Trematodes

Praziquantel and albendazole are both antiparasitic drugs commonly used to treat various parasitic infections, including Opisthorchis. Opisthorchis is a genus of parasitic flatworms that can infect the liver and bile ducts of humans and animals. Praziquantel and albendazole work by killing the parasites, thereby effectively treating the infection. Therefore, the statement "Praziquantel and albendazole are used to treat Opisthorchis" is true.

Praziquantel is the correct answer for the treatment of Paragonimus infection. Praziquantel is an anthelmintic medication that is effective against a wide range of parasitic infections, including Paragonimus. It works by causing muscle paralysis in the worms, leading to their death and subsequent elimination from the body. Praziquantel is the drug of choice for Paragonimus infection due to its high efficacy and safety profile. It is usually administered in multiple doses over a period of several days to ensure complete eradication of the parasite.

A chest x-ray of Paragonimus infection often resembles TB because both conditions can cause similar lung abnormalities, such as consolidation, cavitation, and nodules. Paragonimus is a lung fluke that can infect humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked crustaceans. It can cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, and fever. TB, on the other hand, is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. Both infections can lead to similar radiographic findings on a chest x-ray, making it difficult to differentiate between the two based on imaging alone.

True. It has thought to contribute to the high rates of cholangiocarcinoma there.

True, because more eggs are produced in japonicum.

It is found in Venezuela, Brazil and Suriname as well as Africa and the Caribbean.

Haematobium is found in Africa, Middle East and a small area of North America.


Japonicum is found in Indonesia, China and SE Asia.

Paragonimus adults lay their eggs in cystic lung cavities. The cystic lung cavities provide a suitable environment for the eggs to develop and eventually be released into the host's respiratory system. This is a characteristic behavior of Paragonimus, a type of lung fluke that infects mammals, including humans. By laying their eggs in the cystic lung cavities, the parasites ensure the survival and transmission of their offspring.

They embryonate in water.

Opisthorchis adults invade the biliary ducts of the liver where they reproduce and pass embryonated eggs. Humans are infected by eating fish with metacercariae.

The metacercariae of Fasciola encyst on watercress and other aquatic plants that is then eaten by animals.

Heterophyes heterophyes infection is found in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. This is because Heterophyes heterophyes is a parasitic worm that primarily infects humans in these regions. It is commonly transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish, which serves as an intermediate host for the parasite. The infection can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. Therefore, it is important for individuals in these regions to properly cook their fish to prevent infection.

After penetrating the host skin and losing their tails in Schistosomiasis infection, cercariae develop into schistosomulae. Schistosomulae are the next stage in the life cycle of the parasite. They are immature forms of the adult worms and continue to develop and migrate within the host's body. Eventually, they will mature into adult worms and reproduce, continuing the cycle of infection.

It is paragonimus. Bigger than Diphyllobothrium and slightly asymmetrical.

It takes 2 - 4 months for the eggs to be passed in faeces.

Dicrocoelium dendriticum is the correct answer because it is the only trematode listed that does not have a water stage in its lifecycle. Trematodes typically have a complex life cycle that involves both a definitive host (usually a mammal) and an intermediate host (often a snail). In the case of Dicrocoelium dendriticum, the eggs are passed in the feces of the definitive host and are ingested by a snail. The snail then releases cercariae, which are the infective stage for the definitive host. In contrast, Fasciola gigantica, Fasciolopsis buski, and Schistosomiasis all have a water stage in their lifecycle, where the infective stage is present in water and is able to penetrate the skin of the definitive host.

Adult Dicrocoelium worms lay eggs in the bile ducts. The bile ducts are small tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps break down fats in the small intestine. The adult worms reside in the bile ducts and release their eggs into the bile, which are then passed out of the body in the feces.

Ruminants are the usual hosts (as they eat the ants infected with metacercariae). Humans are accidental hosts.

There are some cases in Bolivia and Peru but otherwise it is mainly a parasite of sheep and cattle.

It is an S.japonicum egg

Oncomelania - vector for japonicum.

Paragonimus is a type of lung fluke that can cause a parasitic infection in humans. The question is asking which animals serve as reservoirs for Paragonimus. A reservoir is a host in which the parasite can live and reproduce, potentially infecting other animals or humans. Cats and dogs can serve as reservoirs for Paragonimus, meaning they can carry the parasite and transmit it to other animals or humans. Mice and rats, crayfish, and bears are not mentioned as reservoirs for Paragonimus in the given options.

Freezing fish below -20 or cooking thoroughly is a viable control method for Opisthorchis because it helps to kill or inactivate the parasite present in the fish. Opisthorchis is a type of parasitic flatworm that can infect humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. Freezing the fish below -20 degrees Celsius for a certain period of time or cooking it thoroughly at high temperatures can effectively eliminate the parasite and prevent infection. Not using night soil in ponds is also a viable control method as night soil, which is human feces used as fertilizer, can contaminate water bodies and contribute to the spread of Opisthorchis.

Eating undercooked fish or crayfish can lead to the transmission of certain trematodes. Heterophyes heterophyes, Paragonimus, and Opisthorchis are all examples of trematodes that can be caught through this route of transmission. These parasites can infect the human body when ingested in their larval or cyst form present in the undercooked seafood. Once inside the human body, they can cause various health issues and diseases. Fasciolopsis, Fasciola, and Dicrocoelium are other trematodes that may cause infections but are not specifically associated with eating undercooked fish or crayfish.