA. The cytoplasm refers to the entire contents of the cell outside of the nucleus. The cell membrane is the outer boundary of the cell that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Chromatid refers to one of the two identical copies of DNA that make up a chromosome.

The digestive system is responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes. It includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, which work together to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste products. The lymphatic system is involved in immune function, the endocrine system regulates hormones, and the integumentary system is related to the skin. Therefore, the digestive system is the correct answer.

The origin refers to the part of a muscle that remains fixed or stationary during contraction. It is typically located at the proximal end of the muscle, closest to the center of the body. While the belly of the muscle contracts and shortens, the origin remains stable, allowing for movement of the muscle's insertion point. The tendon, on the other hand, is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone, and it is not directly involved in muscle movement.

The correct answer is extensors. The extensors are the muscles responsible for straightening the wrist, hand, and fingers, allowing them to form a straight line. These muscles work in opposition to the flexor muscles, which are responsible for bending the wrist, hand, and fingers. Pronators and supinators are muscles responsible for rotating the forearm, not for straightening the wrist, hand, and fingers.

White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are a crucial part of the immune system. They help to defend the body against infections and diseases by attacking and destroying harmful pathogens. Leukocytes are produced in the bone marrow and circulate throughout the body via the bloodstream. They are responsible for recognizing and eliminating foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. Platelets, on the other hand, are responsible for blood clotting, while hemoglobins are the molecules that carry oxygen in red blood cells. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins.

The respiratory system is responsible for enabling breathing and supplying the body with oxygen. It consists of the lungs, airways, and respiratory muscles. When we inhale, oxygen enters the body and is transported to the cells, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is eliminated when we exhale. The nervous system controls and coordinates bodily functions, the reproductive system is involved in reproduction, and the endocrine system regulates hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is respiratory.

The kidneys are responsible for excreting water and waste products from the body. They filter the blood, removing excess water, toxins, and waste products, which are then converted into urine. The urine is then transported to the bladder for storage and eventual elimination from the body. The intestines are involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, the lungs are responsible for gas exchange, and the eyes are involved in vision. Therefore, the correct answer is kidneys.

Sensory nerve endings called receptors are located close to the surface of the skin. These receptors are responsible for detecting various sensory stimuli such as touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. They transmit these signals to the brain, allowing us to perceive and respond to our environment.

Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that occur within cells to convert food into energy and other necessary molecules for cell functioning. It involves both the breakdown of complex molecules (catabolism) to release energy and the synthesis of new molecules (anabolism) for growth and repair. This process is essential for the nourishment and proper functioning of cells, allowing them to carry out their activities and maintain homeostasis. Mitosis and meiosis are cell division processes, while respiration is the process of converting oxygen and glucose into energy.

The circulatory system controls the steady movement of the blood through the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body's tissues and organs, while simultaneously removing waste products and carbon dioxide. The blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, transport the blood throughout the body. This system ensures that oxygen and nutrients are delivered to all cells, while also helping to regulate body temperature and maintain homeostasis. The other options (integumentary, respiratory, lymphatic) do not play a primary role in the steady movement of blood through the body.

Anatomy is the study of the human body structures that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized. It focuses on the structure and arrangement of organs, tissues, and systems within the body. This field of study helps in understanding the relationships between different body parts and their functions.

Neurology is the branch of medicine that focuses on studying the structure, function, and diseases of the nervous system. It involves understanding the intricate workings of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, as well as diagnosing and treating disorders that affect these components. Therefore, the correct answer is the nervous system, as it aligns with the definition and scope of neurology.

Valves are structures in the body that allow for the regulation of blood flow. They are designed to open and close in response to pressure changes, allowing blood to flow in only one direction. This ensures that blood moves efficiently through the circulatory system, preventing backflow and maintaining proper circulation.

The tibia is the larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. It is commonly known as the shinbone and is located on the inner side of the leg. The tibia plays a crucial role in weight-bearing and provides support and stability to the lower leg. It is responsible for transmitting forces from the thigh to the foot, allowing for movement and locomotion. The fibula, on the other hand, is the smaller bone located on the outer side of the leg and is not involved in weight-bearing. The patella is a small bone located in the front of the knee, while the femur is the thigh bone and is located above the knee.

The epicranius is the broad muscle that covers the top of the head. It is composed of two muscles, the frontalis and the occipitalis, which are connected by a tendon called the galea aponeurotica. The frontalis muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows and wrinkling the forehead, while the occipitalis muscle helps to retract the scalp. Together, these muscles form a broad, sheet-like structure that covers the top of the head. The temporal muscle is located on the side of the head, the deltoid muscle is found in the shoulder region, and the occipital refers to the back of the head.

The greater occipital nerve is located at the back of the head and affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head. This nerve is responsible for providing sensation to the back of the scalp, so any issues or conditions affecting this nerve can cause pain or discomfort in that area.

The correct answer is ulnar and radial arteries. The ulnar artery is responsible for supplying blood to the medial side of the forearm and hand, while the radial artery supplies blood to the lateral side. These arteries are the main blood supply for the arms and hands, providing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing waste products. The other options mentioned are not the primary blood supply for the arms and hands.

The study of anatomy involves various methods, including dissection for invasive examination and endoscopy for non-invasive exploration. Dissection entails opening the body to study its organs, while endoscopy involves using a video camera-equipped instrument inserted through a small incision to explore internal organs and structures. Angiography, using X-rays or magnetic resonance angiography, is another method mentioned for visualizing blood vessels, offering a comprehensive approach to understanding the structure and organization of organs and systems.

Physiology is the study of the functions and activities performed by the body's structures. This involves understanding how different organs, tissues, and cells work together to carry out various bodily functions. By studying the body's structures, physiologists can gain insight into how the body functions and how it responds to different stimuli or conditions. This knowledge is essential for understanding normal physiological processes as well as diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders.

Smooth muscles, also known as nonstriated muscles, are the correct answer. These muscles are characterized by their smooth appearance under a microscope, lacking the striped or striated pattern seen in other types of muscles. Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles found in various organs and structures in the body, such as the walls of blood vessels, digestive tract, and respiratory system. They play a crucial role in processes like digestion, blood flow regulation, and breathing.

The intestines and stomach are the organs that digest food. The stomach secretes digestive enzymes and acids to break down food, while the intestines absorb nutrients from the digested food. Together, these organs play a crucial role in the process of digestion. The kidneys, on the other hand, are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine, and the liver is involved in detoxification and the production of bile. Therefore, neither the kidneys nor the liver are directly involved in the digestion of food.

Epithelial tissue lines the heart, digestive, and respiratory organs. Epithelial tissue is composed of tightly packed cells that form a protective barrier and serve various functions such as absorption, secretion, and filtration. It covers the inner and outer surfaces of organs, providing a smooth and continuous lining. This tissue type is essential for maintaining the integrity and function of these organs, as it protects them from mechanical damage, pathogens, and chemical substances. Therefore, epithelial tissue is the correct answer for the given question.

The lymphatic system is responsible for draining the tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluid. It consists of a network of vessels and lymph nodes that collect and transport the fluid, known as lymph, back into the bloodstream. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance in the body and also helps in immune function by filtering out bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances present in the lymph. Capillaries are involved in the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and tissues, while the middle temporal artery is a specific artery located in the head and not directly involved in draining tissue spaces.

Enzymes are chemicals that play a crucial role in the process of digestion. They break down complex molecules in food into smaller, more easily absorbed forms that can be used by the body. Without enzymes, the body would struggle to extract nutrients from food and efficiently convert them into energy. Therefore, enzymes are essential for the digestive system to function properly.

The correct answer is reproductive. The reproductive system is responsible for the production of offspring in plants and animals. It includes the organs and processes involved in sexual reproduction, such as the production of gametes (sperm and eggs), fertilization, and the development of embryos. This system ensures the continuation of a species by allowing individuals to pass on their genetic material to the next generation.

Muscle tissue is responsible for contacting and moving various parts of the body. It is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers that have the ability to contract and generate force. This allows muscle tissue to produce movement in the body, whether it is the contraction of skeletal muscles for voluntary movement, the contraction of smooth muscles in organs for involuntary movement, or the contraction of cardiac muscle in the heart for pumping blood.

The question asks for the respondent's preference among the given options. The answer is Option 1, indicating that the person likes Option 1 the most out of all the choices provided.

Myology is the correct answer because it specifically refers to the study of muscles. The other options, anatomy, histology, and physiology, are related to the study of the human body but do not focus specifically on muscles.

The integumentary system serves as a protective coating and helps regulate the body's temperature. It consists of the skin, hair, nails, and various glands. The skin acts as a barrier, protecting the body from external threats such as pathogens, UV radiation, and dehydration. It also plays a crucial role in thermoregulation by controlling the loss or retention of heat through sweat production and blood vessel dilation or constriction. Additionally, the integumentary system is involved in sensation, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion of waste products through sweat.

The excretory system is responsible for eliminating waste matter from the body. It includes organs such as the kidneys, bladder, and intestines, which filter and remove waste products like urine and feces. This system plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's balance of fluids and electrolytes, as well as removing harmful toxins. Therefore, the excretory system is the correct answer as it directly relates to the purification of the body by eliminating waste matter.

The pancreas is a gland of the endocrine system that secretes enzyme-producing cells. These cells are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The pancreas plays a crucial role in the digestive system by producing and releasing digestive enzymes into the small intestine. These enzymes help break down the food we eat into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

The seventh cranial nerve, also known as the facial nerve, is the chief motor nerve of the face. It controls the muscles of facial expression, allowing us to smile, frown, and make other facial movements. It also innervates the muscles involved in closing the eyelids and controlling the secretion of tears and saliva. Damage to the seventh cranial nerve can result in facial weakness or paralysis on one side of the face.