Knee (Therex Test 4)

Quad lag refers to the inability to fully extend the leg while performing a straight leg raise (SLR). This means that the knee remains flexed during the SLR instead of being straightened. Therefore, the statement "Quad lag= unable to hold leg straight (flexed knee during SLR)" is true.

Patellofemoral mobilization with posterior glide is a technique used to increase flexion at the knee joint. This technique involves applying a posterior force on the patella to promote gliding of the patella in a posterior direction. By doing so, it helps to improve the range of motion and flexibility of the knee joint, specifically increasing the ability to bend the knee further into flexion.

As extension occurs, the articular surface of the lateral condyle is used up while only about half of it remains medially. In order to utilize all of its articular surface, the medial condyle must glide posteriorly. This suggests that the medial condyle is longer than the lateral condyle.

An ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) injury is commonly caused by hyperextension, deceleration, and rotational injuries. It is often associated with injuries to the MCL (medial collateral ligament) and meniscus, which is known as the unhappy triad. Therefore, the statement that an ACL injury is usually caused by hyperextension, deceleration, rotational injury, and is frequently associated with injuries to the MCL and meniscus is true.

Patellofemoral mobilization with superior glide is a technique used to increase extension in the knee joint. This technique involves applying a gentle force to the patella (kneecap) in a superior (upward) direction, which helps to mobilize the joint and improve its range of motion in extension. By promoting superior glide of the patella, this mobilization technique can help to increase the ability to fully straighten the knee joint, thus improving extension.

An anterior glide at the hip refers to a movement where the femur bone moves forward in relation to the hip joint. This movement can help increase extension and external rotation of the hip joint. By gliding the femur bone forward, it allows for greater range of motion in these directions. Therefore, the statement that an anterior glide at the hip is used to increase extension and external rotation is true.

The statement is true because the treatment for LCL (lateral collateral ligament) injury involves loading that occurs in both the frontal and transverse planes. This means that exercises and activities are designed to stress the ligament in different directions to promote healing and strengthening. Additionally, the length of time for ligament remodeling, which refers to the process of the ligament healing and becoming stronger, must be taken into consideration during the treatment process. Therefore, the statement is correct.

A Tibiofemoral Posterior Glide is a technique used to increase flexion. This technique involves applying a posterior force on the tibia to promote movement of the knee joint into a deeper flexed position. By doing so, it helps to improve the range of motion and flexibility in the knee joint, ultimately increasing the ability to flex the knee.

Fractures of the knee typically require surgical fixation in order to promote proper healing and alignment of the bones. Additionally, active range of motion (AROM) and passive range of motion (PROM) exercises are commonly prescribed to help restore flexibility and strength to the knee joint. These exercises often involve flexion and extension movements to improve the range of motion in the knee. Therefore, the statement that treatment for fractures of the knee must be surgically fixated and AROM/PROM exercises include flexion and extension is true.

Osgood Schlatter Disease, also known as traction apophysis, is a condition that commonly affects adolescents who are active in sports. The treatment for this condition typically involves rest, ice, and stretching of the quadriceps and other tight muscles. Therefore, the statement that the treatment includes rest, ice, and stretching quads and other tight muscles is true.

A posterior glide at the hip refers to a movement where the femur (thigh bone) is moved posteriorly (backwards) in relation to the pelvis. This movement helps to increase flexion, which is the bending of the hip joint, and also increases internal rotation of the hip.

When performing knee extension in a non-weight bearing position, the tibia (shin bone) undergoes external rotation. This means that the lower leg rotates outwardly away from the midline of the body. This is a correct statement as knee extension in a non-weight bearing position does indeed result in external rotation of the tibia.

A Tibiofemoral Anterior Glide is a manual technique used to increase the range of motion in extension at the knee joint. This technique involves applying a gentle anterior force on the tibia to promote the sliding or gliding of the tibiofemoral joint surfaces. By doing so, it helps to improve the extension range of motion, allowing the knee joint to fully straighten. This can be beneficial in cases where there is limited extension due to factors such as muscle tightness, joint stiffness, or post-surgical rehabilitation.

The given explanation suggests that the ligament that is usually torn as a result of valgus stress by a lateral blow or forced abduction of the tibia (skiing) is the MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament) injury. This ligament is located on the inner side of the knee and is commonly injured during activities that involve a direct blow to the outer side of the knee or when the knee is forcefully pushed inward.

Osgood Schlatter Disease is a condition that occurs due to repetitive trauma on the tibial tuberosity or repeated tension to the patella tendon in young athletes, particularly adolescent boys during growth spurts. This condition is characterized by pain and swelling below the knee, specifically at the tibial tuberosity. The repetitive stress on the growth plate causes inflammation and can lead to the formation of a bony bump. Therefore, Osgood Schlatter Disease is the correct answer in this case.

Knee flexion= 135 degrees

The given explanation suggests that the correct answer is LCL injury. This is because the ligament is less commonly injured, meaning it is not as frequently affected compared to other ligaments. Additionally, there are fewer restrictions in terms of the injury, indicating that it may not cause as much limitation or impairment. Lastly, the injury commonly results from hyperextension varus stress, which further supports the idea that the correct answer is LCL injury.

Treatment = Arthroscope and TKR/TKA

A blow to the anterior aspect of the tibia or hyperflexion, hyperextension, or a varus/valgus injury can result in a PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament) injury. The PCL is located in the back of the knee and helps to stabilize the joint. When it is injured, it can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty with knee movement.

Genu Varus is a condition where there is an abnormal outward angulation of the lower leg in relation to the thigh bone. This causes an increased load on the medial compartment of the knee joint, leading to greater stress and potential damage to the structures on that side. The statement ">180 degrees" is true because Genu Varus causes the lower leg to deviate outward, resulting in a larger angle between the thigh and lower leg. Genu Varus is also associated with coxa valgum, which is a condition characterized by a decreased angle between the neck and shaft of the femur.

The treatment for ACL injury includes a combination of avoiding resisted open chain exercises, ACL repair, and engaging in closed chain exercises such as cutting, deceleration, lateral movement, unstable surfaces, and resisted rotational movement. Resisted open chain exercises put stress on the ACL and should be avoided. ACL repair is often necessary to restore stability to the knee joint. Closed chain exercises help to improve strength, stability, and functional movement patterns in the knee. Therefore, the correct answer includes all of these treatment options.

The correct answer is a combination of options that outline the treatment for meniscal injuries. Wt-bearing through large ROM should be avoided to prevent further damage to the injured meniscus. PWBAT (partial weight-bearing as tolerated) is permitted to allow for some mobility and promote healing. The progression of treatment is dictated by the specific procedure performed, as different procedures may have different recovery timelines and requirements.

The correct answer is to avoid open chain exercises, as these can increase posterior tibial translation. Closed chain exercises are used and recommended for the treatment of PCL injury.

Lateral tracking of the patella refers to the movement of the patella towards the outer side of the knee joint. This can increase pressure and friction within the patellofemoral joint. The increased pressure and friction can lead to various issues such as pain, inflammation, joint degeneration, and even dislocation of the patella. Therefore, it is important to ensure proper tracking of the patella to prevent these complications.

Meniscal injuries can occur in several ways, including partial meniscectomy, degenerative tears, and traumatic injuries. Partial meniscectomy refers to the surgical removal of a portion of the meniscus, which may be necessary in cases of severe damage or tears. Degenerative tears, on the other hand, are caused by the gradual wear and tear of the meniscus over time. Lastly, meniscal injuries are most commonly caused by traumatic events, such as sports-related accidents or sudden twisting motions. These three factors encompass the range of meniscal injuries that can occur.

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) can be caused by several intrinsic factors. One of these factors is an imbalance between the VMO (vastus medialis obliquus) and the vastus lateralis muscles. This imbalance can lead to improper tracking of the patella, causing pain and discomfort. Another factor is a tight ITB (iliotibial band), which can also contribute to patellar malalignment. Lastly, a decreased slope of the lateral facet on the intercondylar groove of the femur can affect the tracking of the patella and lead to PFPS.

The correct answer includes a range of treatment options for patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). These include addressing symptoms during knee extension, using patellar taping, strengthening the quadriceps and improving control once pain is under control, considering closed chain or open chain exercises, incorporating eccentric control exercises, and adjusting exercise difficulty based on the total target range of motion. These treatment approaches aim to alleviate symptoms, provide support to the patella, improve muscle strength and control, and gradually progress the exercises to restore full range of motion.

PFPS, or patellofemoral pain syndrome, is a condition that causes pain in the front of the knee. It is commonly caused by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this case, the extrinsic factors that can contribute to PFPS are a large Q angle, weak external rotators or abductors of the hip, and excessive pronation of the foot. A large Q angle refers to an angle formed by the line of pull of the quadriceps muscle and the patellar tendon, which can put excessive stress on the patellofemoral joint. Weak external rotators or abductors of the hip can lead to poor hip mechanics and abnormal knee movements. Excessive pronation of the foot can also contribute to altered lower extremity mechanics and increased stress on the patellofemoral joint.

Genu Valgum is a condition characterized by the inward angling of the knees, causing the lower legs to curve outwards. This misalignment results in a greater load being placed on the lateral (outer) compartment of the knee joint, as the weight distribution is shifted towards the outside. Additionally, Genu Valgum is often associated with coxa varum at the hip, which refers to an abnormal outward angling of the femur bone. This combination of knee and hip misalignments can lead to further complications and increased stress on the affected joints.

The capsular pattern of the knee refers to the characteristic pattern of joint restriction seen in certain conditions. In this case, the capsular pattern of the knee involves limited flexion more than extension. This means that when there is a capsular issue in the knee joint, the ability to fully flex the knee (bend it) is more restricted compared to the ability to fully extend the knee (straighten it).