Neurological System (Practice Mode)- Rnpedia

Youth is not a risk factor for hypertension because hypertension is more commonly associated with older age. While genetics, obesity, and smoking are all known risk factors for hypertension, being young does not increase the risk of developing hypertension.

Diabetes mellitus is not directly related to Alzheimer's disease. While both conditions are associated with aging and can have an impact on cognitive function, they are distinct conditions with different underlying mechanisms. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of senile plaques and tangles in the brain, which are not seen in diabetes mellitus. Dementia, on the other hand, is a symptom that can be caused by various conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, but it is not exclusive to Alzheimer's.

Hypotension is not a cause of acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is commonly caused by hyperlipidemia, ethanol consumption, and the use of steroids. Hypotension, or low blood pressure, does not directly contribute to the development of pancreatitis.

Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart. It is commonly associated with conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), uremia, and rheumatic fever. Conjunctiva, on the other hand, refers to the clear tissue that covers the white part of the eye. There is no direct relationship between pericarditis and conjunctiva, making it the correct answer in this case.

Goodpasture's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antibodies that attack the basement membrane of the kidneys and lungs. This leads to damage in these organs, resulting in symptoms such as hematuria (blood in the urine) and hemoptysis (coughing up blood). Anemia can also occur due to the destruction of red blood cells. However, adrenal atrophy is not directly related to Goodpasture's syndrome. Adrenal atrophy refers to the shrinkage or loss of function of the adrenal glands, which are not typically affected in this syndrome.

HIV is not a causative agent for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. This syndrome is typically caused by pulmonary disorders, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and drug-induced factors. HIV is a viral infection that affects the immune system and does not directly cause the syndrome.

Elevated IgE levels are not a characteristic of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Common symptoms of MS include nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), and tremors. However, elevated IgE levels are not typically associated with MS. IgE is an immunoglobulin involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections, not directly related to MS.

Night sweats are not directly related to Buerger's disease. Buerger's disease, also known as thromboangitis obliterans, is a rare disease that causes inflammation and clotting in the small and medium-sized blood vessels of the arms and legs. This can lead to symptoms such as claudication (pain and cramping in the legs), poor tolerance of cold, and the formation of ulcers or gangrene. Night sweats, on the other hand, are a symptom that can occur in various conditions but are not specifically associated with Buerger's disease.

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor that develops in the adrenal glands, which are responsible for producing hormones such as adrenaline. Symptoms of pheochromocytoma include pallor, perspiration, and headaches, as the tumor causes excessive release of adrenaline. However, decreased blood pressure is not directly related to pheochromocytoma. In fact, high blood pressure is a characteristic feature of this condition, as the excessive release of adrenaline leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. Therefore, decreased blood pressure is not directly associated with pheochromocytoma.

Pancoast's tumor is a type of lung cancer that typically affects the upper part of the lung. It can cause symptoms such as Horner's syndrome (a combination of drooping eyelid, small pupil, and lack of sweating on one side of the face), anhidrosis (inability to sweat), and involvement of the cervical plexus (a network of nerves in the neck). However, it is not linked to arthritis, which is a condition that primarily affects the joints.

Neuropathy is not directly related to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that causes hypothyroidism, which is a slow onset condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland. While Hashimoto's thyroiditis can cause a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weight gain, and depression, neuropathy, which refers to damage or dysfunction of the nerves, is not a common symptom of this condition.

Horner's syndrome is a condition characterized by a combination of symptoms including miosis (constriction of the pupil), ptosis (drooping of the eyelid), and anhidrosis (decreased sweating). Malaise, on the other hand, refers to a general feeling of discomfort, fatigue, or unease. While malaise can be a symptom of various medical conditions, it is not directly related to Horner's syndrome. Therefore, malaise is the correct answer as it is not a characteristic symptom of Horner's syndrome.

The correct answer is viral because an embolus refers to a blood clot or foreign substance that travels through the bloodstream and gets lodged in a blood vessel, causing a blockage. While air, bacteria, and tumors can all potentially form emboli, viruses do not typically form emboli. Viruses are infectious agents that invade cells and cause various diseases, but they do not typically cause blood clots or travel through the bloodstream in the same way as other emboli.

Guillian-Barre' is a neurological disorder that is often preceded by infections. It is characterized by increased CSF protein levels and can sometimes lead to hypertension. However, it is not typically associated with greater initial upper extremity deficits.

Arthritis is not directly related to Kawasaki disease. Kawasaki disease is a condition that primarily affects children and causes inflammation in the blood vessels throughout the body. It is characterized by symptoms such as fever, lymphadenitis (inflammation of the lymph nodes), and conjunctiva (inflammation of the membranes lining the eyelids and white part of the eye). However, arthritis, which is inflammation of the joints, is not typically associated with Kawasaki disease.

Emphysema is a respiratory condition characterized by the destruction of the air sacs in the lungs, leading to shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. Dyspnea refers to difficulty breathing, which is a common symptom of emphysema. Liver cirrhosis is a condition that affects the liver and is unrelated to emphysema. Tachycardia refers to an abnormally fast heart rate, which can be a result of the body compensating for the reduced oxygen levels in emphysema. Blue Bloater, on the other hand, is a term used to describe a specific type of chronic bronchitis, which is different from emphysema.

Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children and teenagers recovering from a viral infection, especially influenza B or chickenpox. It is characterized by swelling in the brain and liver damage. Symptoms include vomiting, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Fatty liver tissue is a common finding in Reye's syndrome, as it is caused by the accumulation of fat in the liver cells. However, hyperglycemia, which refers to high blood sugar levels, is not typically associated with Reye's syndrome.

Wermer's syndrome, also known as multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN type I), is a rare genetic disorder that affects multiple endocrine glands. It is characterized by the development of tumors in the pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, and pancreas. MEN type I is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a person only needs to inherit one copy of the mutated gene from one parent to develop the syndrome. This distinguishes it from MEN type II, III, and IV, which have different genetic causes and affect different endocrine glands.

Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize copper, leading to copper buildup in various organs. Asterixis, basal ganglia abnormalities, and cirrhosis are commonly associated with Wilson's disease due to copper accumulation in the brain and liver. However, pancreatitis is not typically associated with Wilson's disease. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, and although it can occur in some liver diseases, it is not a characteristic feature of Wilson's disease.

Sarcoidosis is a disease characterized by the formation of granulomas in various organs, including the lungs. Interstitial fibrosis and elevated levels of ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme) are commonly associated with sarcoidosis. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can also occur as an extra-pulmonary manifestation of sarcoidosis. However, obstructive lung disease is not directly related to sarcoidosis. Obstructive lung disease refers to a group of conditions that cause difficulty in exhaling air from the lungs, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). While sarcoidosis can cause lung function abnormalities, it typically does not lead to obstructive lung disease.