Cardiac Vascular Nursing Exam

The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of the atria, specifically the spread of electrical activity through the atria causing them to contract. This is known as atrial depolarization. Therefore, the correct answer is "A and B" because both "Parita depolarization" and "Depolarization" refer to the same process of atrial depolarization.

Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type of cardiomyopathy. It is characterized by the enlargement of the heart chambers, leading to weakened heart muscle and reduced pumping ability. This condition can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, alcohol abuse, and certain medications. Symptoms may include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling in the legs, and irregular heartbeat. Treatment options for dilated cardiomyopathy include medications, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, heart transplantation.

The correct answer is "The start of ventricular depolarization." The Q wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the initial negative deflection that occurs during the depolarization of the ventricles. It is the first wave in the QRS complex and indicates the beginning of the electrical activity in the ventricles.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a condition characterized by the abnormal thickening of the heart muscle. It is primarily caused by genetic mutations that affect the proteins responsible for the structure and function of the heart muscle. This means that the condition is mostly genetic in nature, implying that it can be inherited from family members who also carry the genetic mutation. Other factors may contribute to the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but its primary quality is its genetic basis.

Aspirin should not be used in hypertension patients due to a fear of stroke. This is because aspirin is a blood thinner and can increase the risk of bleeding, which can be especially dangerous for individuals with high blood pressure. Hypertension patients already have an increased risk of stroke, and aspirin may further exacerbate this risk. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid using aspirin in these patients to prevent potential complications.

A systolic murmur refers to an abnormal heart sound that occurs during the contraction of the heart's ventricles. Physiologic murmurs, on the other hand, are harmless and occur in healthy individuals due to the increased blood flow through the heart during certain situations like exercise or pregnancy. Therefore, a physiologic murmur is the correct answer as it represents a normal variant rather than an abnormal condition.

Oestrogens play an important role in improving glucose metabolism. They help regulate blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and promoting glucose uptake by cells. This can be beneficial in preventing or managing conditions such as diabetes. Oestrogens also have other functions, such as maintaining bone density and cognitive function, but the most relevant use in this context is their impact on glucose metabolism.

Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate the balance of salt and water in the body. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, which in turn increases blood volume. This increase in blood volume leads to an increase in blood flow throughout the body. Therefore, the function of aldosterone is to increase blood flow.

The correct answer is "Joint national committee". This is because JNC is an acronym that stands for Joint National Committee. It is commonly used to refer to a committee or commission that is composed of individuals from different organizations or agencies who work together on a specific national issue or initiative. In this case, the acronym JNC stands for Joint National Committee, indicating that it is a committee that operates at a national level and involves collaboration between different entities.

The question is asking which option is not a domain of learning. The options provided are Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor, and None of the above. The correct answer is "None of the above" because all of the options listed are domains of learning. Cognitive refers to the mental processes of acquiring knowledge, Affective refers to the emotional and attitudinal aspects of learning, and Psychomotor refers to the physical skills and coordination. Therefore, "None of the above" is the correct answer as it does not represent a domain of learning.