Chapter 1b Classifying Matter Practice Test

Carbon has an atomic number of 6, which means it has 6 protons in its nucleus. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. Therefore, carbon has 6 electrons.

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The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements, organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. It provides a systematic way to categorize and understand the elements, allowing scientists to study their characteristics, relationships, and trends. With its structured layout, the periodic table enables scientists to easily access and retrieve information about different elements, facilitating research, experimentation, and the development of new theories and technologies in various fields of science.

The atomic number is a fundamental property of an atom that represents the number of protons in its nucleus. It uniquely identifies each element on the periodic table and determines its chemical properties. The atomic number also indirectly provides information about the number of electrons in a neutral atom, as it is equal to the number of protons. Therefore, the atomic number is the correct answer to the given question.

Oxygen and nitrogen are classified as nonmetals because they do not possess the typical characteristics of metals. Nonmetals are typically poor conductors of heat and electricity, have low melting and boiling points, and are brittle in nature. Oxygen and nitrogen fit these characteristics as they are gases at room temperature, do not conduct electricity, and have low melting and boiling points.

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains all the unique properties of that element. Atoms are composed of subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Each element has a specific number of protons in its nucleus, which determines its atomic number and unique properties. The combination of these subatomic particles within an atom determines the chemical behavior and physical properties of the element. Therefore, the atom is the fundamental building block of matter and the smallest unit that represents an element.

A solid is the physical state that has a definite shape and volume. In solids, the particles are tightly packed together and have strong intermolecular forces, which prevent them from moving freely. This results in a fixed shape and volume, as the particles maintain their positions relative to each other. Liquids, on the other hand, have a definite volume but not a definite shape, as their particles are close together but can move past each other. Gases have neither a definite shape nor volume, as their particles are far apart and move randomly.

A compound is a substance that consists of atoms from two or more different elements. In other words, it is a combination of different elements bonded together. This is different from an element, which is a pure substance made up of only one type of atom. Compounds have unique properties that are different from the properties of the individual elements that make them up. They can be formed through chemical reactions and have a specific chemical formula that describes the ratio of the atoms present in the compound.

When we describe a substance using our senses, we are describing its physical properties. Physical properties are characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's chemical composition. These properties include color, odor, taste, texture, density, melting point, boiling point, and many others. By using our senses, we can gather information about these physical properties and describe them accurately.

Chemical properties refer to the behavior of a substance when it undergoes a chemical reaction or interacts with another substance. These properties help in understanding the reactivity, stability, and composition of a substance. By observing how a substance reacts with another substance, we can determine its chemical properties. Therefore, the given statement is true as it accurately defines a chemical property.

The electron is the particle found outside the center of the atom that has a negative charge. It orbits around the nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons. The electron is much smaller and lighter than the nucleus, and it plays a crucial role in chemical bonding and electricity.

Burning is a chemical reaction that involves the combination of a substance with oxygen to produce heat, light, and often new substances. It is not a physical property because physical properties describe the characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical composition. In this case, the ability to burn in the presence of oxygen indicates a chemical property as it involves a change in the substance's chemical composition.

The proton is the particle in the center of an atom that has a positive charge. It is located in the nucleus, along with neutrons. Electrons, on the other hand, have a negative charge and orbit around the nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is proton.

Elasticity refers to the property of a substance to stretch or deform under the application of a force and then return to its original shape once the force is removed. This ability to stretch is what defines the concept of elasticity.

The center of an atom is the nucleus. The nucleus is a small, dense region located at the center of an atom. It contains protons and neutrons, which are collectively known as nucleons. Electrons, on the other hand, are found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. The nucleus is positively charged due to the presence of protons and is responsible for the majority of an atom's mass.

Iron filings in sand is a mixture because it is a combination of two or more substances that are physically mixed together. In this case, the iron filings and sand are not chemically combined, but rather they retain their individual properties and can be easily separated. A compound, on the other hand, is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. Therefore, since iron filings in sand can be separated, it is classified as a mixture.

Iron reacts with oxygen in the presence of moisture to form a reddish-brown compound called rust. This process is known as oxidation and it occurs when iron undergoes a chemical reaction with oxygen, resulting in the formation of iron oxide. Rust is a common occurrence on iron and steel surfaces, especially when exposed to air and water. It weakens the material and can lead to corrosion and deterioration over time.

A liquid is a physical state of matter that takes the shape of its container but still has a definite volume. Unlike gases, liquids do not expand to fill the entire space available to them. Instead, they maintain a fixed volume, allowing them to be poured and flow. The particles in a liquid are closely packed together but still have enough freedom to move around, giving them the ability to take the shape of their container.

When two or more atoms combine, they form a molecule. A molecule is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the chemical properties of that compound. It is held together by chemical bonds, which can be either covalent or ionic. Molecules can be made up of atoms of the same element or different elements. This term is commonly used in chemistry to describe the structure and behavior of substances.

Prospectors use a chemical property of pyrite (fool's gold) to tell it apart from gold. This suggests that there is a specific chemical characteristic or behavior of pyrite that distinguishes it from gold. By understanding and identifying this chemical property, prospectors can differentiate between the two substances and accurately identify whether they have found pyrite or actual gold.

The neutron is the correct answer because it is a subatomic particle found in the center of an atom, called the nucleus, that has no charge. Unlike protons, which have a positive charge, and electrons, which have a negative charge, neutrons are neutral and do not carry any charge. They play a crucial role in determining the stability and mass of an atom.

A solution is a special type of mixture where the particles of one substance are evenly spread out and dissolved in another substance. In a solution, the particles of the solute (substance being dissolved) are dispersed and mixed uniformly throughout the solvent (substance doing the dissolving). This results in a homogeneous mixture where the solute particles are not visible and do not settle over time. Solutions can be formed with various combinations of solutes and solvents, such as salt dissolved in water or sugar dissolved in tea.

Elements with similar properties are in the same column or group because they have the same number of valence electrons. Valence electrons determine the chemical behavior of an element, so elements with the same number of valence electrons will exhibit similar chemical properties. By being in the same column or group, these elements share similar reactivity, bonding patterns, and physical properties. This arrangement helps to organize the periodic table and allows for easier understanding and prediction of element behavior.

Baking soda, also known as sodium bicarbonate, reacts with vinegar, which contains acetic acid. This reaction produces carbon dioxide gas, water, and a salt. The carbon dioxide gas is released as bubbles, causing the mixture to fizz. Therefore, the correct answer is carbon dioxide.

Elements cannot be broken down into other substances by heat, light, or electricity. Elements are the simplest form of matter and cannot be further broken down into simpler substances. They are composed of only one type of atom and retain their chemical properties even when subjected to heat, light, or electricity.

In a mixture, different materials are combined physically, not chemically. This means that the atoms of each material retain their individual properties and can be easily separated from each other. This is why the statement is true.

Digesting food is a chemical change because it involves the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones through chemical reactions. Enzymes present in the digestive system break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. This process involves the breaking of chemical bonds and the formation of new ones, resulting in the transformation of the food into nutrients that can be utilized by the body for energy and growth. Therefore, digestion is considered a chemical change rather than a physical change.

Boiling point is a physical property of a substance. It refers to the temperature at which a substance changes from its liquid state to its gaseous state. This property is inherent to the substance and can be measured and observed without changing its chemical composition. Therefore, boiling point is classified as a physical property rather than a chemical property, which describes the behavior of a substance during a chemical reaction.

Pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is a mineral composed of iron and sulfur. When pyrite reacts with acid, such as hydrochloric acid, it undergoes a chemical reaction known as an acid-base reaction. During this reaction, the sulfur in pyrite combines with hydrogen from the acid to form hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S). Therefore, the correct answer is gas.

Bone cement is a suitable material for use in the medical field because it is a biocompatible substance that can be used to anchor implants such as artificial joints or dental prostheses to bone. It is capable of bonding to both the implant and the bone, providing stability and support. Additionally, bone cement has the ability to withstand the mechanical stresses and loads that are typically encountered in the medical field. Therefore, bone cement is a valuable material for use in various medical procedures.

Gas is the physical state that expands to fill up whatever container it is in. Unlike solids and liquids, gases do not have a fixed shape or volume. Gas particles are in constant random motion and have a lot of space between them. This allows them to spread out and fill the entire volume of the container they are in, regardless of its size or shape. Therefore, gas is the correct answer as it exhibits the property of expansion to fill any container.

The given examples of fruit salad and iron filings and sand are good examples of mixtures because they both consist of two or more substances that are physically combined. In the case of fruit salad, it is a mixture of different fruits that can be easily separated. Similarly, iron filings and sand are also a mixture as they can be separated by using physical methods like magnetism or filtration. These examples illustrate the concept of mixtures where different substances are combined without any chemical reaction occurring between them.

A change of state refers to the transformation of matter from one state (solid, liquid, or gas) to another. In this case, the change of state can be considered a physical change because it does not involve a change in the chemical composition of the substance. The molecules or atoms in the substance rearrange themselves, but their identities remain the same. Therefore, it is classified as a physical change rather than a chemical change.

In the periodic table, elements are organized by weight and properties. Weight refers to the atomic mass of the elements, which is the total mass of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom. Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, which corresponds to the number of protons in the nucleus. Additionally, elements with similar properties are grouped together in the periodic table. This organization allows scientists to easily identify patterns and trends among elements based on their weight and properties.

Metals are shiny because they have a high reflectivity for light, allowing them to reflect a significant amount of light and appear shiny. They conduct heat and electricity due to the presence of free electrons that can move easily through the metal's lattice structure, enabling the transfer of heat and electrical energy. Metals can be pulled into wires because they have a high ductility, meaning they can be easily stretched into thin wires without breaking.